【亚开行】构建供应链弹性：东盟绿色价值链洞察-集体智能剧本-2025

Jointcommittee

onclimatechange

BuildingSupplyChainResilience:

InsightsintoGreeningValueChainsforASEAN

ACollectiveIntelligencePlaybook

2BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreeningValueChainsforASEAN

BankNegaraMalaysia(BNM)isastatutorybody,establishedin1959tooversee

Malaysia’smonetaryandfinancialstability.GovernedbytheCentralBankofMalaysiaAct2009,BNMisresponsibleforformulatingmonetarypolicy,issuingcurrency,managing

internationalreserves,andpromotingasoundprogressivefinancialsystem.BNMhas

playedasignificantdevelopmentalroleindevelopingthefinancialsysteminfrastructureandecosystemsinadvancinggreenandsustainablefinance.

Learnmoreat

.my

TheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)isaleadingmultilateraldevelopmentbank

supportingsustainable,inclusive,andresilientgrowthacrossAsiaandthePacific.

Workingwithitsmembersandpartnerstosolvecomplexchallengestogether,ADB

harnessesinnovativefinancialtoolsandstrategicpartnershipstotransformlives,buildqualityinfrastructure,andsafeguardourplanet.Foundedin1966,ADBisownedby69members,49ofwhicharefromtheregion.Learnmoreat

TheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeistheleadingUnitedNationsorganizationfightingtoendtheinjusticeofpoverty,inequality,andclimatechange.Workingwith

ourbroadnetworkofexpertsandpartnersin170countries,wehelpnationstobuildintegrated,lastingsolutionsforpeopleandtheplanet.Learnmoreat

TheJointCommitteeonClimateChange(JC3)—co-chairedbyBNMandSecurities

CommissionMalaysia—wasestablishedinSeptember2019asaregulator-industry

platform,aimingtopursuecollaborativeactionforbuildingclimateresiliencewithintheMalaysiafinancialsector.MemberscompriseseniorofficialsfromBursaMalaysiaand21financialindustryplayers,allsharingacommoncommitmenttobothfinancinggreenandgreeningfinance.Learnmoreat

BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreening

ValueChainsforASEAN3

BuildingSupplyChainResilience:

InsightsintoGreeningValueChainsforASEAN

ACollectiveIntelligencePlaybook

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4BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreeningValueChainsforASEAN

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ADBandUNDPdonotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptnoresponsibilityforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.Theresponsibilityfortheinterpretationanduseofthemateriallieswiththereader.

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Citation:ADBandUNDP.2025.BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreeningValueChainsforASEAN-ACollectiveIntelligencePlaybook.

BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreening

ValueChainsforASEAN5

OBJECTIVES06

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

07

ABBREVIATIONS

08

TABLESANDFIGURES

09

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

10

MOTIVATINGANDENABLINGSMETRANSITIONTOLOW-CARBONPRACTICES

12

SupplyChainResilience:TheRoleofGreenValueChains

14

STAKEHOLDERPERSPECTIVES:COLLECTIVEINTELLIGENCE

16

LargeCorporations:NavigatingtheIn-Betweens

17

SMEs:ActionsontheGround

20

FinancialInstitutions:BalancingRiskandReward

25

CASESTUDY:LESSONSFROMTHEGREENINGVALUECHAINPROGRAM

31

RECOMMENDATIONS:DRIVINGSUCCESSFULIMPLEMENTATION

40

TacticalLevers

41

SMEImpact

64

CONCLUSION

65

APPENDIX

ResearchDesign66

References68

6BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreeningValueChainsforASEAN

OBJECTIVES

ThisPlaybookservesasaguideforbusinesses,industryplayers,multilateraldevelopmentinstitutions,andpolicymakersindesigningprogramsthatsupportbusinessesto

acceleratedecarbonizationandstrengthensupplychainresilience.

