《钢结构安装》双语课件-第一章：钢结构施工基础

1.施工详图的绘制方法

Howtodrawconstructiondetails12施工详图绘制的基本知识Basicknowledgeofconstructiondetailing钢结构详图的标注方法Annotationmethodofsteelstructuredetail3钢结构施工详图的绘制方法Drawingmethodofsteelstructureconstructiondetail

钢结构施工详图图面图形所用的图线、字体、比例、符号、定位轴线、图样画法、尺寸标注及常用建筑材料图例等均按照以下现行国家标准等有关规定采用。

Thelines,fonts,proportions,symbols,positioningaxes,drawingmethods,dimensionsandcommonbuildingmateriallegendsusedinthedetaileddrawingsofsteelstructureconstructionsurfacesareadoptedinaccordancewiththefollowingcurrentnationalstandardsandotherrelevantregulations.一施工详图绘制的基本知识First

Basicknowledgeofconstructiondetailing（一）钢结构施工详图绘制的基本规定Basicprovisionsforthedrawingofsteelstructureconstructiondetails1.图纸幅面：A1，A2为主Drawingsize:A1,A2mainly2.比例：根据图形用途和复杂程度选用。Scale:Chooseaccordingtothepurposeandcomplexityofthegraphic3.字体：仿宋体Font:ImitationSongscript4.图面线型：粗实线、粗虚线、粗点划线、中实线、中虚线、细点划线、折断线、波浪线Surfacetype:thicksolidline,thickdashedline,thickdottedline,mediumsolidline,mediumdashedline,thindottedline,brokenline,wavyline一施工详图绘制的基本知识First

Basicknowledgeofconstructiondetailing（一）钢结构施工详图绘制的基本规定：Basicprovisionsforthedrawingofsteelstructureconstructiondetails5.尺寸标注及标高：Dimensionsandelevations

构件的尺寸线一般为三道，由内向外依次为:加工尺寸线、装配尺寸线、安装尺寸线。

Thesizelineofthecomponentisgenerallythree,frominsidetooutside:processingsizeline,assemblysizeline,installationsizeline.一施工详图绘制的基本知识First

Basicknowledgeofconstructiondetailing名称概念及表示方法图例剖切符号Cutsymbols施工图中剖视的剖切符号用粗实线表示，它由剖切位置线和投射方向线组成。Thesectionsymbolofthesectionviewintheconstructiondrawingisrepresentedbyathicksolidline,whichconsistsofasectionlocationlineandaprojectiondirectionline索引符号Indexsymbol布置图或构件图中某一局部或构件间的连接构造，需放大绘制详图或其详图需见另外的图纸时，可用索引符号、详图符号Whentheconnectionstructurebetweenacertainpartorcomponentinthelayoutdrawingorcomponentdrawing,andthedetaileddrawingneedstobeenlargedorthedetaileddrawingneedstobeseeninanotherdrawing,theindexsymbolanddetailsymbolcanbeused（一）钢结构施工详图绘制的基本规定：Basicprovisionsforthedrawingofsteelstructureconstructiondetails一施工详图绘制的基本知识First

Basicknowledgeofconstructiondetailing名称概念及表示方法图例对称符号Symmetrysymbol施工图中的对称符号由对称线和两端的两对平行线组成。对称线用细点划线表示。对称符号应跨越整个图形Thesymmetrysymbolinaconstructiondrawingconsistsofasymmetrylineandtwopairsofparallellinesateachend.Symmetrylinesarerepresentedbythindottedlines.Thesymmetrysymbolshouldspantheentiregraph连接符号Connectionsymbol当所绘制构件图与另一构件图形仅一部分不相同时，可只绘制不同的部分而以连接符号表示与另一构件相同部分连接。用折断线表示Whenthedrawncomponentdiagramisdifferentfromonlyonepartofanothercomponentdrawing,youcandrawonlydifferentpartsandconnectwiththesamepartofanothercomponentwithaconnectionsymbol.Indicatedbyabrokenline（一）钢结构施工详图绘制的基本规定：Basicprovisionsforthedrawingofsteelstructureconstructiondetails一施工详图绘制的基本知识First

Basicknowledgeofconstructiondetailing（一）型钢标注方法Sectionsteelmarkingmethod二钢结构详图的标注方法

