《质量员》课件-质量管理的基本概念

质量员QualityOfficer质量管理的基本概念BasicconceptsofqualitymanagementCONTENTS工程质量Engineeringquality02质量管理Qualitymanagement03质量体系Qualitysystem0401质量Quality工程质量管理的特点Characteristicsofengineeringqualitymanagement05质量管理的原则与程序Principlesandproceduresofqualitymanagement06质量的定义是：一组固有特性满足需求的程度。可从以下四个方面来理解：Thedefinitionofqualityis：thedegreetowhichasetofinherentcharacteristicsmeettherequirements.Itcanbeunderstoodinfourways:⑴质量不仅是指产品质量，也可以是某项活动或过程的工作质量，还可以是质量管理体系运行的质量。(1)Qualityisnotonlythequalityofaproduct,butalsothequalityoftheworkofanactivityorprocess,andthequalityoftheoperationofaqualitymanagementsystem.⑵特性是指区分的特性。固有的或赋予的；定性的或定量的。(2)Identityisthecharacteristicofdistinction.Inherentorgiven;qualitativeorquantitative.质量Quality质量的定义是：一组固有特性满足需求的程度。可从以下四个方面来理解：Thedefinitionofqualityis：thedegreetowhichasetofinherentcharacteristicsmeettherequirements.Itcanbeunderstoodinfourways:⑴质量不仅是指产品质量，也可以是某项活动或过程的工作质量，还可以是质量管理体系运行的质量。(1)Qualityisnotonlythequalityofaproduct,butalsothequalityoftheworkofanactivityorprocess,andthequalityoftheoperationofaqualitymanagementsystem.⑵特性是指区分的特性。固有的或赋予的；定性的或定量的。(2)Identityisthecharacteristicofdistinction.Inherentorgiven;qualitativeorquantitative.质量Quality质量的定义是：一组固有特性满足需求的程度。可从以下四个方面来理解：Thedefinitionofqualityis：thedegreetowhichasetofinherentcharacteristicsmeettherequirements.Itcanbeunderstoodinfourways:⑶满足要求就是应满足明示的、通常隐含的或必须履行的需要和期望(3)Meetingrequirementsmeansmeetingexplicit,usuallyimplicit,ormandatoryneedsandexpectations⑷顾客和其他相关方对产品过程或体系的质量要求是动态的、发展的和相对的。(4)Thequalityrequirementsofcustomersandotherinterestedpartiesforaproductprocessorsystemaredynamic,evolvingandrelative.质量Quality质量的定义是：一组固有特性满足需求的程度。可从以下四个方面来理解：Thedefinitionofqualityis：thedegreetowhichasetofinherentcharacteristicsmeettherequirements.Itcanbeunderstoodinfourways:⑶满足要求就是应满足明示的、通常隐含的或必须履行的需要和期望(3)Meetingrequirementsmeansmeetingexplicit,usuallyimplicit,ormandatoryneedsandexpectations⑷顾客和其他相关方对产品过程或体系的质量要求是动态的、发展的和相对的。(4)Thequalityrequirementsofcustomersandotherinterestedpartiesforaproductprocessorsystemaredynamic,evolvingandrelative.质量Quality1、质量

Quality质量的主体是“产品”，如建成的办公楼、宿舍等有形产品，或无形产品，如监理规划、活动工程等；也可以是某个组织或个人，以及以上各项的组合。Thesubjectofqualityisa"product",suchasatangibleproductsuchasacompletedofficebuildingordormitory,oranintangibleproductsuchasasupervisoryplanoraneventproject;itcanalsobeanorganisationoranindividual,andacombinationofalloftheabove.质量Quality质量的主体不仅包括活动、过程、组织体系或人，以及他们的组合。Thesubjectofqualityincludesnotonlyactivities,processes,organisationalsystemsorpeople,butalsocombinationsofthem.“质量需求”通常被转化为有规定准则的特性，如适用性、安全性、经济性、可靠性、美观等等。在许多情况下，需要随时间、环境的变化而改变。明确需求是指在合同、标准、规范、图纸、技术文件中已经作出明确确定的要求；隐含需要则应加以识别和确定。"Qualityrequirements"areoftentranslatedintocharacteristicswithdefinedcriteriasuchassuitability,safety,economy,reliability,aesthetics,etc.Inmanycases,theyneedtochangeovertimeandinresponsetochangingcircumstances.Explicitrequirementsarethosethathavebeenclearlyidentifiedincontracts,standards,specifications,drawingsandtechnicaldocuments;implicitrequirementsshouldbeidentifiedanddefined.1、质量