DrawingfromMalaysia’sexperience,ithighlightsstrategiesandkeybuildingblocksto

motivateandenablebusinesses—particularlysmallandmedium-sizedenterprises—tomeasure,track,manage,andreporttheirgreenhousegasemissions,anessentialfirst

steptowardbuildinglow-carboncompetitivenessandsupplychainresilienceinexport-orientedmarkets.Italsooffersinsightsintothenecessarytools,training,andfinancing—andhowsucharrangementscanbescaledinotherjurisdictions.

ByharnessingthecollectiveintelligenceofmultiplestakeholdergroupsandthroughacloseexaminationoftheGreeningValueChainProgramoftheJointCommitteeonClimateChange(JC3),thisPlaybookbridgesthegapbetweenabroadstrategicvisionandthetacticalimplementationrequiredtoensurethatexistingpolicytools,services,andinterventionsarenotmerelyavailablebuttrulyaccessibletobusinesses.

BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreening

ValueChainsforASEAN7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ThisPlaybookwasjointlypreparedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)andtheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB),withinvaluablesupportfromBankNegaraMalaysia(BNM)andtheJointCommitteeonClimateChange(JC3).

NatalieChan(SeniorTechnicalAdvisor,UNDP)servedastheleadauthor,assistedbyadedicatedresearchteamofsustainabilityspecialistsfromPIEStrategyLimited—KayLeung,Yan-yanYip,ZoeyLiu,AlbertPangandJamesChan—whosupportedtheanalysisanddraftingofthePlaybook.

UNDPprovidedcriticalguidanceandtechnicalreviewthroughAshvinderSingh

(DevelopmentEconomist,SustainableDevelopmentPolicyUnit),TashnySukumaran(TechnicalEditor),andManonBernier(DeputyResidentRepresentative).KhairunnisaAris(PartnershipsLead)ledthestakeholderengagementefforts.StaffmembersofADB—includingKosintrPuongsophol,RichardSupangan,andFonthipYuthaseree—

andrepresentativesfromBNM—includingSurayabintiSani,Dr.HamimSyahrumbinAhmadMokhtar,NurfirzanahbintiAhmadFirdaus,LimQianPink,andotherBNMstaffmembers—offeredvaluableinsightsandexpertiseduringthereviewprocess.EditingwasconductedbyKevinDonahue(ADB),anddesignandlayoutwereledbyTeresaLaqua(PIEStrategyLimited).

Weextendourdeepgratitudetotherepresentativesoffinancialinstitutions,

corporations,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises,governmentagencies,and

government-linkedcorporationswhoparticipatedintheinterviewsandsurveys,

shapingtheanalysiswiththeirperspectives.WearealsogratefulforthesupportofstrategicpartnersandanchorcorporationsoftheGreeningValueChainProgram,

whoseexperiencesfurtherenrichedthisPlaybook.Thecollectiveinputsfromthesestakeholdersinformedtherecommendations,andweofferourheartfeltappreciationtoeveryoneinvolved.

8BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreeningValueChainsforASEAN

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB

AsianDevelopmentBank

ASEAN

AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations

BNM

BankNegaraMalaysia(TheCentralBankofMalaysia)

