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"vsharedprospertyDignifiedfe··-
UNITEDNATIONS
Multidimensionalpoverty:
ESCWA
anunaccomplishedmission
inseveralArabcountries
E/ESCWA/CL2.GPID/2025/Policybrief.5
©RealPeopleStudio/
Keymessages
Multidimensionalpovertyremainscriticallyhigh
intheleastdevelopedcountriesoftheComoros,
MauritaniaandYemen,withsignificantreduction
observedonlyintheComorosoverthelastdecade.Robustdomesticeffortsandsustainedinternationalassistanceareimperativeinallthreecountriestoensureminimumstandardsforsanitation,clean
drinkingwaterandenergyaccess.
Multidimensionalpovertyinthemiddle-income
countriesofEgypt,JordanandTunisiahasshownonlymarginalreductionorstagnationoverthepastdecade.Significantgapspersistinthequalityandinclusivity
ofeducation,andinaccesstodecenthousingand
essentialpublicservices.InEgypt,strengtheninghealthandnutritionoutcomesrepresentsanothercriticalareaofconcern.
©akram.alrasny/
2
MultidimensionalpovertyinEgypt,JordanandTunisia
Anexaminationofmultidimensionalpovertytrendsin
Egypt,JordanandTunisia,threeArabmiddle-income
countries(MICs)withrecentsurveys,revealsslowandinconsistentprogress.
1
Fromtheearly2010stothe
early2020s,TunisiaandEgyptexperiencedamodest
decreaseinmultidimensionalpoverty,whileJordan
witnessedstagnation.Disaggregatedanalysisshowsthatmultidimensionalpovertyremainsmoreprevalentinruralareasthaninurbanareas.
BasedontheArabMultidimensionalPovertyIndex
(MPI)framework,educationremainsthemaindriverof
multidimensionalpovertyacrossthethreeMICs.Otherfactorssignificantlyinfluencepovertyaswell,thoughtheirimpact
variesbycountry.InTunisia,assets,servicesandhousinghaveacomparableimpact,suggestingtheneedforanintegrated
policyresponse.InEgypt,accesstobasicservicesandnutritionareparticularlycritical,requiringtargetedinvestmentsto
reducedeprivations.InJordan,educationistheleadingdriverofmultidimensionalpoverty,followedbyhousingandassets.
Figure1.Multidimensionalpovertyheadcountratioandintensity,andtheArabMPIovertime,selectedMICs
Multidimensionalpovertyheadcount
andintensity(percentage)
MultidimensionalPovertyIndex
35.0
30.0
25.4
25.0
20.0
11.211.2
201120232011202320142022
JordanTunisiaEgypt
Multidimensionalpovertyheadcountratio(H)Intensity(A)MultidimensionalPovertyIndex(MPI)
0.250.200.150.100.05
0.00
28.726.3
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
29.4
26.9
18.2
21.8
28.1
21.6
17.5
Source:Authors’calculations.
Note:FordetailsonthemethodologyseeUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforWesternAsia(ESCWA),
SecondArabMultidimensionalPovertyReport
,May2023.
3
Figure2.ContributionofdimensionstotheArabMPI,latestsurveyyear(Percentage)
Contributionofdimensions
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
JordanTunisiaEgypt
HealthandnutritionEducationHousingServicesAssets
Source:Authors’calculations.
MultidimensionalpovertyintheComoros,MauritaniaandYemen
Figure3.Multidimensionalpovertyheadcountratioandintensity,andtheglobalMPIovertime,selectedLDCs
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Multidimensionalpovertyheadcount
ratioandintensity(percentage)
34.6
49.3
43.8
19.4
62.7
56.8
57.4
55.9
38.1
50.5
37.4
50.2
MultidimensionalPovertyIndex
0.400.350.300.250.200.150.100.05
0.00
20112021
Mauritania
2013
2023
20122022
Yemen
Comoros
Multidimensionalpovertyheadcountratio(H)Intensity(A)MultidimensionalPovertyIndex(MPI)
Source:Multidimensionalpovertydataareretrievedfromthe
2024GlobalMPIdatabase
.