Quality“满足需求”不仅是对客户的，还应考虑到社会的需要，符合国家有关的法律、法规的要求。如某些产品虽然能适应顾客的需要，但不符合行业规范及国家标准的要求，同样认为不具有所要求的质量，即不符合质量要求。"Satisfyingdemand"isnotonlyforthecustomer,butshouldalsotakeintoaccounttheneedsofsocietyandmeettherequirementsofrelevantnationallawsandregulations.Ifcertainproductsdonotmeettherequirementsofindustrynormsandnationalstandards,althoughtheycanbeadaptedtotheneedsofcustomers,theyarealsoconsiderednottohavetherequiredquality,thatistheydonotmeetthequalityrequirements.2、工程质量

Engineeringquality工程质量是指满足业主需要的,符合国家现行的有关法律、法规、技术标准、设计文件及工程合同规定的特性综合，也可定义为工程固有的特性、安全和使用功能满足相关标准规定、合同约定和隐含要求的程度。Projectqualityisthecombinationofcharacteristicsthatmeettheneedsoftheownerandconformtotherelevantnationallaws,regulations,technicalstandards,designdocumentsandtheprovisionsoftheprojectcontract,andcanalsobedefinedasthedegreetowhichtheinherentcharacteristics,safetyandusefunctionsoftheprojectmeettheprovisionsoftherelevantstandards,contractualagreementsandimpliedrequirements.1.适用性——功能要求，即满足各种性能如理化性能、结构性能、使用性能、外观性能等。1.Suitability-functionalrequirements,thatismeetingvariouspropertiessuchasphysicalandchemicalproperties,structuralproperties,useproperties,appearanceproperties,etc.3.安全性——结构安全、人身和环境免受危害的程度。3.Safety-theextenttowhichstructuresaresafeandpeopleandtheenvironmentareprotectedfromhazards.2.耐久性——寿命要求，竣工后满足规范要求的合理使用寿命周期。2.Durability-lifeexpectancyrequirements,reasonablelifecycleaftercompletiontomeetcoderequirements.其特性表现在以下六个方面：Itscharacteristicsaremanifestedinthefollowingsixareas:工程质量Engineeringquality1.适用性——功能要求，即满足各种性能如理化性能、结构性能、使用性能、外观性能等。1.Suitability-functionalrequirements,thatismeetingvariouspropertiessuchasphysicalandchemicalproperties,structuralproperties,useproperties,appearanceproperties,etc.3.安全性——结构安全、人身和环境免受危害的程度。3.Safety-theextenttowhichstructuresaresafeandpeopleandtheenvironmentareprotectedfromhazards.2.耐久性——寿命要求，竣工后满足规范要求的合理使用寿命周期。2.Durability-lifeexpectancyrequirements,reasonablelifecycleaftercompletiontomeetcoderequirements.工程质量Engineeringquality其特性表现在以下六个方面：Itscharacteristicsaremanifestedinthefollowingsixareas:1.适用性——功能要求，即满足各种性能如理化性能、结构性能、使用性能、外观性能等。1.Suitability-functionalrequirements,thatismeetingvariouspropertiessuchasphysicalandchemicalproperties,structuralproperties,useproperties,appearanceproperties,etc.3.安全性——结构安全、人身和环境免受危害的程度。3.Safety-theextenttowhichstructuresaresafeandpeopleandtheenvironmentareprotectedfromhazards.2.耐久性——寿命要求，竣工后满足规范要求的合理使用寿命周期。2.Durability-lifeexpectancyrequirements,reasonablelifecycleaftercompletiontomeetcoderequirements.工程质量Engineeringquality其特性表现在以下六个方面：Itscharacteristicsaremanifestedinthefollowingsixareas:4.可靠性——规定时间、条件下，完成预定功能的能力。4.Reliability-theabilitytocompletetheintendedfunctionunderspecifiedtimeandconditions.6.