the-development-of-computer介绍教学课件

TheDevelopmentofComputercomputerThedevelopmentofcomputerThefirstgenerationoftubecomputer

ThesecondgenerationoftransistorcomputerThethirdgenerationofintegratedcircuitscomputerThefourthgenerationoflargescaleintegratedcircuitcomputerTheENIAC,whichbecameoperationalin1946,isconsideredtobethefirstgeneral-purposeelectroniccomputer.ENIAC(/ˈɛni.æk/;ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer）wasthefirstelectronicgeneral-purposecomputer.ItwasTuring-complete,digital,andcapableofbeingreprogrammedtosolveafullrangeofcomputingproblems.ENIACGlenBeck(background)andBettySnyder(foreground)programENIACinBRLbuilding328.Atransistorcomputerisacomputerwhichusesdiscretetransistorsinsteadofvacuumtubes.The"firstgeneration"ofelectroniccomputersusedvacuumtubes,whichgeneratedlargeamountsofheat,werebulky,andwereunreliable.A"secondgeneration"ofcomputers,throughthelate1950sand1960sfeaturedboardsfilledwithindividualtransistorsandmagneticmemorycores.Thesemachinesremainedthemainstreamdesignintothelate1960s,whenintegratedcircuitsstartedappearingandledtothe"thirdgeneration"machines.TRADIC

TheTRADIC(forTRansistorDIgitalComputerorTRansistorizedAirborneDIgitalComputer)wasthefirsttransistorizedcomputerintheUSA,completedin1954.IBM608

TheIBM608wasthefirstIBMproducttousetransistorcircuitswithoutanyvacuumtubesandisbelievedtobetheworld'sfirstall-transistorizedcalculatortobemanufacturedforthecommercialmarket.Anintegratedcircuitormonolithicintegratedcircuitisanelectroniccircuitononesmallplate("chip")ofsemiconductormaterial,normallysilicon.Suchacircuitcanbemadeverycompact,havinguptoseveralbilliontransistorsandotherelectroniccomponents.Thewidthofeachconductorcanbemadesmallerandsmallerasthetechnologyadvances,andcannow(in2012)beexpressedasatwo-digitnumberofnanometers.ICInthe1970s,integratedcircuittechnologyandthesubsequentcreationofmicroprocessors,suchastheIntel4004,furtherdecreasedsizeandcostandfurtherincreasedspeedandreliabilityofcomputers.Bythelate1970s,manyproductssuchasvideorecorderscontaineddedicatedcomputerscalledmicrocontrollers,andtheystartedtoappearasareplacementtomechanicalcontrolsindomesticappliancessuchaswashingmachines.The1980switnessedhomecomputersandthenowubiquitouspersonalcomputer.WiththeevolutionoftheInternet,personalcomputersarebecomingascommonasthetelevisionandthetelephoneinthehousehold.LSIcanaccommodatethehundredscomponents.In1980s,ultralargescaleintegrationcanaccommodatethehundredsofthousandsofcomponents.Evenincreasethenumbertomillions.Itmadecomputer’ssizeandpriceslowerbutthefunctionbetter.In1981,IBMintroducedthepersonalcomputer(PC)forhomeofficeandschool.

Firstgenerationcomputerswerelargelyoutofreachofschoolsandhobbyistswhowishedtobuildtheirown,largelybecauseofthecostofthelargenumberofvacuumtubesrequired(thoughrelay-basedcomputerprojectswereundertaken).Thefourthgeneration(VLSI)wasalsolargelyoutofreach,too,duetomostofthedesignworkbeinginsidetheintegratedcircuitpackage(thoughthisbarrier,too,waslaterremoved).So,secondandthirdgenerationcomputerdesign(transi