ESG

environmental,social,andgovernance

GHG

greenhousegas

GLCs

government-linkedcompanies

GVCProgram

GreeningValueChainProgram

JC3

JointCommitteeonClimateChange

LCTF

LowCarbonTransitionFacility

R&D

researchanddevelopment

RM

Malaysianringgit

ROI

returnoninvestment

SMEs

smallandmedium-sizedenterprises

SOE

state-ownedenterprise

UNDP

UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme

BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreening

ValueChainsforASEAN9

TABLESANDFIGURES

Tables

Table1ActiveFacilitiesunderBankNegaraMalaysia’s29

FundforSmallandMedium-SizedEnterprises

Table2GreeningValueChainProgramStrategicPartnerships31

Table3ThreeCorePillarsFeaturedinAllGreeningValueChainProgramPathways32

Table4EarlyOutcomesoftheGreeningValueChainProgram—34

Achievements,Gaps,andChallenges

Figures

Figure1OperationalChallengesFacingSmallandMedium-SizedEnterprises15

Figure2PolicyLevers—TheCorporateWishList19

Figure3ClimateEngagementChallengesforMalaysian21

SmallandMedium-SizedEnterprises

Figure4DriversofDecarbonizationforSmallandMedium-SizedEnterprises22

Figure5PolicyLevers—TheSmallandMedium-SizedEnterpriseWishList24

Figure6PolicyLevers—TheFinancialInstitutionWishList30

Figure7SMEsOnboardedGVCDataReportingPlatformsbyIndustrySector33

Figure8PercentageofSmallandMedium-SizedEnterprises33

ActivelyUsingDataPlatformstoTrackEmissions

Figure9GHGEmissionsPerformanceofSMEs,2024versus202335

Figure10ReplicatingaGVCModelinOtherJurisdictions38

Figure11SixTacticalLeverstoDriveSuccessfulImplementation41

FigureA1CompositionofStakeholders66

FigureA2ResearchDesignataGlance67

10BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreeningValueChainsforASEAN

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

Smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)

constitutemorethan99%ofenterprisesacrossmemberstatesoftheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN),drivingemployment,

localinnovation,andregionalsupplychains.AsvariousASEANmemberstatesprogresstowardnet-zerotargets,thereisbroadconsensusthatdecarbonizingSMEsisessentialtosustaining

regionalcompetitivenessandmeetingglobal

environmentalcommitments.Yet,manySMEs

facecostpressures,differingguidance,and

limitedmarketincentives,whichtogetherhindermeaningfulclimateaction.

InMalaysia,forinstance,SMEscontribute

about40%ofgrossdomesticproductand

12.2%oftotalexports,underscoringtheir

substantialinfluenceonthenationaleconomy.TheGovernmentofMalaysiahaspledgedto

reduceitscarbonintensityby45%(comparedto2005levels)by2030andreachnet-zero

greenhousegasemissionsby2050,explicitly

recognizingthatwhetherSMEsthriveorlagin

theirlow-carbontransitionwilllargelydeterminethecountry’ssuccessinmeetingthoseclimatetargets.Despiteseveralhigh-levelcommitmentsandpolicyframeworks,tacticalspecifics

oftendeterminewhetherSMEscapitalizeon

decarbonizationopportunitiesorclassifythemasburdens.

ThisPlaybookdrawsonMalaysia’sexperienceandaimstoguidebusinesses,industryplayers,multilateraldevelopmentinstitutions,and

policymakersacrossASEANindeveloping

practical,evidence-basedinterventionsthatmotivateandenableSMEstomeasure,track,manage,andreporttheirgreenhousegas

emissions,therebyanchoringtheregion’s

competitiveedgeinarapidlygreeningglobalmarket.

Despitetheirstrategicimportance,SMEsfaceacomplexlandscapeofclimateregulations,

limitedtechnicalcapacity,andconstrained

accesstoclimatefinance.EarlyresultsfromtheJointCommitteeonClimateChange’sGreeningValueChain(GVC)ProgramsuggestthatwhenSMEsaregiventherightmixofsupport,they

aremorelikelytotakemeaningfulfirststeps

towardadoptinggreenerandmoresustainablepractices.

NearlyathirdofSMEsonboardedintotheGVCProgrambeganactivelymeasuringandreportingtheircarbonfootprint,withsomereporting

immediateoperationalimprovementssuchaslowerelectricitybills,improvedresourceefficiency,orincreasedinterestfromexportclients.Theseearlyadoptersfoundthatevenpartialdatacollectionhelpedidentifycarbonhotspotsandcost-savingopportunities,

reinforcingthevalueofemissionstrackingasabusinessdecision,notjustacompliance

exercise.

However,uptakeremainsuneven.SomeSMEsdisengageafterinitialonboarding,citingalackofclearnextsteps,limitedbuyerpressure,orinsufficientincentives.Theusageofclimate

transitionloanfacilitieswasviewedasmore

BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreening

ValueChainsforASEAN11

complexcomparedtoconventionalfacilities,possiblyduetolackoffamiliaritywith

administrativeprocessesandprocedures.

