adb -2025 - 2029 年推动进步的关键矿产到制造业价值链

BoardDirection

INTERNAL

July2025

CriticalMinerals-to-ManufacturingValueChainsforPoweringProgress,2025–2029

Boostingenergysecurity,jobs,sustainableandinclusiveregionalgrowththroughdiverse,responsible,andresilientvaluechains

DistributionofthisdocumentislimiteduntilithasbeenendorsedbytheBoardofDirectors.Followingsuchendorsement,thisdocumentwillbereclassifiedaspublicanddisclosedinaccordancewithADB’sAccesstoInformationPolicy.

Vice-Presidents

BhargavDasgupta,OfficeoftheVice-President(MarketSolutions)

FatimaYasmin,OfficeoftheVice-President(SectorsandThemes)

DirectorGenerals

SeniorDirector

Director

BrunoCarrasco,ClimateChangeandSustainableDevelopmentDepartment(CCSD)

HideakiIwasaki,SectorsDepartment1(SD1)

CathyMarsh,Officer-in-Charge(OIC),PrivateSectorOperationsDepartment(PSOD)

PriyanthaWijayatunga,SeniorDirector,EnergySectorOffice,SD1

PradeepTharakan,Director,EnergyTransition,EnergySectorOffice,SD1

YuebinZhang,OIC,RegionalCooperationandIntegrationandTradeDivision,CCSD

Teamleaders

AnnikaSeiler,PrincipalEnergySpecialist,EnergyTransitionEnergySectorOffice,SD1

KwangJoJeong,SeniorRegionalCooperationandIntegrationSpecialist,RegionalCooperationandIntegrationandTradeDivision,CCSD

ClaireAlidenes,PrincipalInvestmentSpecialist,InfrastructureFinanceDivision1,PSOD

Senioradvisorygroup

MayankChoudhary,InfrastructureFinanceDivision1,PSODBruceDunn,Director,OfficeofSafeguards(OSFG)

EdimonGinting,SeniorAdvisorandOfficer-in-Charge,RegionalCooperationandIntegrationandTradeDivision,CCSD

F.CleoKawawaki,Head,OfficeofMarketsDevelopmentandPublic-PrivatePartnership(OMDP)

HisakaKimura,RegionalHead,PrivateSectorDevelopment,

OfficeoftheDirectorGeneral,EastAsiaDepartment(EARD)

TariqNiazi,SeniorDirector,PublicSectorManagementandGovernanceOffice(PSMG),SectorsDepartment3(SD3)

BernardWoods,PrincipalDirector,OfficeofthePrincipalDirector,DepartmentofCommunicationsandKnowledgeManagement(DOCK)

KenjiYuhaku,SeniorAdvisor,OfficeoftheDirectorGeneral,

Strategy,Policy,andPartnershipsDepartment(SPD)

Coreadvisorygroup

CoreTeam

PratishHalady,RegionalHead,PrivateSectorDevelopment,OfficeoftheDirectorGeneral,SoutheastAsiaDepartment(SERD)

M.AzimHashimi,Director,AdvisoryDivision1,OMDP

TakafumiKadono,CountryDirector,SriLankaResidentMission,SouthAsiaDepartment(SARD)

TakeoKoike,RegionalHead,PSD,OfficeoftheDirectorGeneral,SARD

ToruKubo,SeniorDirector,ClimateChange,Resilience,andEnvironment,CCSD

ValerieLisack;Advisor;Budget,People,andManagementSystemsDepartment(BPMSD);andHead,Strategic

WorkforceUnit;StrategicWorkforceUnit;BPMSD

PavitRamachandran,CountryDirector,PhilippinesCountryOffice,(PHCO),SERD

SiddharthaShah,Director,AdvisoryDivision2,OMDP

JacobSorensen,Director,PartnerFundsDivision,CCSDMasayukiTachiiri;Director;Strategy,Policy,andBusiness

ProcessDivision;SPD

JoseAntonioRamosTan,Director,PublicSectorManagementandGovernance,SD3

JeffTaylor,DeputyDirectorGeneral,Procurement,Portfolio,andFinancialManagementDepartment(PPFD)

JiroTominaga,CountryDirector,IndonesiaResidentMission,SERD

AdrianTorres,Director,SpecialInitiativesandFundsDivision,OMDP

DanielWiedmer,Director,InfrastructureFinanceDivision2,PSOD

AndrewAchimu,SeniorCommunicationsSpecialist,MediaandExternalRelationsDivision,DOCK

SwatiMitchelleDsouza;ClimateChangeSpecialist;ClimateChange,Resilience,andEnvironmentCluster;CCSD

HaidyS.Ear-Dupuy,UnitHead,NGOandCivilSocietyCenter,FragilityandEngagementDivision,CCSD