4
ThethreeArabLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)with
recentdatacontinuetofacehighlevelsofmultidimensionalpoverty,despitesomeprogressoverthepastdecade.
2
TheComorosstandsoutwithsubstantialimprovements,whileMauritaniaandYemenhavewitnessedonlymarginalprogressorstagnation.
IntheComoros,themultidimensionalpovertyheadcountratiosignificantlydecreasedbyover15percentagepoints,from
34.6percentin2012to19.4percentin2022.Thisdeclinewasaccompaniedbyadecreaseintheintensityofmultidimensionalpoverty,indicatingthatfewerpeoplearepoorandthosewhoremainpoorexperiencelessseveredeprivations.
Mauritaniastillexperienceswidespreadmultidimensionalpoverty,with57.4percentofthepopulationlivinginsuchconditionsin2021,amodestdeclinefrom62.7percentin
2011.Overthisperiod,povertyintensityremainedaround
56percent,indicatinglittleprogressinreducingtheseverityofdeprivations.
Yemenhasshownvirtuallynoprogress,withthe
multidimensionalpovertyheadcountfluctuatingaround
37–38percentbetween2013and2023,andpoverty
intensityremainingconsistentlyabove50percent.TheprogressofYemenhasbeensignificantlyhamperedbyitsprolongedconflict,whichbeganin2015andhasledtoadevastatinghumanitarianemergency,displacingfamilies,disruptingfoodsystemsanddestroyinginfrastructure.Thecrisiswasfurthercompoundedbyeconomicdecline,climate-relatedshocksandlimitedhumanitarianaccess.By2025,morethan19.5millionYemenipeoplerequire
humanitarianaid,with17.1million,roughlyhalfofthepopulation,facingacutefoodinsecurity.
3
AmongthethreeLDCs,Mauritaniastandsout.ItsMPI
headcountratioishigherthanexpectedgivenitsGDPper
capita,indicatingsignificantmultidimensionalpoverty
comparedtoothercountrieswithsimilarstandardsof
living.Thissuggestsaweakconversionofnationalincomeintotangibleimprovementsinwell-beingandbasicservicesforthepooresthouseholds.Incontrast,Yemenandthe
Comorosalignmorecloselywiththeglobaltrend,showingexpectedlevelsofmultidimensionalpovertyrelativetotheirGDPpercapita.
Figure4.MultidimensionalpovertyheadcountratiorelativetoGDPpercapita,latestsurveyyear
Multidimensionalpovertyheadcountratio
(percentage)
100
90
80
70
60
Lowincome
50
40
30Yemen
20Comoros10
0
0200040006000800010000120001400016000
GDPpercapita(2017PPP$)
Lower-middleincomeUpper-middleincomeHighincome
R=0.5281
Mauritania
Source:Multidimensionalpovertydataareretrievedfromthe
2024GlobalMPIdatabase
.
Note:GDPestimatesarederivedfromthe
WorldEconomicForecastingModel
(WEFM)developedbytheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(UNDESA)forthepurposeofgeneratingconsistentglobaleconomicforecasts.
5
AnanalysisofthedriversofmultidimensionalpovertyinthethreeLDCsrevealsthatlivingstandardsandeducationarethemaincontributors.Specifically,deprivationin
schoolattendanceistheprimarycontributortotheMPIinMauritania,whilenutritiondeprivationiscriticalintheComorosandYemen.
Overthepastdecade,themostnotableimprovements
acrossthethreecountrieswereinsanitation,accessto
drinkingwaterandelectricity,particularlyinruralareas,
helpingtonarrowurban-ruraldisparities.Education
indicatorsalsogenerallyimproved,especiallyinruralareas.
NutritiondeprivationsworsenedinMauritaniaandYemen,particularlyinruralareas,where41percentand51percentofthepopulation,respectively,faceddeprivationinthe
mostrecentsurveys.Instarkcontrast,theComorosachievednotableprogress,especiallyinitsruralareas,withnutritiondeprivationdecliningatanannualrateof1.1percentagepoints.