TheseresultsunderscoreacentralthemeofthisPlaybook:Successfuldecarbonizationhinges

notjustontheavailabilityofprogramsbuton

deliberatedeliverymechanisms,clearincentives,andsustainedengagementacrossthesupply

chainecosystem.Bypresentingtheseinsights,thisPlaybookprovidesaroadmapfordesigningeffectiveSMEdecarbonizationprogramsand

policyinterventionsthataretrulyaccessible,actionable,andscalable.

Tobetterunderstandhowtomotivate

andenableSMEs,thisstudyemployeda

multipronged,inductive,andqualitativeresearchapproach,engagingover50respondents

throughin-depthinterviews(underthe

ChathamHouseRule),gatheringinsightsfromSMEs,largecorporations,financialinstitutions,andgovernmentagencies,inadditiontoan

earlysensingexercisethroughasmallsurveysampleofSMEsandcross-sectorfocusgroupdiscussions.

Theresearchhighlightsseveralrecurringbarriersanduncoversearlywins.SomeSMEsreported

cuttingelectricitybillsby30%–50%through

solarorenergy-efficiencyupgrades,whilea

handfulofbankspilotedsustainability-linked

loansthatdemonstratecommercialviabilityfordecarbonization.Theseexamplesreinforcethat,whilechallengesaresignificant,successstoriesdoexistwheresupportivepoliciesandtargetedincentivesalignwiththeoperationalneedsof

SMEs.

ThisreportalsoincludesacasestudyexaminingtheJointCommitteeonClimateChange’sGVCProgramthatadoptsablendedfacilitation

approach,pairingtechnicalsupport—suchas

capacitybuilding,carbon-trackingtools,and

supportandengagementofcorporateanchors—withconcessionalfinancingundertheLow

CarbonTransitionFacility(LCTF).EarlyoutcomesfromtheGVCProgramrevealthatblended

facilitationcanspurgreaterSMEengagement,

asreflectedinimprovedcarbonawarenessandpocketsofsuccessintheadoptionofmeasuresthatleadtodecarbonizationandcost-saving.

TheuptakeoftheLCTFhasreachedoverUS$225million(RM1billion),representingroughlyhalfofthefacility’stotalUS$450million(RM2billion)

provisionandindicatinganencouraginglevelofSMEengagement.

Assuch,theGVCProgram’sexperienceoffers

bothpromisingmessagesandcautionary

reminders.Againstthisbackdrop,thePlaybookoutlinessixtacticallevers—rangingfrom

regulatoryalignment,accessiblegreenfinance,

anddatainfrastructureharmonization,to

anchoringlow-carbonpracticesinsupplychainsanddemystifyingdecarbonization—toaddress

commonstumblingblocksandcatalyzeSME

decarbonizationatscale.Eachleverrequires

coordinatedactionfrompolicymakers,financialinstitutions,largecorporations,andSMEs,

ensuringthatmomentumtranslatesintotangible,broad-basedimpact.

Asthesestakeholderssynchronizetheirefforts,decarbonizationevolvesfromanabstractpolicygoalintoaprofitableandvalue-creatingstrategy,ultimatelyensuringthatSMEsremainresilient

andcompetitiveinASEAN’slow-carbonfuture.

Suchsynergystrengthenslocallivelihoods,

protectstheregion’sexportposition,andhelpsfulfillbroaderclimatepledges,therebygeneratingamoresustainableandinclusiveprosperityfor

theASEANregion.

12BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreeningValueChainsforASEAN

MOTIVATINGANDENABLINGSMALLAND

MEDIUM-SIZEDENTERPRISES’TRANSITION

TOLOW-CARBONPRACTICES

Climatechangeisnolongeradistantthreat.