与环境的协调性——与生态环境、经济环境、已建工程相协调，实现可持续发展的要求。6.Harmonisationwiththeenvironment-harmonisationwiththeecologicalenvironment,theeconomicenvironmentandtheconstructedworkstoachievetherequirementsofsustainabledevelopment.5.经济性——从规划、勘察、设计、施工到整个产品使用寿命周期内的成本和消耗的费用。5.Economy-thecostandconsumptionoftheproductfromplanning,survey,designandconstructionthroughitslifecycle.工程质量Engineeringquality其特性表现在以下六个方面：Itscharacteristicsaremanifestedinthefollowingsixareas:4.可靠性——规定时间、条件下，完成预定功能的能力。4.Reliability-theabilitytocompletetheintendedfunctionunderspecifiedtimeandconditions.6.与环境的协调性——与生态环境、经济环境、已建工程相协调，实现可持续发展的要求。6.Harmonisationwiththeenvironment-harmonisationwiththeecologicalenvironment,theeconomicenvironmentandtheconstructedworkstoachievetherequirementsofsustainabledevelopment.5.经济性——从规划、勘察、设计、施工到整个产品使用寿命周期内的成本和消耗的费用。5.Economy-thecostandconsumptionoftheproductfromplanning,survey,designandconstructionthroughitslifecycle.工程质量Engineeringquality其特性表现在以下六个方面：Itscharacteristicsaremanifestedinthefollowingsixareas:4.可靠性——规定时间、条件下，完成预定功能的能力。4.Reliability-theabilitytocompletetheintendedfunctionunderspecifiedtimeandconditions.6.与环境的协调性——与生态环境、经济环境、已建工程相协调，实现可持续发展的要求。6.Harmonisationwiththeenvironment-harmonisationwiththeecologicalenvironment,theeconomicenvironmentandtheconstructedworkstoachievetherequirementsofsustainabledevelopment.5.经济性——从规划、勘察、设计、施工到整个产品使用寿命周期内的成本和消耗的费用。5.Economy-thecostandconsumptionoftheproductfromplanning,survey,designandconstructionthroughitslifecycle.工程质量Engineeringquality其特性表现在以下六个方面：Itscharacteristicsaremanifestedinthefollowingsixareas:这六个方面彼此之间相互依存，都必须达到基本要求，缺一不可。Thesesixareasareinterdependentoneachotherandallmustmeetthebasicrequirementswithoutoneanother.2、工程质量

Engineeringquality2、工程质量

Engineeringquality建设工程作为一种特殊的产品，除具有一般产品共有的质量特性，还具有特定的内涵，工程项目一般都是按照合同条件承包建设的，因此，工程项目质量是在“合同条件”下形成的。合同条件中对工程项目的功能、使用价值及设计、施工质量等的明确规定都是业主的“需要”，因而都是质量的内容。Constructionprojects,asaspecialproduct,havespecificconnotationsinadditiontothequalitycharacteristicscommontoproductsingeneral,andaregenerallycontractedforinaccordancewiththecontractconditions.Thecontractconditionsoftheproject'sfunction,usevalueanddesign,constructionqualityandotherclearprovisionsaretheowner's"needs",andthereforearethequalityofthecontent.从功能和使用价值来看，工程项目质量又体现在适用性、可靠性、经济性、外观质量与环境协调等方面。由于工程项目是根据业主的要求而建设的，不同的业主有不同的功能要求，所以，工程项目的功能与使用价值的质量是相对于业主而言的，某些特性并无一个固定和统一的标准。Fromtheperspectiveoffunctionandusevalue,thequalityofengineeringprojectsisreflectedintheaspectsofapplicability,reliability,economy,appearancequalityandenvironmentalharmony.Asengineeringprojectsarebuiltaccordingtotherequirementsoftheowners,differentownershavedifferentfunctionalrequirements,therefore,thequalityofthefunctionandusevalueofengineeringprojectsisrelativetotheowners,andthereisnofixedandunifiedstandardforcertaincharacteristics.工程质量包括工序质量、检验批质量、分项工程质量、分部工程质量和单位工程质量。工程项目质量也包含工作质量，工作质量是指参与工程建设者，为了保证工程项目质量所从事工作的水平和完善程度。