TakuyaHoshino,SeniorPlanningandPolicySpecialist,Strategy,PolicyandBusinessProcessDivision;SPD

EricLam,EnergySpecialist,EnergyTransition,EnergySectorOffice,SD1

WooYulLee,PrincipalPolicyandPartnershipsSpecialist,UnitforNonsovereignOperations,SPD

TakakoMorita,PrincipalSafeguardsSpecialist,OSFGDustinSchinn,ClimateChangeSpecialist,CCSD

YashnaShrawani,SeniorCounsel,OfficeoftheGeneralCounsel(OGC)

JamesWebb,SeniorPublicSectorEconomist,PublicSectorManagementandGovernanceSectorOffice,SD3

ExtendedTeamTahmeenAhmad;SeniorFinancialManagementSpecialist;

FinancialManagementDivision;PPFD

LuisAlmeida,PublicSectorSpecialist,PublicSector

ManagementandGovernanceSectorOffice,SD3

IchiroAoki,PrincipalMarketsDevelopmentAdvisorySpecialist,SpecialInitiativesandFundsDivision,OMDP

SandeepBhattacharya,SeniorPublicManagementSpecialist,PublicSectorManagementandGovernanceSectorOffice,SD3

JohannaCamilleS.Cayco,AssociateCommunicationsOfficer,DOCK

DavidChang,SocialSectorSpecialist,HumanandSocial

DevelopmentSectorOffice,SD3

IsabelleChauche,SeniorMarketsDevelopmentAdvisory

Specialist,SpecialInitiativesandFundsDivision,OMDP

ShaneClancy,SeniorInvestmentSpecialist,InfrastructureFinanceDivision2,PSOD

RisaHamada,MarketsDevelopmentAdvisorySpecialist,AdvisoryDivision2,OMDP

JapnitKaur,SeniorInvestmentSpecialist,InfrastructureFinanceDivision1,PSOD

JinHaKim,GenderSpecialist(ClimateChange),CCSD

KeikoKoiso,SeniorProcurementSpecialist,ProcurementDivision,PPFD

AlfredoBanoLeal,SeniorEnergySpecialist,EnergySectorOffice,SD1

DeclanMagee,PrincipalEconomist,OfficeoftheDirectorGeneral,CCSD

AliMalik,InvestmentSpecialist,InfrastructureFinanceDivision1,PSOD

DavidMorgado,SeniorEnergySpecialist;EnergySectorOffice,SD1

KanzoNakai,Director,TransportSectorOffice,SD1

AileenPangilinan,LeadEconomicsOfficer,RegionalCooperationandIntegrationandTradeDivision,CCSD

AndrewPerrin,PrincipalCommunicationsSpecialist,OfficeofthePrincipalDirector,DOCK

LazeenaRahman,SeniorClimateFinanceSpecialist,EnergySectorOffice,SD1

MashiurRahman,AssociateProjectOfficer(Energy),EnergySectorOffice,SD1

ArunRamamurthy,PrincipalTransportSpecialist,TransportSectorOffice,SD1

FrancescoRicciardi,SeniorEnvironmentSpecialist,OSFG

DindiTishaSamsuya,SeniorSafeguardsOfficer(Social),OSFGAtsumasaSakai,SeniorEnergySpecialist,EnergySectorOffice,

SD1

JochenSteinbuch,PrincipalInvestmentSpecialist,InfrastructureFinanceDivision2,PSOD

YuichiroYoi,PrincipalInvestmentSpecialist,Infrastructure

FinanceDivision2,PSOD

AdeliyaZhunussova,Counsel,OGC

Inpreparinganycountrypartnershipstrategy,financinganyproject,orbymakinganydesignationoforreferencetoaparticularterritoryorgeographicareainthisdocument,theAsianDevelopmentBankdoesnotintendtomakeanyjudgmentsastothelegalorotherstatusofanyterritoryorarea.

CONTENTS

Page

I.THEIMPERATIVEFORADB,SSUPPORTTOCRITICALMINERALS-TO-MANUFACTURING

VALUECHAINSFORPOWERINGPROGRESS 1

II.ADB,SSTRATEGICDIRECTIONTOSUPPORTCRITICALMINERALS-TO-MANUFACTURING

VALUECHAINSPOWERINGPROGRESS 4

A.ObjectiveandHolisticSupport 4

B.StrategicFocusAreas 4

C.PolicyAlignment 12

III.OPERATIONALIZINGTHESTRATEGICDIRECTION 13

IV.RECOMMENDATION 14

ADB

CET

CMM

DMC

ESG

IEA

MDB

NZE

RCI

ABBREVIATIONS

AsianDevelopmentBank

cleanenergytechnology

criticalminerals-to-manufacturing

developingmembercountry

environment,social,andgovernanceInternationalEnergyAgency

multilateraldevelopmentbank

Net-ZeroEmissionsby2050

regionalcooperationandintegration

I.THEIMPERATIVEFORADB’SSUPPORTTOCRITICALMINERALS-TO-

MANUFACTURINGVALUECHAINSFORPOWERINGPROGRESS

1.Introduction.AcrossdevelopingAsiaandthePacific,countriesurgentlyneedtosecureresourcestoachievetheirSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandenhancetheirtradeadvantages.Manycountrieshaveidentifiedandcategorizedas“critical”themineralsthatareessentialfortheirtransitiontolow-carbonenergysystems,forthegrowthofemergingandhigh-techindustries,andforaddressingbroaderdevelopmentchallenges.