Itisapresentandacceleratingrealitythatis

reshapingeconomies,businesspractices,andsocieties.AccordingtotheIntergovernmental

PanelonClimateChange(IPCC),global

surfacetemperatureshavealreadyrisenby

approximately1.1°Csincepre-industrialtimes

andareprojectedtosurpassa1.5°Cincrease

asearlyasthe2030sifcurrentemissions

trajectoriescontinueunchecked.Globallytherehavebeenincreasinglyfrequentandsevere

physicalclimaterisksincludingheatwaves,

droughts,floods,andstormsthatdisruptsupplychains,damageinfrastructure,andthreaten

economicproductivity.

Decarbonization—theprocessofreducing

carbondioxideandothergreenhousegas

(GHG)emissions—iscriticaltomitigation,

whichaimstosloworreverseclimatechange

bytacklingitsrootcause.Itisalsoessential

toadaptation,byhelpingeconomiesand

industriesreduceexposuretoclimateshocks.

Forbusinessesembeddedinglobalvaluechains,decarbonizationisnotonlyanenvironmental

imperativebutalsoapathwaytoriskreduction,costsavings,andlong-termresilience.Reducingemissionscanhelpstabilizeclimaticsystems

overtime,whiletransitioningtolow-carbon

technologiesoftenimprovesresourceefficiencyandbuffersfirmsagainstvolatileenergypricesandclimate-induceddisruptions.

AsofJune2024,107countries,whichare

collectivelyresponsibleforapproximately

82%ofGHGemissions,hadannouncednet-zeroorcarbonneutralitytargets.Therehas

beenanoticeableshifttowardclimate-related

regulationandattendantinvestorscrutiny.

TheTaskForceonClimate-relatedFinancial

Disclosures,whichisnowintegratedintothe

InternationalFinancialReportingStandards’

SustainabilityDisclosureStandardonClimate-relatedDisclosures,providesaglobally

recognizedframeworkforfirmstoreporttheirclimate-relatedrisksandstrategies,includingScope3emissionsfromtheirupstream

anddownstreamactivities.Financialmarket

regulatorsinmemberstatesoftheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations—includingthose

inMalaysia,Singapore,andThailand—have

announcedorbegunphasedimplementationofdisclosuresalignedwiththeInternationalFinancialReportingStandards’SustainabilityDisclosureStandardonClimate-related

Disclosures.

Forexport-orientedeconomiesacrossASEAN,thesedevelopmentsposeadualchallengeandopportunity.SMEsthatcannotcrediblymeasure,report,andreduceemissionsrisklosing

marketaccessasglobalbuyersimposestrictersustainabilityrequirements.Conversely,thosethatadaptearlyandalignwithinternational

standardsstandtobenefitfrompreferentialprocurement,greenfinancing,andenhancedcompetitivenessinglobalmarkets.Inthis

context,decarbonizationisnotaperipheralissue—itiscentraltobothclimateactionandeconomicsurvival.

AcrossASEAN,SMEsrepresentmorethan

99%ofallbusinesses,contribute85%oftotalemployment,andarekeyenablersoflocal

innovation,economicresilience,andregionalintegration.SMEswerereportedtocontribute

BuildingSupplyChainResilience:InsightsintoGreeningValueChainsforASEAN13

upto60%ofgrossdomesticproductinsomeASEANmemberstates,highlightingtheircriticalroleinsomeeconomies.ManyASEANmemberstateshavepledgednet-zerotargets:Brunei

Darussalam,theLaoPeople’sDemocratic

Republic,andSingaporeaimfor2050;while

IndonesiaandThailandaretargeting2060

and2065,respectively.Thoughtimelinesvary,

theregionsharesaclearconsensus:Agreen

economyisnolongeroptional,andbusinessesmustbeequippedtodriveandbenefitfromthistransition.