SecondMarkingmethodofsteelstructuredetail（二）螺栓及螺栓孔的表示方法Representationofboltsandboltholes螺栓规格一律以公称直径标注，如以直径20mm为例，图面标注为M20，其孔径应标为d=21.5mmThespecificationsofboltsarealwaysmarkedwiththenominaldiameter,suchastakingthediameterof20mmasanexample,thedrawingsurfaceismarkedasM20,anditsapertureshouldbemarkedasd=21.5mm二钢结构详图的标注方法

SecondMarkingmethodofsteelstructuredetail（三）焊缝符号表示方法Howtheweldsymbolisnotated二钢结构详图的标注方法

SecondMarkingmethodofsteelstructuredetail部分常用焊缝符号Somecommonlyusedweldsymbols（三）焊缝符号表示方法Howtheweldsymbolisnotated若焊缝处在接头的箭头侧，则基本符号标注在基准线的实线侧；Iftheweldisonthearrowsideofthejoint,thebasicsymbolismarkedonthesolidsideofthereferenceline若焊缝处在接头的非箭头侧，则基本符号标注在基准线的虚线侧。Iftheweldisonthenon-arrowsideofthejoint,thebasicsymbolismarkedonthedashedsideofthereferenceline.当为双面对称焊缝时，基准线可不加虚线。Whenitisadouble-sidedsymmetricalweld,thereferencelinecanbeleftundashed.二钢结构详图的标注方法

SecondMarkingmethodofsteelstructuredetail1.引出线:由带有箭头的指引线和两条基准线（一条为实线，另一条为虚线）组成，虚线可在上侧或者下侧。Leaderline:Consistsofaleaderlinewithanarrowandtworeferencelines(onesolidandtheotherdashed),whichcanbeontheupperorlowerside.2.在同一图形上，当焊缝形式、剖面尺寸和辅助尺寸均相同时，可只选择一处标注代号，并加注“相同焊缝符号”，符号必须画在钝角外突一侧。在同一图形中，当有数种相同焊缝，可将焊缝分类编号，标注在尾部符号内，编号采用A、B、C……表示Onthesamedrawing,whentheweldform,sectionsizeandauxiliarydimensionsarethesame,onlyonecodecanbeselectedandthe"sameweldsymbol"canbeadded,andthesymbolmustbedrawnonthesideoftheobtuseprotrusion.Inthesamedrawing,whenthereareseveralidenticalwelds,theweldclassificationnumbercanbemarkedinthetailsymbol,andthenumberisA,B,C...denote二钢结构详图的标注方法

SecondMarkingmethodofsteelstructuredetail（三）焊缝符号表示方法Howtheweldsymbolisnotated3.熔透角焊缝的符号为涂黑的圆圈，画在引出线的转折处。Thesymbolofthepenetratingfilletweldisablackenedcircle,drawnattheturnoftheleadline.4.图形中较长的角焊缝，可不用引出线标注，而直接在角焊缝旁标注焊缝尺寸值KForlongerfilletweldsinthedrawing,theweldsizevalueKcanbemarkeddirectlynexttothefilletweldwithouttheleadlinelabel二钢结构详图的标注方法

SecondMarkingmethodofsteelstructuredetail（三）焊缝符号表示方法Howtheweldsymbolisnotated三钢结构施工详图的绘制方法