工程项目质量的好坏是决策、计划、勘察、设计、施工等单位各方面、各环节工作质量的综合反映，而不是单纯靠质量检验检查出来的。要保证工程项目质量，就要求有关部门和人员精心工作，对决定和影响工程质量的所有因素严加控制，即通过提高工作质量来保证和提高工程项目的质量。Projectqualityincludesprocessquality,inspectionbatchquality,sub-projectquality,divisionalprojectqualityandunitprojectquality.Projectqualityalsoincludesworkquality.Workqualityreferstothelevelandperfectionoftheworkdonebythoseinvolvedintheconstructionoftheprojectinordertoensurethequalityoftheproject.Thequalityoftheprojectisacomprehensivereflectionofthequalityofallaspectsandaspectsoftheworkofunitssuchasdecisionmaking,planning,investigation,designandconstruction,andnotjustbyqualityinspection.Toensurethequalityofengineeringprojects,itisrequiredthattherelevantdepartmentsandpersonnelworkcarefullyandcontrolstrictlyallthefactorsthatdetermineandaffectthequalityoftheproject,thatistoensureandimprovethequalityoftheprojectbyimprovingthequalityofwork.质量管理是指导和控制与质量有关的活动，通常包括质量方针和质量目标的建立、质量策划、质量控制、质量保证和质量改进。显然，质量策划属于“指导”与质量有关的活动，也就是“指导”质量控制、质量保证和质量改进的活动。在质量管理中，质量策划是设定质量目标的前提，高于质量控制、质量保证和质量改进。Qualitymanagementisthedirectionandcontrolofquality-relatedactivitiesandusuallyincludestheestablishmentofqualitypolicyandqualityobjectives,qualityplanning,qualitycontrol,qualityassuranceandqualityimprovement.Clearly,qualityplanningistheactivitythat"directs"quality-relatedactivities,thatis"directs"qualitycontrol,qualityassuranceandqualityimprovement.Inqualitymanagement,qualityplanningisaprerequisiteforsettingqualityobjectivesandtakesprecedenceoverqualitycontrol,qualityassuranceandqualityimprovement.3、质量管理的概念

Theconceptofqualitymanagement质量控制、质量保证和质量改进只有经过质量策划，才可能有明确的对象和目标，才可能有切实的措施和方法。因此，质量策划是质量管理诸多活动中不可或缺的中间环节，是连接质量方针和具体的质量管理活动之间的桥梁和纽带。在质量管理活动中要考虑到经济性的因素，有效的质量管理活动可以为企业带来降低成本、提高市场占有率、增加利润等经济效益。Onlythroughqualityplanningcanqualitycontrol,qualityassuranceandqualityimprovementhavecleartargetsandgoals,andpracticalmeasuresandmethods.Qualityplanningisthereforeanindispensableintermediatelinkinthemanyactivitiesofqualitymanagementandisthebridgeandlinkbetweenthequalitypolicyandthespecificqualitymanagementactivities.Inqualitymanagementactivities,theeconomicaspecthastobetakenintoaccount.Effectivequalitymanagementactivitiescanbringeconomicbenefitssuchasreducedcosts,increasedmarketshareandincreasedprofitstothecompany.3、质量管理的概念

Theconceptofqualitymanagement4、质量体系Qualitysystem体系的含义是若干有关事物的相互联系、相互制约而构成的有机整体。而质量管理是在质量方面指挥和控制组织的协调活动。Themeaningofasystemisanorganicwholeformedbytheinterconnectionandmutualconstraintsofseveralrelatedthings.Qualitymanagementisthecoordinationactivityofcommandingandcontrollingorganizationsintermsofquality.4、质量体系Qualitysystem质量管理体系是在质量方面指挥和控制组织的管理体系。另外，它也是实施质量方针和质量目标的管理系统，其内容要以满足质量目标的需要为准，它是一个有机调系统性和协调性。它的组成部分是相互关联的。Thequalitymanagementsystemisamanagementsystemthatdirectsandcontrolsanorganizationintermsofquality.Inaddition,itisalsoamanagementsystemforimplementingqualitypoliciesandobjectives,anditscontentshouldbebasedonmeetingtheneedsofqualityobjectives.Itisanorganic,systematicandcoordinatedsystem.Itscomponentsareinterrelated.