Thisimperativeisbackedbymultipleregional

strategiesthatcollectivelyreflectASEAN’s

growingcommitmenttoclimateaction.TheseincludetheASEANTaxonomyforSustainable

Finance,whichprovidesaframeworkto

classifysustainableeconomicactivitiesand

guideinvestmentdecisions;theASEANPlan

ofActionforEnergyCooperation,which

promotesregionalenergyconnectivity,energyefficiency,andrenewableenergydeployment;andtheRegionalStrategyforCarbonNeutrality,whichoutlinespathwaystoachievelong-termemissionsreductiontargets.

Currently,ASEAN’senergy-relatedcarbonemissionsareprojectedtoriseby33%by

20501.Thistrajectoryposessubstantialrisksnotonlytoregionalcompetitivenessthroughpotentialcarbonbordertaxesandinvestordivestment,butalsotopublichealth,withairpollutionalreadycontributingtosignificant

diseaseburdensacrossmemberstates.

Environmentalstabilityisalsoatstake,with

climate-relateddisasterssuchasflooding,

droughts,andextremeheateventsbecomingmorefrequentandsevere.Accelerating

decarbonizationeffortsisthereforenotjustanenvironmentalimperative,butastrategicnecessityforsafeguardingASEAN’slong-termeconomicresilienceandsocialwell-being.

Forbusinessesembeddedinglobalvalue

chains,transitioningtolow-carbonoperationsisincreasinglyessential.Climate-related

policiesandinvestorexpectationsare

evolvingrapidly.Majortradingpartnersare

introducingcarbonpricinganddisclosure

regulations,suchastheEuropeanUnion’s

CarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanism,whichimposesleviesoncarbon-intensiveimports.

Simultaneously,largemultinationalcorporationsaredecarbonizingtheirownoperationsand

demandingthesamefromsuppliers,while

consumersshowagrowingpreferencefor

sustainableproductsandservices,rewarding

companiesthatdemonstratecredible

sustainabilitycommitments.InMalaysiaalone,someestimateswarnofuptoUS$65.7billion

(RM292billion)inpotentiallostexportrevenuesifbusinessesfailtokeeppacewiththese

shifts2.Businessesthatdonottransitionrisk

losingmarketaccess,facinghighercompliancecosts,andbeingexposedtoclimaterisksthatthreatenoperationsandprofitability.

1InternationalEnergyAgency.2024.SoutheastAsiaEnergyOutlook2024.InternationalEnergyAgency,p.6.

2AscitedinS.Ali.2023.SustainableFinanceandClimateRisk:OpportunitiesfortheFinancialSector.KualaLumpur:BankNegaraMalaysia.

Resilience:InsightsintoGreeningValueChainsforASEAN

14BuildingSupplyChain

demonstrateclimateactionarebetter

positionedtosecurelong-termcontracts,

accessgreenfinancing,andbuildcredibilityinsustainability-consciousmarkets.Forexport-

orientedbusinesses,especiallyinmanufacturingandservices,goinggreenisastrategic

necessitytostaycompetitiveinglobalvaluechains.

Deliveringdecarbonizationgoalswillrequire

tailoredsupportecosystemsforSMEsthat

blendfinance,training,incentives,andclear

marketsignals.TransitioningSMEsisnotjust

anenvironmentalnecessitybutadevelopmentopportunitytoenhanceresilienceandfuture-proofASEAN’seconomies.

Despitetheirimportance,SMEsoftenlackthe

resourcestoactalone.Manyfaceknowledge

gaps,limitedaccesstogreenfinancing,

overlappingguidanceframeworksthatcause

confusion,andalackofpractical,sector-

specificsupport.Evenwherefinancingis

available,applicationprocessescanbecomplex,especiallyformicro-andsmallenterpriseswithleanstaffing.Withouttargetedcapacitybuilding,streamlinedpolicyframeworks,andincentives

alignedwithday-to-daybusinessrealities,

manySMEsriskbeingleftbehindinthegreentransition.

AsmajorbuyersincreasinglyrequireScope3emissionsdata,businessesthatcan

SupplyChainResilience:

TheRoleofGreenValueChains

Inaneraofincreasingclimatevolatility,

geopoli