ThirdDrawingmethodofsteelstructureconstructiondetails

布置图的绘制方法Themethodofdrawingthelayoutdrawing绘制结构的平面、立面布置图，构件以粗实线或简单外形图表示，并在其旁侧注明标号Drawtheplanandelevationlayoutofthestructure,andthecomponentsarerepresentedbythicksolidlinesorsimpleoutlinedrawings,andthedesignatorsaremarkednexttothem构件编号一般应标注平面图和剖面图上，在一张图上同一构件编号不宜在不同图形中重复表示。Thecomponentnumbershouldgenerallybemarkedontheplanandsectionview,andthesamecomponentnumbershouldnotberepeatedlyrepresentedindifferentdrawingsononedrawing.同一张布置图中，只有当构件截面、构造样式和施工要求完全一样时才能编同一个号Inthesamelayoutdrawing,thesamenumbercanonlybeassignedifthecomponentsection,constructionstyleandconstructionrequirementsareexactlythesame一般可用1:100或1:200的比例，每一构件均应与轴线有定位的关系尺寸Generally,aratioof1:100or1:200canbeused,andeachcomponentshouldhaveapositioningrelationshipsizewiththeaxis根据施工的需要，对于安装时有附加要求的地方及主要的安装拼接接头的地方宜选取节点进行绘制。Accordingtotheneedsofconstruction,forplaceswithadditionalrequirementsduringinstallationandthemaininstallationofsplicingjoints,itisadvisabletoselectnodesfordrawing1.构件图以粗实线绘制，构件详图应按布置图上的构件编号按类别依次绘制成。Componentdrawingsaredrawnwiththicksolidlines,andcomponentdetailsshouldbedrawnsequentiallybycategorybycomponentnumberonthearrangementdrawing2.构件图形一般应选用合适的比例绘制，常采用的比例有l:20、1:15、1:50等。Componentgraphicsshouldgenerallybedrawnatanappropriatescale,andtheproportionsoftenusedarel:20,1:15,1:50,etc3.构件中每一零件均应编零件号，编号应尽量先编主要零件，再编次要、较小构件，相反零件可用相同编号，但在材料表内的正反栏内注明。Eachpartinthecomponentshouldbenumbered,andthenumbershouldbenumberedasmuchaspossibletothemainpartfirst,andthenthesecondaryandsmallercomponents,onthecontrary,thepartcanbenumberedthesame,butitisindicatedinthefrontandbackcolumnsinthematerialtable.构件图的绘制方法Themethodofdrawingthecomponentdiagram三钢结构施工详图的绘制方法

ThirdDrawingmethodofsteelstructureconstructiondetails三钢结构施工详图的绘制方法

ThirdDrawingmethodofsteelstructureconstructiondetails4.图中尺寸以“mm”为单位。Thedimensionsinthefigurearein"mm".5.构件详图中，对较复杂的零件，在各个投影面上均不能表示其细部尺寸时，应绘制该零件的大样图。Incomponentdetailing,whenthedetaileddimensionsofamorecomplexpartcannotberepresentedoneachprojectionsurface,alargesampleofthepartshouldbedrawn.6.构件间以节点板相连时，应在节点板连接孔中心线上注明斜度及相连的构件号。Whenthecomponentsareconnectedbygussetplates,theslopeandtheconnectedmembernumbershouldbeindicatedonthecenterlineofthegussetplateconnectinghole.7.一般情况下，一个构件应单独画在一张图纸上。Ingeneral,acomponentshouldbedrawnseparatelyonasingledrawing.构件图的绘制方法Themethodofdrawingthecomponentdiagram2.钢结构的节点设计

Jointdesignofsteelstructure

第一：节点的作用First:theroleofnodes第二：节点的设计要求Second:thedesignrequirementsofthenode第三：节点设计的具体内容Third:thespecificcontentofnodedesign钢结构是由若干构件连接而成，钢构件又是由若干型钢或零件连接而成。钢结构的连接有焊缝连接、铆钉连接和螺栓连接，连接部位统称为节点。Thesteelstructureiscomposedofseveralcomponentsconnected,andthesteelcomponentsareconnectedbyseveralsectionsorparts.Theconnectionofsteelstructurehasweldconnection,rivetconnectionandboltconnection,andtheconnectionpartiscollectivelyreferredtoasthenode.钢结构steelstructure钢构件Steelmembers若干型钢或零件Severalsectionsorparts通过焊接、螺栓连接或铆接Bywelding,boltingorriveting组成compose连接部位统称为节点Theconnectionpartsarecollectivelyreferredtoasnodes

合理的节点设计对钢结构的安全度、制作安装、工程进度、用钢量指标以及工程造价都有直接的影响。Reasonablenodedesignhasadirectimpactonthesafetyofsteelstructure,productionandinstallation,projectprogress,steelconsumptionindexandprojectcost.一、节点的作用

FirstTheroleofthenode2传递荷载Transferloads1连接汇交杆件Connectthejunctionmembers

二、节点的设计要求

First

Designrequirementsforthenode

2保证汇交杆件交于一点，不产生附加弯矩Ensurethattheintersectionmemberisdeliveredatonepointwithoutadditionalbendingmoments3构造简单，制作简便，安装方便Simplestructure,simpleproduction,easyinstallation4耗钢量少，造价低廉，造型美观Lesssteelconsumption,lowcost,beautifulshape1受力合理、传力明确，务必使节点构造与所采用的计算假定尽量符合，使节点安全可靠Theforceisreasonableandtheforcetransmissionisclear,andthenodestructuremustbeconsistentwiththecalculationassumptionsusedasmuchaspossibletomakethenodesafeandreliable焊接连接Solderedconnections焊条的选用应该与被连接金属材质适应：Thechoiceofweldingrodshouldbeadaptedtothemetalmaterialtobejoined