质量体系Qualitysystem质量管理体系把影响质量的技术、管理人员和资源等因素加以组合，在质量方针的指引下，为达到质量目标而发挥效能。Thequalitymanagementsystemcombinesfactorssuchastechnology,managementpersonnel,andresourcesthataffectquality,andundertheguidanceofthequalitypolicy,exertsitseffectivenesstoachievequalityobjectives.质量体系Qualitysystem质量体系和质量管理的关系是：质量管理需通过质量体系来运作，即建立质量体系并使之有效运行是质量管理的主要任务。Therelationshipbetweenqualitysystemsandqualitymanagementisthatqualitymanagementneedstooperatethroughqualitysystems,i.e.establishingaqualitysystemandmakingitoperateeffectivelyisthemaintaskofqualitymanagement.工程项目建设是一个系统工程,由于其涉及面广，是一个极其复杂的综合过程，再加上工程项目的特点:一是具有单项性；二是具有实施一次性与寿命的长期性；三是具有高投入性；四是具有生产管理方式的特殊性；五是具有风险性。所以施工项目的质量比一般工业产品的质量难以控制，一般主要表现在以下5个方面：Engineeringprojectconstructionisasystematicproject,whichinvolvesawiderangeofaspectsandisanextremelycomplexcomprehensiveprocess.Inaddition,thecharacteristicsofengineeringprojectsinclude:firstly,theyhaveasinglenature;Secondly,ithasthelong-termnatureofone-timeimplementationandlifespan;Thirdly,ithashighinvestment;Fourthly,ithastheparticularityofproductionmanagementmethods;Fifth,itisrisky.Sothequalityofconstructionprojectsisdifficulttocontrolcomparedtothequalityofgeneralindustrialproducts,mainlymanifestedinthefollowingfiveaspects:5、工程质量管理的特点Characteristicsofengineeringqualitymanagement1、影响质量因素多；1.Therearemanyfactorsthataffectquality;3、质量变异大；3.Largequalityvariation;4、工程质量的隐蔽性；4.Theconcealmentofengineeringquality;5、终检局限大5.Limitedfinalinspection2、质量波动性大；2.Highqualityfluctuation;质量管理的原则如下：Theprinciplesofqualitymanagementareasfollows:1、质量第一：建筑产品作为一种特殊的商品，使用年限较长，是“百年大计”，直接关系到人民财产的安全。所以，工程项目在施工中应自始至终地把质量第一作为质量控制的基本原则。1,qualityfirst:constructionproductsasaspecialcommodity,theuseofalonglife,isa"hundred-yearplan",directlyrelatedtothesafetyofpeople'sproperty.Therefore,theconstructionprojectshouldtakequalityfirstasthebasicprincipleofqualitycontrolfromthebeginningtotheend.2、以人为本:人是质量的创造者,质量控制必须以人为本,把人作为控制的动力,调动人的积极性、创造性;增强人的责任感,树立“质量第一”观念；提高人的素质，避免人的失误;以人的工作质量保工序质量、促工程质量。2.Peopleoriented:Peoplearethecreatorsofquality,andqualitycontrolmustbepeople-oriented,usingpeopleasthedrivingforceforcontrol,andmobilizingpeople'senthusiasmandcreativity;Enhancepeople'ssenseofresponsibilityandestablishtheconceptof"qualityfirst";Improvehumanqualityandavoidhumanmistakes;Ensuringprocessqualityandpromotingengineeringqualitythroughhumanworkquality.质量管理的原则与程序Principlesandproceduresofqualitymanagement质量管理的原则如下：Theprinciplesofqualitymanagementareasfollows:1、质量第一：建筑产品作为一种特殊的商品，使用年限较长，是“百年大计”，直接关系到人民财产的安全。所以，工程项目在施工中应自始至终地把质量第一作为质量控制的基本原则。1,qualityfirst:constructionproductsasaspecialcommodity,theuseofalonglife,isa"hundred-yearplan",directlyrelatedtothesafetyofpeople'sproperty.Therefore,theconstructionprojectshouldtakequalityfirstasthebasicprincipleofqualitycontrolfromthebeginningtotheend.2、以人为本:人是质量的创造者,质量控制必须以人为本,把人作为控制的动力,调动人的积极性、创造性;增强人的责任感,树立“质量第一”观念；提高人的素质，避免人的失误;以人的工作质量保工序质量、促工程质量。