Childmortalitydeprivationssawimprovementsacross
bothruralandurbanareasinmostcountries.Anotable
exceptionwasruralYemen,whereitincreasedslightlyfrom5.80percentto5.93percentoverthedecade.Conversely,
Mauritaniademonstratedsignificantprogress,withruralchildmortalitydecliningfrom9.95percentin2011to
7.34percentin2021.
Educationindicators,includingschoolattendanceand
attainment,generallyprogressedacrossallcountries
exceptforMauritaniawhereschoolattendanceinrural
areasregressedsignificantlyin2021,with63.1percent
oftheruralpopulationdeprived,reversingprevious
improvements.Attendancealsowitnessedincreased
deprivationinurbanareas,reaching33.7percent,andyearsofschoolingworsenedinruralareas,affecting64.4percentofthepopulation.
Improvementsinlivingconditionswerewidespread.
Deprivationsinsanitationnotablyimprovedacross
allcountriesandareas,withtheComorosachieving
exceptionalgains,resultinginsimilarruralandurban
deprivationlevels.Deprivationsinaccesstodrinking
waterandelectricitywerealsoreducedinmostsettings,
thoughruralYemenwitnessedadeclineinboth.However,
deprivationinassetssharplydeterioratedinYemen,asa
resultofthedeepeningeconomicandhumanitariancrisis.IntheComoros,deprivationsinhousingconditionsworseneddespitebroaderimprovementsinotherlivingstandards.
©Alexeiy/
Policyrecommendations
1
Giventhemodestprogressinpovertyalleviation
acrossthesixArabMICsandLDCswithrecentdata,policymakersmusttacklebothnewandexisting
challengesthroughpro-poorsocialandeconomic
policies.Concurrently,itiscrucialtostrengthendatacollectionmechanisms,ensuringtheproduction
ofdisaggregatedandtimelydataforeffectivemonitoringofmultidimensionalpoverty.
3
InEgypt,JordanandTunisia,alleviatingmultidimensionalpovertyrequiresbolddomesticeconomicreforms.
Duetothesignificantcontributionofeducationinall
threecountries,expandingaccesstoqualityhigher
educationisessential.Greaterfocusisneededon
theinclusiveness,resilienceandqualityofsecondary
andhighereducation.Resourcesshouldbeallocated
toimprovingfacilitiesinunderprivilegedandrural
areas,prioritizingtheneedsofgirlsanddisadvantagedsocioeconomicgroups.Thiswillfacilitatesuccessful
school-to-worktransitionformarginalizedyouth.
Investingininformationandcommunicationstechnologyinfrastructure,broaderaccesstodigitalservicesand
digitalliteracyamongdisadvantagedgroupsisalsocrucialtoimproveeducationaccessandquality.
2
Recentyearshavedemonstratedtheneedto
strengthenhealthsystemsinallsixcountriestomeetanticipateddemandsandrespondtonew
crises.ParticularlyinthethreeLDCs,maternalandchildhealthshouldbeprioritized,andinvestmentcommitmentsforimprovingdrinkingwater,
sanitation,andadequatefoodsupplymustbesafeguarded.
4
Households’materialdeprivationsandaccessto
servicesarekeydriversofmultidimensionalpoverty,particularlyinJordanandEgypt.Thesechallenges
shouldbeaddressedprimarilybypromotinguniversalbasiclivelihood.Governmentsshouldexpandsocialprotectioneligibilityandsocialinsuranceenrolment,ensureadequatebenefits,andremedyanygapsin
coverage.
7
5
IntheComoros,MauritaniaandYemen,ensuringatleastminimalstandardsofaccesstosanitation,cleandrinkingwaterandenergyisimperative.Domesticeffortsshouldalsoaimtoempowercitizens’mechanismsforcoping
withprecariouseconomicconditionsbyexpandingaccesstodigitalbankingandmicro-loans.
6
InallthreeArabLDCs,internationalcooperationshouldberevitalizedtoovercomedevelopmenthurdlesandunlocknecessaryresourcesforgenuineprogress.
InYemenespecially,significantexternalsupportisrequired,particu
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