E43——Q235E50——Q345E55——Q390和Q420当不同的两种钢材连接时，宜采用与低强度钢材相适应的焊条！Whendifferenttwosteelsareconnected,itisadvisabletouseweldingrodsthatarecompatiblewithlow-strengthsteels!对接焊缝分为焊透焊缝和非焊透焊缝，其中焊透焊缝特点：强度高，受力性能好，用于承受动力荷载作用的焊接结构，尤为有利Buttweldsaredividedintothrough-weldandnon-through-weldseams,ofwhichthrough-weldcharacteristicsare:highstrength,goodforceperformance,andweldedstructuresthatareusedtowithstanddynamicloads,whichareparticularlybeneficial三、节点设计的具体内容Third

Thespecificsofthenodedesign角焊缝Filletwelds对接焊缝Buttwelds焊接weld对焊接连接的构造要求：Constructionrequirementsforweldedconnections:1.焊缝的布置尽量对称于构件或节点板截面中和轴，避免连接偏心受力；Thearrangementoftheweldisassymmetricalaspossibletothecomponentorgussetplatesectionandtheaxistoavoidtheeccentricforceoftheconnection;2.焊缝长度和焊脚尺寸应由计算及适当的余量确定，不得任意加大加厚焊缝；Thelengthoftheweldandthesizeoftheweldfootshallbedeterminedbycalculationandappropriatemargin,andtheweldshallnotbearbitrarilyincreasedandthickened;对焊接连接的构造要求：3.为便于焊接操作，尽量选用俯焊、平焊或横焊的焊接位置，并有合理的施焊空间；Inordertofacilitateweldingoperations,trytochoosetheweldingpositionofpitchwelding,flatweldingorhorizontalwelding,andthereisareasonableweldingspace;4.选用的焊接材料的材质应与主体金属相适应；Thematerialoftheweldingmaterialselectedshouldbecompatiblewiththebodymetal5.其他构造要求符合设计要求。Otherconstructionrequirementsmeetthedesignrequirements.2.螺栓连接Boltedconnection

