中国文化、社会、经济、政治（专项词汇）英语

中国文化、社会、经济、政治（专项词汇）重要文化遗产majorculturalheritage优秀民间艺术outstandingfolkart独特的艺术价值uniqueartisticvalues诚实守信honesty爱国主义精神patriotism国宝nationaltreasure文物culturalrelics华夏祖先theChineseancestors文人scholar;theintellectual雅士refinedscholar才子佳人giftedscholarsandbeautifulladies高雅艺术refined/highart中外学者Chineseandoverseasscholars古为今用tomakethepastservethepresent洋为中用tomaketheforeignserveChina无愧于时代的作品worksworthyofthetimes文明摇篮cradleofcivilization古文明ancientcivilization博大精深tobeextensiveandprofound享有……的美誉toenjoyagood/highreputationfor被誉为tobehonored/crownedas占据重要地位toplayasignificantrole;tohave/occupyasignificantplace肩负……的责任toshouldertheresponsibilityof…与……密不可分tobecloselyassociatedwith…推广中国文化topromoteChineseculture促进世界和平topromoteworldpeace增进友谊toenhancefriendship文化娱乐活动culturalandamusementactivities文化产业cultureindustry文化底蕴culturaldeposit文化事业culturalundertaking文化交流culturalexchange文化冲击cultureshock文化差异culturaldifference民族特性和价值观nationalidentityandvalue在各地差异很大tovarywidelyfromregion/placetoregion/place促进文化的传播topromotethespreadofculture促进交流topromoteexchanges蓬勃发展toflourish丰富多彩toberichandcolorful风俗习惯custom禁忌taboo中华民族theChinesenation传统美德traditionalvirtues尊敬老人torespecttheelderly赡养父母tosupport/takecareofparents继承toinherit后人latergeneration强身健体toimprovethephysicalhealth;tostrengthenthebody益寿延年toprolonglife保佑平安tokeepsb.safe象征意义symbolicmeaning象征好运和祝福tosymbolizegoodluckandblessings审美观/品味tasteforbeauty;aesthetictaste传统文化传统工艺品traditionalhandicraft形状不一differentshapes材质各异variousmaterials质地坚硬hardtexture造型生动vividfigure色彩丰富richcolors风格独特characteristic/uniquestyle中医traditionalChinesemedicine中草药herbalmedicine望、闻、问、切observing,listening,inquiring,pulsetaking症状symptom针灸acupuncture推拿medicalmassage重大发明asignificantinvention中国古代四大发明theFourGreatInventionsofancientChina火药gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术paper-making指南针compass文房四宝theFourTreasuresoftheStudy笔、墨、纸、砚inkbrush,inkstick,Xuanpaper,inkstone汉字Chinesecharacter笔划stroke四书五经theFourBooksandtheFiveClassics唐诗宋词poetryintheTangandSongDynasties诗人poet四大名著theFourGreatClassicalNovels八股文theeight-partessay普通话四声调thefourtonesofMandarinChinese琴棋书画lute-playing,chess,calligraphyandpainting书法calligraphy中国画traditionalChinesepainting水墨画Chinesebrushpainting;inkwashpainting民俗folkcustom文化遗产culturalheritage非物质文化遗产intangibleculturalheritage吉祥/幸运数字luckynumber偶数/双数evennumber奇数/单数oddnumber吉祥物mascot龙dragon凤phoenix龟tortoise吉祥图案luckypattern姓氏文化surnameculture婚嫁习俗marriagecustom传统婚礼traditionalwedding葬礼习俗funeralcustom迷信/迷信的superstition/superstitious武术martialarts中国功夫ChineseKungFu太极TaiChi中国象棋Chinesechess中国围棋Go麻将mahjong宗教religion伊斯兰教Islam清真寺mosque寺庙temple和尚/僧人monk民间故事folktale寓言fable传说legend凡间humanworld思想学派schoolofthought思想观念ideology哲学家philosopher思想家thinker创始人founder代表人物representative儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化Confucianculture道教Taoism佛教Buddhism孔子Confucius孟子Mencius老子LaoTzu;LaoZi庄子ChuangTzu墨子MoTzu孙子SunTzu《论语》TheAnalectsofConfucius《道德经》TaoTeChing《易经》TheBookofChanges《孙子兵法》TheArtofWar传统节日春节theSpringFestival/ChineseNewYear元宵节theLanternFestival清明节theTomb-sweepingDay/QingMingFestival端午节theDragonBoatFestival中秋节theMid-autumnDay/Festival重阳节theDoubleNinthDay七夕节theDoubleSeventhDay/QiXiFestival除夕ChineseNewYear’sEve公历/阳历solarcalendar农历/阴历lunarcalendar庆祝（节日）celebrate;observe起源origin起源于tooriginatein/from习俗tradition;convention;custom年夜饭annualreuniondinner拜年topayaNewYearcall探亲访友to(paya)visit(to)relativesandfriends亲朋好友relativesandfriends大扫除tothoroughlycleanthehouse驱厄运tosweepawayillfortune;togetridofbadluck去除灾难towardoffevils压岁钱luckmoney发红包togivemoneyinredenvelopes;tohandoutredenvelopes欢度……tocelebrate…;thecelebrationof…春联springcouplets爆竹firecrackers;fireworks年画NewYearpictures庙会templefair民间艺人folkartist祭神god-worshiping舞龙dragondance灯笼/花灯(festival)lantern灯谜lanternriddle有益的智力活动beneficialintellectualactivity中国结Chineseknot赛龙舟dragonboatrace赏月toenjoythefullmoon登高hillclimbing放风筝toflyakite荡秋千toplay/rideonaswing民间艺术中国传统戏曲Chinesetraditionaloperas京剧PekingOpera京剧脸谱thefacialmakeupofBeijingOpera/PekingOperaMask正面角色positiverole说、学、逗、唱speaking,imitating;teasingandsinging传统乐器traditionalinstrument木偶戏puppetshow皮影戏shadowplay杂技acrobatics相声crosstalk说书story-telling民间工艺folkcraft手艺craftsmanship工匠/手工艺人craftsman剪纸Chinesepapercutting刺绣embroidery丝绸silk纺织品textile瓷器porcelain;chinaware陶器pottery;earthenware青铜器bronzeware中国结Chineseknot泥塑clayfiguremodeling中国玉器Chinesejade雕刻carving中餐及烹饪方法中国菜/中餐Chinesecuisine;Chinesefood八大菜系EightCuisines粤菜Cantoncuisine国宴statebanquet色香味outlook,flavorandtaste香脆可口crispyandtasty营养丰富nutritious烹饪技巧cookingtechnique煎tofry炒tostir-fry炸todeep-fry烩/焖/炖tostew蒸tosteam煮toboil烘焙tobake烤toroast切条tocuttostrips切丁todice切碎tomince磨碎togrind饮食习惯dietaryhabit特色食品specialfood;specialty元宵sweetstickyricedumplings年糕ricecake油条deep-frieddoughsticks豆浆soybeanmilk馒头steamedbun包子steamedstuffedbun拉面hand-stretchednoodles豆腐tofu;beancurd麻花frieddoughtwist皮蛋100-yearegg;centuryegg蛋炒饭friedricewithegg火锅hotpot原材ingredient调料seasoning;dressing猪/牛肉丸pork/beefball鸭肉duck蘑菇mushroom北京烤鸭BeijingRoastDuck素菜馆vegetarianrestaurant白酒Chineseliquor中国历史四大文明古国之一oneofthefourancientcivilizations中华文明Chinesecivilization文明的摇篮cradleofcivilization文明古国ancientcivilization人类文明史thehistoryofhumancivilization远古时代ancienttimes原始社会primitivesociety封建社会feudalsociety源远流长/历史悠久tohavealonghistory;withalonghistory随着时间的推移astimegoesby朝代dynasty春秋战国时期theSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesPeriod古都ancientcapital皇帝/君主emperor;monarch勤政爱民tobediligentandloveone’speople退位togiveupthethrone丞相/宰相primeminister学者scholar政治家statesman军事家militarystrategist鸦片战争theOpiumWar南昌起义NanchangUprising辛亥革命the1911Revolution五四运动theMay4thMovementof1919抗日战争theAnti-JapaneseWar西安事变Xi’anIncident南京大屠杀NanjingMassacre长征theLongMarch历史遗留问题aquestionleftoverfromhistory/thepast在战争中损毁toberuinedinwars抵抗侵略toresisttheinvasion在……世纪初atthebeginningof…century迄今为止uptillnow追溯到todatebackto;tobetracedbackto…来源于toderive/stemfrom;tooriginatefrom/in发祥地birthplace兴起于……，兴盛于……toemergein…andprosperin…社会地位socialstatus建立（朝代）tobuild;tofound;toestablish繁荣toprosper/flourish灭亡tocollapse;tocometoanend以……命名tobenamedafter…历史人物historicfigure闰年leapyear商业经济集体经济collectiveeconomy计划经济plannedeconomy自由经济liberaleconomy商品经济commodityeconomy经济体制改革reformoftheeconomicsystem经济特区specialeconomiczone人均国民收入nationalincomepercapita第一产业/农业primaryindustry;agriculture第二产业/工业secondaryindustry;manufacturing第三产业/服务业tertiaryindustry;service农业farming林业forestry畜牧业animalhusbandry副业sidelineproduction渔业fishing经济增长率economicgrowthrate财政政策fiscalpolicy经济结构调整adjustmentofeconomicstructure优化经济结构tooptimizetheeconomicstructure改善经济环境toimproveeconomicenvironment科学技术是第一生产力scienceandtechnologyaretheprimaryproductiveforces国有资产state-ownedproperty开放国内市场toopendomesticmarket缩小贫富差距tonarrowthegapbetweentherichandpoor消除贫困toeliminatepoverty共同富裕commonprosperity经济形势economicsituation经济波动economicfluctuation经济衰退economicdepression;recession经济稳定economicstability经济政策economicpolicy经济复原economicrecovery经济奇迹economicmiracle经济起飞economictake-off全球经济globaleconomy经济学家economist企业家entrepreneur经济全球化economicglobalization市场经济marketeconomy市场调节markerregulation市场多元化marketdiversification推动经贸合作toboosteconomicandtradecooperation商界businesscommunities互惠互利mutualbenefit总需求aggregate/totaldemand总供给aggregatesupply扩大内需toexpanddomesticdemand团购groupbuying财政预算financialbudget耐用消费品durableconsumergoods年末促销year-endpromotion垄断monopoly垄断行业monopolyindustry市场占有率marketshare生产力/生产率productivity经济增长放缓economicslowdown国有企业state-ownedenterprise(SOE)私营企业privatebusiness合资企业jointventure民营企业privately-runbusiness中小企业smallandmedium-sizedenterprise小微企业smallandmicro-sizedfirm民间资本privatecapital民间投资privateinvestment泡沫经济bubbleeconomy经济过热overheatingofeconomy实体经济therealeconomy外汇储备充足sufficientforeignexchangereserve国内/国际贸易domestic/internationaltrade对外贸易foreigntrade贸易条件termsoftrade不公平竞争unfaircompetition海关customs关税customsduty水货/走私货smuggledgoods产品质量productquality高度评价tospeakhighlyof物美价廉competitivepriceandsuperiorquality销量/销售额sales存货/库存量stocks金融组织fiinancialinstitution商业信誉commercialreputation管理机制managementmechanism改善服务toimproveservices延长保修期toextendmaintenance制造商/制造厂manufacturer原材料rawmaterial样品sample大规模生产massproduction年产量annualoutput劳动力密集型产业labour-intensiveindustry知识密集型产业knowledge-intensiveindustry工作歧视discriminationinworkplace高消耗highconsumption高投入highinvestment沿袭……模式tocontinuewiththemodelof…住房抵押贷款residentialmortgageloan分期付款topaybyinstallments信贷紧缩creditsqueeze利率interestrate找工作tohuntforajob;job-hunting招聘广告thewantads职位position;post;jobvacancy/opening求职信applicationletter个人简历resume;CV填写申请表tofillin/outapplicationform接受职位toaccept/takethepost接任职位totakeovertheposition工作面试jobinterview职业前景job/careerprospects就业机会jobopportunity工资待遇payoffer津贴allowance带薪假paidvacation伤残保险disabilityinsurance失业保险unemploymentinsurance培训咨询trainingconsultancy专业技能professionalexpertise脑力劳动mentalwork体力劳动labour/physicalwork手工劳动manuallabour/work工作时间workingtime加班toworkovertime;overtime夜班nightshift零工oddjob证券securities资产assets利润profit供需平衡balancebetweensupplyanddemand供求关系supplyanddemandrelation供过于求supplyexceedsdemand通货紧缩deflation通货膨胀inflation基本建设/基础设施infrastructure生活标准/生活水平livingstandard购买力purchasingpower;buyingpower短缺shortage不发达的underdeveloped发展中的developing持续、快速和健康的经济发展sustained,rapidandsoundeconomicdevelopment四大国有银行thefourmajorstate-ownedbanks支票cheque/check转账/过户totransfer存钱todepositmoney取钱towithdrawmoney货币money;currency发行issue现金cash零钱change钞票/纸币banknote;note;bill汇率/兑换率exchangerate利息interest保险insurance抵押mortgage税制taxationsystem征税/纳税taxation个人所得税individualincometax免税的tax-free纳税人taxpayer股票市场stockexchange股份/股票share;stock股息/红利dividend房地产realestate经济适用房economicallyaffordablehouse廉租房low-renthouse旅游地理地理geography华东EastChina华南SouthChina西部地区westernregion中西部地区centralandwesternregions;midwest地形地势terrain海拔/高度elevation大陆continent平原plain高地plateau;highland低地lowland盆地basin山mountain山峰peak山区mountainousarea沿海地区coastalregion沿海港口coastalport岛屿island半岛peninsula山谷/峡谷valley;canyon海峡channel;strait黄河theYellowRiver长江theYangtzeRiver五岳theFiveMountains泰山MountTai西湖Westlake丝绸之路theSilkRoad文化古迹culturalrelics建筑architecture长城theGreatWall故宫theImperialPalace;theForbiddenCity天坛theTempleofHeaven国家博物馆nationalmuseum钟楼belltower鼓楼drumtower胡同Hutong大运河GrandCanal苏州园林Suzhougardens景点touristattraction;scenicspot名胜古迹placesofinterests避暑胜地summerresort森林公园forestpark自然保护区naturereserve自然景观naturalscenery壮丽河山ma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