大学生反事实思维特点对心理健康影响的研究及教育建议分析研究 应用心理学专业

大学生反事实思维特点对心理健康影响的研究及教育建议摘要本研究以某大学不同年级学生为被试，以自测心理健康量表和反事实思维问卷为研究工具，随机抽取350名大学生进行问卷调查，获得有效问卷280份，采用自我报告法、故事情境法与问卷调查法相结合的方法，通过独立样本t检验、ANOVA检验等检验方法，进一步探讨大学生诱发反事实思维、自发反事实思维特点及其与心理健康的相互关系，得出如下结论：（1）大学生反事实思维类型在不同性质情境下差异显著：方向上，在积极情境下，上行反事实思维少于下行，在消极情境下则相反；策略上，大学生两种情境下的自我指向的反事实思维都多于他人指向。此外，在性别以及是否应届毕业生上差异显著：诱发状态下，女生的上行反事实思维多于男生，男生的下行反事实思维多于女生；自发状态下，非应届毕业生方向上的反事实思维以及他人指向的反事实思维都多于应届毕业生。（2）大学生心理健康水平在性别、是否应届毕业生、是否独生子女及家庭结构上差异显著：女生的认知功能高于男生；应届毕业生的心理症状与负性情绪以及认知功能明显高于非应届毕业生；独生子女的心理健康总分及正向情绪高于非独生子女；正常家庭的大学生心理健康总分高于单亲家庭。（3）诱发状态下，大学生不同方向的反事实思维类型与心理健康总分存在部分相关：积极情境下，上行反事实思维越多，总分越高；下行反事实思维越多，总分越低；自我指向的反事实思维越少，总分越高，而他人指向的反事实思维越多，总分越高。此外，诱发状态下，后悔越强烈，心理症状与负性情绪越多；消极情境下，庆幸越少，心理健康总分越高，心理症状与负性情绪越少；积极情境下，后悔越强烈，认知功能越好。（4）自发状态下，大学生反事实思维类型与心理健康各维度存在部分相关：积极情境下，上行反事实思维越多，正向情绪越少，心理症状与负性情绪越多，认知功能越差；积极情境下，自我指向反事实思维越少，认知功能越好。消极情境下，自发反事实思维数量越少，正向情绪越多；积极情境下，自发反事实思维数量越少，认知功能越好。【关键词】大学生反事实思维心理健康AStudyontheInfluenceofCollegeStudents'CounterfactualThinkingonMentalHealthandeducationaladviceAbstractInthisstudy,350studentswererandomlyselectedfromthequestionnaireoftheuniversitystudentswithdifferentgradesasthesubjects,andtheself-testmentalhealthscaleandthecounterfactualquestionnairewereusedastheresearchtools,280questionnaireswereobtained.Usingself-reportingmethod,storysituationalmethodandquestionnairesurveymethod,ThispaperadoptstheindependentsampleTtest,ANOVAtestandothertestmethodstofurtherexplorethecollegestudents'inducedcounterfactualthinking,spontaneouscounterfactualthinkingcharacteristicsandtheirrelationshipwithmentalhealth,drawthefollowingconclusions:(1)Thetypesofcounterfactualthinkingofcollegestudentsaredifferentindifferentcontexts:aboutthedirectionofcounterfactualthinking,inthepositivesituation,upwardcounterfactualthinkingmorethandownward,negativesituationisopposite;aboutthestrategyofcounterfactualthinking,self-focusedcounterfactualthinkingofCollegeStudentsundertwosituationsaremorethanotherstoother-focoused.Inaddition,thetypeofanti-factualthinkingofcollegestudentsinthegenderandwhetherthegraduatesweresignificantdifference:intheinducedstate,girls'upwardcounterfactualthinkingmorethanboys',boys'downwardcounterfactualthinkingmorethangirls';inthespontaneousstate,nongraduates'upwardanddownwardcounterfactualthinking,other-focousedcounterfactualthinkingmorethangraduates'.(2)Thelevelofmentalhealthofcollegestudentsinthegender,whethergraduates,whethertheonlychildandfamilystructuredifferenceissignificant:girls'cognitivefunctionishigherthanboys';psychologicalsymptoms,negativeemotionsandcognitivefunctionoffreshgraduatesaresignificantlyhigherthannon-freshgraduates.Thetotalscoreofmentalhealthoftheonlychildishigherthanthatofthesingleparentfamily.Thetotalscoreofthementalhealthofthenormalfamilyishigherthanthatofthesingleparentfamily.(3)Intheinducedsituation,theanti-factualthinkingtypeofcollegestudentsindifferentdirectionsispartlyrelatedtothetotalscoreofmentalhealth:inthepositivesituation,themoretheupwardcounterfactualthinkingis,thehigherthetotalscoreis;themorethedownwardcounterfactualthinkingis,thelowerthetotalscoreis;themoretheself-focusedcounterfactualthinkingis,thelowerthetotalscoreis;themoretheother-focusedcounterfactualthinkingis,thehigherthetotalscoreis.Inaddition,themorestronglyregretis,themorepsychologicalsymptomsandnegativeemotionsare;inthenegativesituation,themorefortunateis,thehigherthetotalscoreofmentalhealthis,thelesspsychologicalsymptomsandnegativeemotionsare;inthepositivesituation,themoreintenseregretis,thebetterthecognitivefunctionis.(4)Inthespontaneousstate,thetypeofcounterfactualthinkingofcollegestudentsispartlyrelatedtothedimensionsofmentalhealth:Inthepositivesituation,themoreupwardcounterfactualthinkingis,thelessthepositivemoodis,themorepsychologicalsymptomsandnegativeemotionsare,theworsethecognitivefunctionis;thelessself-focusedcounterfactualthinkingis,thebetterthecognitivefunctionis.Inthenegativesituation,thelessthenumberofspontaneouscounterfactualthinkingis,themorepositiveemotionsare;