螺栓连接Boltedconnection普通螺栓一般分为A、B、C三级，A、B为精制螺栓，C为粗制螺栓。普通螺栓连接一般采用C级螺栓，其螺栓连接的制孔应采用钻孔Ordinaryboltsaregenerallydividedintothreelevels:A,B,C,A,Barerefinedbolts,Cisroughbolts.OrdinaryboltedconnectionsgenerallyuseC-classbolts,andtheholesfortheirboltedconnectionsshouldbedrilled普通螺栓抗剪性能差，不宜用于重要的抗剪连接结构中。对有防松要求的普通螺栓连接，应采用弹簧垫圈或双螺帽以防止松动Ordinaryboltshavepoorshearresistanceandarenotsuitableforimportantshearconnectionstructures.Forordinaryboltedconnectionswithanti-looseningrequirements,springwashersordoublenutsshouldbeusedtopreventloosening高强度螺栓连接High-strengthboltedconnection普通螺栓连接Normalboltedconnection高强度螺栓的使用日益广泛，常用8.8S和10.9S两个强度等级。高强度螺栓最小规格为Ml2，常用的高强度螺栓为M16-M30。超大规格的螺栓性能不稳定，设计中应慎重使用。在栓焊共用的节点中，对高强度螺栓临近焊缝的节点连接，应当用先拧后焊的工序，并且高强度螺栓的承载力应降低10%考虑。Theuseofhigh-strengthboltsisbecomingmoreandmoreextensive,andtwostrengthgradesof8.8Sand10.9Sarecommonlyused.Theminimumspecificationofhigh-strengthboltsisMl2,andthecommonlyusedhigh-strengthboltsareM16-M30.Theperformanceofoversizedboltsisunstableandshouldbeusedcautiouslyindesign.Inthenodessharedbyboltwelding,thejointconnectionofhigh-strengthboltsneartheweldshouldbescrewedfirstandthenwelded,andthebearingcapacityofhigh-strengthboltsshouldbereducedby10%.3.连接板Connecttheplate连接板起着杆件或构件间保证可靠传力的重要作用。Theconnectingplateplaysanimportantroleinensuringreliableforcetransmissionbetweenmembersorcomponents其构造原则应符合:传力直接，中心交汇，外形应力求简单；不应有凹角，以免产生应力集中；连接布置不应或尽量少产生附加偏心或焊接应力等要求。Itsconstructionprinciplesshouldconformto:directforcetransmission,centerintersection,andsimpleshape;Thereshouldbenoconcavecornerstoavoidstressconcentration;Theconnectionarrangementshouldnotorminimizetherequirementsofadditionaleccentricityorweldingstress.梁腹板应验算栓孔处腹板的净截面抗剪。承压型高强度螺栓连接还须验算孔壁局部承压Thebeamwebshouldbemeasuredforthenetcross-sectionalshearresistanceofthewebatthebolthole。Pressure-bearinghigh-strengthboltedconnectionsmustalsoverifythelocalpressureoftheholewall.4.梁腹板Beamweb梁腹板Beamweb梁腹板螺栓孔Beamwebboltholes5.其他要求Otherrequirements节点设计必须考虑安装螺栓、现场焊接等的施工空间及构件吊装顺序等。此外，还应尽可能使工人能方便地进行现场定位与临时固定。Thejointdesignmustconsidertheconstructionspaceandcomponentliftingsequenceofinstallationbolts,on-sitewelding,etc.Inaddition,on-sitepositioningandtemporaryfixationshouldbemadeaseasyaspossibleforworkers.节点设计还应考虑制造厂的工艺水平，比如钢管连接节点的相贯线的切口需要数控机床等设备才能完成等Thejointdesignshouldalsoconsidertheprocesslevelofthemanufacturingplant,suchasthecutoftheintersectionlineofthesteelpipeconnectingthenodeneedsCNCmachinetoolsandotherequipmenttocomplete.3.钢屋架的节点设计

Jointdesignofsteelrooftruss第一：钢屋架节点的设计步骤First:thedesignstepsofsteelrooftrussjoints第二：弦杆拼接节点Second:chordsplicingnodes第三：支座节点Third:supportnodes钢结构的节点随结构形式的不同而不同。本节仅对普通钢屋架的节点计算方法及构造作一些简单的介绍。Thejointsofthesteelstructurevarywiththedifferentformsofthestructure.Thissectiononlygivessomebriefintroductiontothejointcalculationmethodandstructureofordinarysteelrooftrusses.

一、钢屋架节点的设计步骤

First:thedesignstepsofsteelrooftrussjoints

（1）根据腹杆截面和内力确定连接焊缝的焊脚尺寸和长度；Determinethesizeandlengthoftheweldjointsconnectingtheweldaccordingtothestudsectionandinternalforces（2）根据焊缝的长度和施工的误差确定节点板的形状和尺寸；Determinetheshapeandsizeofthegussetplateaccordingtothelengthoftheweldandtheerrorofconstruction（3）结合屋架施工图绘制进行。Combinedwiththedrawingofrooftrussconstructiondrawings.二、弦杆拼接节点

