跨文化沟通（第二版）课件unit 6 Time and Culture

PartTwoInterculturalSkillsUnit6TimeandCultureWhatYouCanLearnfromThisUnit1.Understanddifferencesinattitudestowardtimeheldbypeoplefromdifferentcultures;2.Understanddifferentwordsandactionsmanifestedbydifferenttimesystems;3.Identifyproblemsandmisunderstandingscausedbydifferenttimesystemsandapplythisknowledgetotheglobalworkingenvironment;4.Definevariouscriteriaforpunctualityacrossdifferentcultures.TimeandCultureUnit

6QuestionsforInterculturalAwareness1.Canyouidentifysomeexamplesrelatedtotheconceptanduseoftimeinyourlife?2.Howdoyoupersonallyviewandhandletime?3.Doyouagreethatthereisalwaysanappropriatetimeforacertainthing?(Forinstance,goingoutonadate,makingaphonecall,etc.)Whyorwhynot?4.Howiscommunicationinfluencedbydifferentattitudestowardtime?Explain.TimeandCultureUnit

6Project-basedLearningInterculturalLensReading2Reading1Warm-upScenarioCaseStudyWarm-upScenarioTeachingtips:First,havestudentsstudyReading1andReading2togainabetterunderstandingofthebasicconceptsofpolychronicandmonochronictime.Next,askthemtoapplytheseconceptstoanalyzewhathappensinthewarm-upscenario.Then,askstudentstopresentvariousculturalpointsandinterculturalperspectives.Finally,askstudentstodiscusshowtheywouldhandlesituationswherepolychronicandmonochronicindividualsworktogetherinfutureworkplaces.ExperiencingDifferentCulturesatShanghaiWorldExpoWarm-upScenarioDiscussionExperiencingDifferentCulturesatShanghaiWorldExpoMonochronicCultures

(e.g.,USA,Germany,Japan)PolychronicCultures

(e.g.,Mexico,SaudiArabia,India)Timeislinear,segmented,andschedule-driven.Timeisfluid,flexible,andrelationship-focused."Onethingatatime"

–tasksaresequential.Multipletaskssimultaneously

–interruptionsarenormal.Punctuality=professionalism.Deadlinesareflexible;relationships>schedules.Example:

AGermanmanagerendsmeetingsabruptlywhenthescheduleends.Example:

AnArabexecutivemayextendameetingifavaluedguestarriveslate.anthropologyn.人类学Bedouinn.贝都因人（在阿拉伯半岛、叙利亚和北非沙漠中游牧的阿拉伯人）contingencyn.（可能发生的）意外事件，不测事件continuumn.统一体，连续体demarcationn.划分，划定，界定digressionn.偏离主题enculturatev.使适应所处社会的文化方式Heraclitusn.赫拉克利特（古希腊唯物主义哲学家）Reading1DynamicsofInterculturalCommunicationVocabularyinvokev.（在脑海中）唤起，引起，产生monochronicadj.单元时间制的Navajon.纳瓦霍人（散居于美国新墨西哥州、亚利桑那州及犹他州的北美印第安人）passagen.（时间的）流逝Plutarchn.普鲁塔克（古希腊传记作家、散文家）polychronicadj.多元时间制的seamlessadj.浑然一体的，无缝的variablen.（数学中的）变量，变元NotesReading11.Subsequentresearchfromavarietyofsourcesindicatedthatsomecultureswithapastorientationviewthetraditionsofwhatcamebeforeasbeingmoreimportantinmanywaysthanthepresent.pastorientation意为“过去时间取向”，即注重传统、过去。大部分亚洲国家以过去时间取向文化为主。本句大意为：后来的种种研究表明，在一些以过去时间取向文化为主的人们眼里，传统比起当下的事物，在许多方面都更为重要。2.Thesearemostlylinearthinkerswhoseetimeasscarce,valuable,somethingtobesaved(orlost),andhavingamonetaryequivalent:“Timeismoney.”本句大意为：这些大部分都是线性思维的人，他们认为时间是稀少的、宝贵的，是需要节约（或会被浪费）的，而且可以与金钱对等，即“时间就是金钱”。具有这种时间观念的人讨厌浪费时间，比较守时。NotesReading13.Theyalsoprefertofocusononetaskatatime.本句大意为：他们也更偏向于在一段时间内把注意力集中在一件事情上。即在每一时间段中做一件事，不会在同一时间段中安排两件或三件事。4.…youcanexpecttostartoffwithafewminutesofsmalltalkandthenproceedinalinearfashionfromitemnumberonetothelastitemontheagendawithnomajordigressions.本句大意为：你会发现人们通常在开始时寒暄几分钟，然后就进入议程，将议程上的问题逐个进行讨论，其间不再有过多的题外话。持这种时间观念的人不会花过多时间闲聊，见面寒暄之后就会直接进入主题。NotesReading15.Hurryinganypropositionisconsideredsuperficialanddeadlinesarenevermissed(theyaresimplyadjusted)…本句大意为：匆忙达成一项提议被认为是肤浅的，人们从不会超过截止日期（因为人们会一直调整日期）。这说明多元时间制的人们对已作出的时间安排会不断地改变与调整，不像单元时间制的人们那样按计划、按时间安排处事。6.Still,nationssuchasIndia,Brazil,Mexico,andVietnamarelearningtolivewithbothoftheseconcepts…本句大意为：不过，印度、巴西、墨西哥、越南等国家正在试着接受这两个概念，允许它们并存。当单元时间制与多元时间制的人们在谈判时，由于他们对时间概念理解不同，在谈判中必然会产生误解，所以只有双方相互理解，相互调整，交流才会顺利进行，才能取得预期的效果。DiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectives1.Theconceptoftimeis