2.Peopleoriented:Peoplearethecreatorsofquality,andqualitycontrolmustbepeople-oriented,usingpeopleasthedrivingforceforcontrol,andmobilizingpeople'senthusiasmandcreativity;Enhancepeople'ssenseofresponsibilityandestablishtheconceptof"qualityfirst";Improvehumanqualityandavoidhumanmistakes;Ensuringprocessqualityandpromotingengineeringqualitythroughhumanworkquality.质量管理的原则与程序Principlesandproceduresofqualitymanagement质量管理的原则如下：Theprinciplesofqualitymanagementareasfollows:3、预防为主：就是要从对质量的事后检查把关，转向对质量的事前控制、事中控制；从对产品质量的检查,转向对工作质量的检查、对工序质量的检查、对中间产品质量的检查。这是确保施工项目成功的有效措施。3.Preventionfirst:itmeansshiftingfrompostinspectionandcontrolofqualitytoprecontrolandin-processcontrolofquality;Frominspectionofproductqualitytoinspectionofworkquality,inspectionofprocessquality,andinspectionofintermediateproductquality.Thisisaneffectivemeasuretoensurethesuccessofconstructionprojects.4、坚持质量标准，严格检查,一切用数据说话：质量标准是评价产品质量的尺度，数据是质量控制的基础和依据。产品质量是否符合质量标准，必须通过严格检查，用数据说话。4.Adheretoqualitystandards,conductstrictinspections,andspeakwithdata:qualitystandardsaretheyardstickforevaluatingproductquality,anddataisthefoundationandbasisforqualitycontrol.Whethertheproductqualitymeetsthequalitystandardsmustbestrictlycheckedandmeasuredwithdata.质量管理的原则与程序Principlesandproceduresofqualitymanagement质量管理的原则如下：Theprinciplesofqualitymanagementareasfollows:3、预防为主：就是要从对质量的事后检查把关，转向对质量的事前控制、事中控制；从对产品质量的检查,转向对工作质量的检查、对工序质量的检查、对中间产品质量的检查。这是确保施工项目成功的有效措施。3.Preventionfirst:itmeansshiftingfrompostinspectionandcontrolofqualitytoprecontrolandin-processcontrolofquality;Frominspectionofproductqualitytoinspectionofworkquality,inspectionofprocessquality,andinspectionofintermediateproductquality.Thisisaneffectivemeasuretoensurethesuccessofconstructionprojects.4、坚持质量标准，严格检查,一切用数据说话：质量标准是评价产品质量的尺度，数据是质量控制的基础和依据。产品质量是否符合质量标准，必须通过严格检查，用数据说话。4.Adheretoqualitystandards,conductstrictinspections,andspeakwithdata:qualitystandardsaretheyardstickforevaluatingproductquality,anddataisthefoundationandbasisforqualitycontrol.Whethertheproductqualitymeetsthequalitystandardsmustbestrictlycheckedandmeasuredwithdata.质量管理的原则与程序Principlesandproceduresofqualitymanagement5、贯彻科学、公正、守法的职业规范：建筑施工企业的项目经理，在处理质量问题的过程中，应尊重客观事实,尊重科学、客观、公正，不持偏见；遵纪守法，杜绝不正之风；既要坚持原则、严格要求、秉公办事,又要谦虚谨慎、实事求是、以理服人、热情帮助他人。5.Implementingprofessionalnormsofscience,impartiality,andlaw-abiding:Projectmanagersinconstructionenterprisesshouldrespectobjectivefacts,science,objectivity,andimpartialityintheprocessofhandlingqualityissues,andnotholdbiases;Abidebydisciplineandlaws,andeliminateunhealthypractices;Wemustadheretoprinciples,strictrequirements,andhandleaffairsimpartially,whilealsobeinghumbleandcautious,seekingtruthfromfacts,convincingotherswithreason,andenthusiasticinhelpingothers.1、进行质量策划,确定质量目标；1.Conductqualityplanningand