Second:chordsplicingnodes

弦杆拼接节点Chordsplicingnodes工地拼接

Sitesplicing工厂拼接Factorysplicing（1）工厂拼接：为了型钢接长而设的杆件接头，拼接点常设于内力较小的节间内。Factorysplicing:memberjointssetupforsectionsteeljoints,andthesplicingpointsarefixedintheinternodeswithlessinternalforce（2）工地拼接：由于运输条件限制而设的安装接头，拼接点通常设在屋脊节点和下弦跨中节点处。Sitesplicing:Duetotherestrictionsoftransportationconditions,thesplicingpointisusuallylocatedattheridgenodeandthelowerchordspanmiddlenode.屋脊节点Roofnodes下弦跨中节点Lowerchordspanmiddlenode大家可以看下图中的上图就是钢屋架的上弦拼接节点，设在屋脊处；再看图中的下图是下弦拼接节点，一般设置在跨中节点处。Youcanseethattheabovepictureinthefigurebelowisthewindingsplicingnodeofthesteelrooftruss,whichislocatedattheridge;Lookingatthefigurebelow,thefollowingfigureisthelowerchordsplicingnode,whichisgenerallysetatthecross-middlenode.弦杆采用拼接角钢拼接。拼接角钢采用的规格一般与弦杆相同(当弦杆截面改变时，与较小截面弦杆相同)。在施工中，为了使拼接角钢能贴紧被连接的弦杆和便于施焊，需要截去拼接角钢的外棱角，并把竖向肢切去mm(其中t是拼接角钢肢厚，h是角焊缝焊脚尺寸，5mm是为避开弦杆角钢肢尖的圆角而考虑的切割余量)。拼接时为正确定位和便于施焊，须设置临时性的安装螺栓。Thechordissplicedwithsplicedanglesteel.Thespecificationsusedforsplicinganglesteelaregenerallythesameasthechord(thesameasthesmallersectionchordwhenthechordsectionchanges).Inconstruction,inordertomakethesplicinganglesteelfittheconnectedchordandfacilitatewelding,itisnecessarytocutofftheouteredgesandcornersofthesplicedanglesteelandcutofftheverticallimbmm(wheretisthesplicinganglesteellimbthickness,histhefilletweldfootsize,5mmisacuttingallowancetoavoidtheroundedcornersofthesteeltipofthechordangle).Inordertocorrectlypositionandfacilitateweldingduringsplicing,temporarymountingboltsmustbeinstalled

三、支座节点

Third:supportnodes

加劲肋Stiffeners节点板Gussetplates锚栓Anchors支座底板Supportbaseplate支座节点Supportnode加劲肋Stiffeners加劲肋的作用是加强底板的刚度，以便较为均匀地传递支座反力并提高节点板的侧向刚度。加劲肋应设在支座节点的中心处，加劲肋高度由节点板尺寸确定，加劲肋厚度取与节点板相同。肋板底端应切角以避免3条互相垂直的角焊缝交于一点。Thefunctionofstiffenersistostrengthenthestiffnessofthebaseplateinordertotransmitthesupportreactionforcemoreevenlyandimprovethelateralstiffnessofthegussetplate.Thestiffenershouldbelocatedinthecenterofthesupportnode,theheightofthestiffenerisdeterminedbythesizeofthegussetplate,andthestiffenerthicknessshouldbethesameasthegussetplate.Thebottomendoftheribplateshouldbecuttoavoid3filletweldsperpendiculartoeachotheratonepoint.2.锚栓Anchors锚栓锚栓预埋于柱中，其直径一般取20～25mm。为了便于安装屋架时能够调整位置，底板上的锚栓孔直径应为锚栓直径的2～2.5倍。屋架安装完毕后，在锚栓上套上垫圈，并与底板焊牢以固定屋架，垫圈的孔径比锚栓直径大1～2mm。Theanchorisembeddedinthecolumn,anditsdiameterisgenerally20~25mm。Inordertofacilitatethepositiontobeadjustedwheninstallingrooftrusses,thediameteroftheanchorholeonthebottomplateshouldbe2~2.5timesoftheanchordiameter。Aftertherooftrussisinstalled,putawasherontheanchor,andwelditfirmlywiththebottomplatetofixtherooftruss,andtheholediameterofthewasheris1~2mmlargerthanthediameteroftheanchor.3.支座节点的传力路径Theforcetransmissionpathofthesupportnode屋架杆件的内力通过连接焊缝传给节点板，然后经节点板和加劲肋把力传给底板，最后传给柱子。Theinternalforceoftherooftrussmemberistransmittedtothegussetplatethroughtheconnectingweld,thentothebaseplatethroughthegussetplateandstiffeners,andfinallytothecolumn.4.支座节点

Supportnode第一：压力支座节点First:pressuresupportnode第二：拉力支座节点Second:tensilesupportnode钢结构中的支座节点一般采用铰节点，尽量采用传力可靠、连接简单的构造形式。Thesupportnodesinthesteelstructuregenerallyadopthingenodes,andtrytoadoptthestructuralformofreliableforcetransmissionandsimpleconnection.