culturallyspecific,notuniversal.Whileallhumansexperiencetimebiologically(e.g.,aging,circadianrhythms),its

socialperception,organization,andvalue

varydramaticallyacrosscultures.

Globalization’sImpact:Hybridization,NotHomogenizationWhiletechnology(e.g.,globalZoommeetings)imposessuperficialalignment:Deepculturalvaluespersist:

AJapaneseteammay

formally

adoptWesterndeadlinesbutstillprioritizeconsensus-buildingoverspeed."Corporatetime"vs."Localtime":

Multinationalsenforcestandardizedschedules,butlocalofficesadaptinternally(e.g.,strictclientdeadlinesbutflexibleinternalmeetingsinBrazil).Reading1DiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectives2.

Punctualityisa

highlyvaluedsocialnorminmostWesterncultures,deeplytiedtoconceptsofprofessionalism,respect,andefficiency.However,itsdefinitionandstrictnessvaryacrossWesternsocieties.

CoreWesternAttitudesTowardPunctuality"TimeisMoney"Mentality

Rootedinindustrialization,timeisseenasafiniteresource.Latenessequalswastedtimeandlostproductivity.

Example:

U.S.businesscultureoftenquantifiesmeetingdelaysinliteraldollars(e.g.,"This30-mindelaycostus$5,000inbillablehours").Punctuality=Respect

Arrivingontimesignalsyouvalueothers’time;latenessimpliesdisrespect.

Example:

InGermany,beinglateforajobinterviewcandisqualifyacandidate.ReliabilityMarker

Consistentlybeingontimebuildstrust;chroniclatenessdamagescredibility.Reading1DiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectives3.

ThenotionthatmanyAsianandLatinculturesemphasizetraditionandhistoricalcontinuity

doesoftenreflectprideinpastachievements,butit'smorenuancedthansimplenostalgia—it'sabout

drawingidentity,wisdom,andsocialcohesionfromhistory.Crucially,

yes,theirculturalvaluescanbeperceivedthroughobservablepractices,astraditionsareactivelywovenintomodernlife.

Thepastisn’tamuseuminthesecultures—it’sa

toolkitfornavigatingmodernity.Observing

howtraditionsarepracticed,debated,orcommercialized

revealscorevalues:Continuity

(e.g.,ancestralrites),Adaptation

(e.g.,ancientcraftsinglobalmarkets),Resilience

(e.g.,historicalnarrativesfuellingdevelopment).Reading1intervaln.间隔，间歇meticulouslyadv.一丝不苟地posethechallengeanew重新提出提议presagev.预示，预兆（尤指坏事）reputedlyadv.据说slackn.富余部分，闲置部分ManagingChangeinaPast-orientedCultureVocabularyReading2caucusv.召开核心会议demeanorn.举止，风度episoden.片段Ethiopian.埃塞俄比亚gotogreatpains煞费苦心（做某事）harkback回想，谈论往事，追忆过去inthelastdeparture“slot”在最后一个可以离开的“契机”NotesReading21.Synchronicculturescarrytheirpaststhroughthepresentintothefutureandwillrefusetoconsiderchangingunlessconvincedthattheirheritageissafe.synchronicculture意为“共时性文化”，在共时性文化中，人们往往将过去、现在和将来联系在一起，并认为过去和将来都会对现在产生影响。本句大意为：在共时性文化中，人们认为过去贯穿于现在和将来，除非确保他们的文化遗产是安全的，否则不愿意改变。2.…theMexicanteamthrewofftheschedulerightawaybyarrivingonehourlate.墨西哥团队没有按照美方的要求准时到场参加会议，使美国团队等了一个小时，这是因为二者的时间观念不同。美国属于单元时间制文化（monochronicculture），认为时间是线性的，每个事件之间不会有时间上的重叠，因此人们注重守时，按时完成每一件事；而墨西哥属于多元时间制文化（polychronicculture），认为时间是可循环的，许多事情可以同时发生，并不强调守时。NotesReading23.Hereturnedawhilelatertofindthatthemeetinghadgoneonwithouthim.墨西哥部长因有急事离开会议，回到会议室后发现会议在按原计划继续进行，因此感到吃惊与失望。这是因为美国属于单元时间制文化，活动与会议需要按计划进行，不会因某人（即使是领导）延迟。在墨西哥的多元时间制文化中，时间并不会被严格地规划和管理，时间的安排往往很灵活，而且又会因人而随时改变。在本案例中部长以为人们会等他回来再继续会议。4.…thepresentationfocusedonlyonthefirsttwoyearsafterinstallationratherthanthelonger-termfuturetogether.美国人在报告中只作了两年的规划，而墨西哥人认为应该作长远规划。这是因为墨西哥文化为长期取向文化（long-termorientationculture）,倾向于制定长远目标，而美国文化为短期取向文化（short-termorientationculture），更习惯制定许多短期目标。NotesReading25.AlongpresentationonthehistoricalbackgroundoftheFrenchstate-ownedcompanywaspreparedfortheministerandhisteam.IthaddonebusinesswithMexico’stelephonesystemasearlyas1930andwantedtore-establishahistoricpartnership.法国代表在报告中没有为将来制定清晰的目标，而是反复重申过去的历史以及与墨西哥以往的合作，这是因为法国文化属于过去时间取向文化（past-orientedculture）。在这种文化中，人们倾向于在当下的生活中保护和维持过去的历史与传统。本句大意为：法国国有公司为墨西哥部长和他的团队准备了一段很长的报告，来讲述双方合作的历史背景。早在1930年他们就与墨西哥电信系统有过合作，他们希望以此为契机再次合作。NotesReading26.TheMexicanswereinterestedintheproductonlyaspartofanongoingrelationship,anissuewhichthesynchronicFrenchwerealsocarefultostress.墨西哥和法国文化都属于共时性文化（synchronicculture），也可称为多元时间制文化，在这种文化中，目标的达成往往与人与人之间的关系密切相关，因此在与他们合作之前，需要先与他们建立良好的关系；而序列文化（sequentialculture），也称为单元时间制文化的人们往往对事不对人，将工作与个人情感分开，因此在工作或谈判中不会涉及太多社交活动。DiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectivesKeyInsight:

“TheAmericansoptimizedforspeed;theFrenchoptimizedfortrust.”

Synchronicculturesrejectrushed,segmentedapproaches—theyseekpartnerswhohonorsharedhistoryandinvestinlimitlessfutures.Reading2ManagingChangeinaPast-orientedCultureDiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectivesReading2AmericanMistakeswithTightSchedulesMonochronicvs.PolychronicTime:Americans(monochronic):Viewtimelinearly,prioritizeschedules,efficiency,andtasksegmentation.Mexicans(polychronic):Valuerelationships,flexibility,andsimultaneousagendas.Timeisfluid.KeyErrors:RigidScheduling:TheAmericans’minute-by-minuteagenda(video→VPpresentation→lunch→Q&A)ignoredMexicanculturalnorms.Mexicansarrivedlate,tookurgentcalls,andexpectedsocialflexibility.DisrespectingRelationship-Building:TheAmericanstreatedlunchasa"battle"tacticratherthanorganicrelationship-building.Mexicanssawthisastransactional.IgnoringSynchronicity:Separatingsalesfromafter-salesservice(as"later"tasks)clashedwiththeMexicanviewofbusinessasacontinuousrelationship.PoorWaitingEtiquette:WhenMexicanswerelate,theAmericanscaucusedprivatelyinsteadofwaitingrespectfully.Thissignalledunavailabilityandimpatience.Result:ThetightschedulefeltaggressiveanddismissiveofMexicanpriorities(relationships,flexibility).DiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectivesReading2FrenchSuccessFactorsCulturalSynergywithMexicans:FlexibleApproach:LooseagendaallowedadjustmentsbasedonMexicanneeds(e.g.,timing,topics).EmphasisonHistory:Highlightedlong-termties(businesssince1930),framingthedealasrenewingapartnership—aligningwithMexico’spast-oriented,synchronicculture.IntegratedRelationships:Treatedafter-salesserviceaspartofthe