一、压力支座节点

First:pressuresupportnode

常用的压力支座节点有以下几种构造形式：Commonlyusedpressuresupportnodeshavethefollowingconstructionforms1.平板支座节点：通过十字节点板和底板将支座反力传给下部结构。Platesupportnodes:Thesupportreactionforceistransmittedtothesubstructurethroughthecrossgussetplateandthebaseplate.优点：节点构造简单，加工方便，用钢量省。Advantages:simplenodestructure,convenientprocessing,andeconomicalamountofsteel.缺点：节点处不能转动，受力后会产生一定的弯矩，与计算假定相差较大，可用于较小跨度的网架中。Disadvantages:Thenodecannotrotate,andacertainbendingmomentwilloccuraftertheforce,whichisdifferentfromthecalculationassumptionandcanbeusedinthegridframewithasmallerspan.焊接空心球压力支座Weldhollowballpressuresupports焊接钢板压力支座Weldedsteelplatepressuresupport柱头上的预埋螺栓仅起定位作用，安装就位后应将底板与下部支承面板焊牢Theembeddedboltsonthecolumnheadonlyplayapositioningrole,andthebottomplateshouldbeweldedfirmlytothelowersupportpanelafterinstallationinplace2.单面弧形压力支座节点Single-sidedarcpressuresupportnode在平板压力支座的基础上，在节点底板和下部支承面板间设一弧形垫块而成。适用于中、小跨度网架。Onthebasisoftheplatepressuresupport,anarc-shapedpadisprovidedbetweenthenodebottomplateandthelowersupportpanel.Suitableformediumandsmallspangrids.这种支座节点在压力的作用下，支座底板沿垫块弧面可以转动，下部支承面板上的压力比较均匀，但摩擦力仍然较大。为了保证支座节点的转动，柱头上预埋螺栓应设在弧形垫块中心线上，支座底板上的螺栓孔可做成椭圆形，使支座节点有微量的平移。Undertheactionofpressure,thesupportbottomplatecanrotatealongthearcsurfaceofthepad,andthepressureonthelowersupportpanelisrelativelyuniform,butthefrictionisstilllarge.Inordertoensuretherotationofthesupportnode,theembeddedboltonthecolumnheadshouldbesetonthecenterlineofthearcwasher,andtheboltholeonthesupportbottomplatecanbemadeintoanovalshape,sothatthesupportnodehasasmallamountoftranslation.3.双面弧形压力支座节点（摇摆支座节点）Double-sidedarcpressuresupportnode(swingsupportnode)

当网架的跨度较大、温度应力影响显著、周边约束较强时，需要选择一种既能自由伸缩又能自由转动的支座节点形式。Whenthespanofthegridframeislarge,theinfluenceoftemperaturestressissignificant,andtheperipheralconstraintisstrong,itisnecessarytochooseasupportnodeformthatcanbothfreelyexpandandrotate.缺点：节点构造复杂，施工麻烦、造价较高。对抗震不利，在我国应用较少。Disadvantages:Thenodestructureiscomplex,theconstructionistroublesome,andthecostishigh.ItisnotgoodforearthquakeresistanceandislessusedinChina.3.双面弧形压力支座节点（摇摆支座节点）Double-sidedarcpressuresupportnode(swingsupportnode)构造：在支座底板和柱顶面板间设一块上下均为弧形的铸钢板，然后用螺栓将支座上、下支承托板和双面弧形铸钢板三者练成整体。支座上、下支承板开有椭圆孔，使支座节点在荷载和温度变化的作用下既可以转动又可以作一定的侧移。Structure:Acaststeelplatewitharc-shapedupperandlowerlevelsissetbetweenthesupportbottomplateandthecolumntoppanel,andthentheupperandlowersupportplatesandthedouble-sidedarccaststeelplatearetrainedintoawholebybolts.Theupperandlowerbearingplatesofthesupportareopenedwithellipticalholes,sothatthesupportnodescanrotateandmakecertainlateralshiftsundertheactionofloadandtemperaturechanges.4.球铰压力支座节点Ballhingepressuresupportnode

对于多支点大跨度网架，为了能使支座节点适应各个方向的自由转动，需使支座与柱顶铰接而不产生弯矩，常做成球铰压力支座。Forthemulti-fulcrumlong-spangrid,inordertoadaptthesupportnodetothefreerotationinalldirections,itisnecessarytohingethesupportwiththetopofthecolumnwithoutgeneratingbendingmoment,anditisoftenmadeintoaballhingepressuresupport.构造：由