ongoing

relationship,notaseparate"future"contract.TimeInvestment:Dedicated2weekstobuildtrust,lettingMexicanscontrolthepace.KeyCulturalAlignment:SynchronicTimePerception:BothFrenchandMexicansviewedtimeholistically(past-present-futureinterconnected).RelationshipoverEfficiency:Prioritizedlong-termpartnershipoverquickwins.RespectfulDemeanor:Waitedpatiently,avoidedpressuringdeadlines,andhonoredMexicansocialcues(e.g.,flexibility,hospitality).Result:TheFrenchdemonstratedcommitmenttomutualgoalsandculturalrespect,winningtrustdespiteaninferiorproduct.InterculturalLensTeachingtips：Encouragestudentsto

explorebodylanguageofspecificcountries/regions

through

AI-assistedresearch

basedontheirinterests.ThefollowingareexamplesprovidedbyDeepSeek.“OK”sign(👌):InBrazilandsomeothercountries,thisgesture(thumbandindexfingerformingacircle)canbeoffensive(similartogivingsomeonethemiddlefingerintheU.S.).“Thumbsup”(👍):Generallypositive,butinpartsofBrazil,itcanmean"thankyou"or"goodjob."Usecautiously.Pointingwiththeindexfinger:Consideredrudeinmanycountries(e.g.,Argentina,Chile).Instead,gesturewithanopenhandornodyourhead.GuesturesTeachingTips:Beforestudentsstarttoanswerquestions,teacherscanaskstudentsfirsttodiscusswhathappened,analyzethereasonsbehind,andthenaskstudentstodiscusstwopiecesofadvice:adaptationandcommunicationAskstudentstodiscussthefirstadvice:adaptationWhoshouldadapttotheother?Andwhy?IftheChinesestudentadaptsherselftotheAmericanwaybytakingshowerinthemorning,doyouthinktheywillbecomefriends?Whyorwhynot?AdaptationorCommunicationCaseStudyThendiscussthesecondpieceofadvice:communicationDiscusshowtocommunicateandwhattosaytotheAmericanroommate.(Studentsmaydiscussitingroups.Askeachgrouptoperformarole-playbasedontheirdiscussions.Afteralltherole-plays,theclasscanevaluateanddeterminewhichapproachworksbest.AdaptationorCommunicationCaseStudy💡

Interculturalconflictsthriveincommunicationvacuums.

Talkearly,talkkindly

–smalladjustments+mutualunderstandingpreventbigclashes.KeyCulturalInsightsOutcome:Whenbothpartiesvoiceneedsrespectfully,theyhonoreachother’svalues→conflictbecomes

bonding.AnalyzingtheIssuesintheCaseCaseStudyAdaptationorCommunicationProject-basedLearningLearningChineseculture:SeekingcommongroundwhilereservingdifferencesTeachingtips:Askstudentstoidentifywhereandonwhichoccasionthesedifferentsayingsarequoted.Then,havethemdiscussthesignificanceofthesesayingsthatconveythesamevalues.StudentscanalsoseekassistancefromAItodiscoveradditionalexpressionsthatreflectsimilarvaluessharedbetweenChinaandothercountries.Project-basedLearningLearningChineseculture:Seekingcommongroundwhilereservingdifferences出处——“习”语原文：中国有句古话：“千里之行，始于足下。”印度有句谚语：“水滴汇成溪，稻穗集成束。”缅甸人常说：“想，要凌云壮志；干，要脚踏实地。”中国将继续做弘扬和平共处五项原则的表率，同印度、缅甸和国际社会一道，推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。AnoldChineseadagesays,"Ajourneyofonethousandmilesbeginswiththefirststep."AnIndianproverbgoes,"Dropsofwaterjointomakeastream,andearscombinetomakeacrop."AndpeopleinMyanmaroftensay,"Beambitiousinthinkingbutdown-to-earthinaction."ChinawillstrivetobeapacesetterinobservingtheFivePrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence.WewillworkwithIndia,Myanmarandtherestoftheinternationalcommunitytobuildaharmoniousworldofdurablepeaceandcommonprosperity.2014年6月在和平共处五项原则发表60周年纪念大会上的讲话LearningculturethroughproverbsWorkinpairsandexchangeviewsonthemeaningsofthefollowingproverbs,thentrytofindouttheirChinese