2.Unprecedenteddemandgrowth.Propelledbyglobaleffortstoachieveclimategoalsandenergysecurity,theunprecedenteddemandforcleanenergytechnologies(CETs)isfuelinganongoingcriticalmineralboom(Figure1).Criticalmineralsareessentialtostrategicsectorslikeinformationtechnology,communications,education,healthcare,andfordrivingdigitalization

.1

Inparticulartheunprecedentedgrowthinartificialintelligenceanddatacentersisprojectedtocontributetothecriticalmineralssupercycle.

2

Globaldatacentercapacitygrowthisprojectedtoincreaseonaverage15%peryearfrom2023to2027;AsiaandthePacificwillprovide30%oftheaddedcapacityindatacenters.

3

Thesemineralsarenotonlyvitalcomponentstoproducetechnologies,buttheyserveasaprecursorformanufacturingjobs,industrialgrowth,andeconomicdevelopment.

Figure1:CriticalMineralsDemandGrowth

APS=AnnouncedPledgesScenario;kt=kilotons;Mt=milliontons;NZE=NetZeroEmissionsby2050;STEPS=StatesPoliciesScenario.

Note:Figuremultipliersrepresenttheprojectedincreaseincriticalmineralsdemandfromthebaseyear2024to2040.Percentagesillustratetheshareofenergytechnologies-relateddemandinoveralldemandgrowth.

Source:InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).2025.

GlobalCriticalMineralsOutlook2025

.

1Electronicdevicessuchassmartphonesandcomputers,semiconductors,datacenterinfrastructureandotheradvancedtechnologies,forexamplehealthcaretechnologies,suchaspacemakersandmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)scanners,heavilyrelyoncriticalmineralsand,inparticular,rare-earthelements.

2Globaldemandforinstanceforcopperwillincreaseby36%forcleanenergytechnologiesandsmartgridsandbyanother2%fordatacenters.See:TheEnergyTransitionCommission.2023.

CopperfortheEnergyTransition;

andTheOregonGroup.2025.

ArtificialIntelligenceandthenextCriticalMineralSupercycle

;andTheOregonGroup.

2025.

AIdatacenterstodrive2%ofglobalcopperdemandby2030

.

3JLL.2025.

2025GlobalDataCenterOutlook

.

2

3.Valuechainvulnerabilities.Criticalminerals-to-manufacturing(CMM)valuechainsaregeographicallyhighlyconcentrated,inparticulartheprocessing,refining,andmanufacturingsteps,whereasmineraldevelopmentoccurswhereviableresourcedepositsarefound.

4

Disruptionsinthesevaluechainsduringthecoronavirusdiseasepandemicandsubsequentyearshavebeenshowntoleadtoincreasedcostsandsupplyshortfalls.Theirlonglead-times,capitalintensivenature,andpricevolatilityarebarrierstothefurtheracceleratedscale-upofinvestmentsacrossCMMvaluechains.Theglobalsurgeinprotectionistpoliciesandtradepoliciesexacerbatesthistrend

.5

Thedemandforcriticalmineralsunlessinvestmentsarescaleduprapidlywillnotbemet(footnote4).Sincethesemineralsarenoteasilysubstitutable,areusedacrossmultiplestrategicsectors,andtheirpriceshavesignificantcostimpactsondownstreamtechnologies,developmentoutcomesofcountriesarevulnerabletoandpotentiallyadverselyimpactedbyglobalCMMvaluechaindisruptions.

6

4.GrowthopportunitiesfromCMMmarketdynamics.TheglobalCMMvaluechaintrendsalsohavesignificantinherentgreengrowthopportunities.Theminingandmanufacturingsectorshavealwaysbeenenginesofgrowth.Tomeetunprecedenteddemand,theworldwillneedanestimated$300billion-$400billioninadditionalannualinvestmentstoexpandminingandenhancevaluethroughlocalrefiningandsmeltingofcriticalmineralsandmetals,through

2030

.7

ThemarketforCETsaloneisexpectedtonearlytriplefrom$700billionin2023toover$2trillionby2035

.8

TheseCMMinvestmentopportunitiescanpromoteinclusivedevelopment,createqualityjobs,andboostgovernmentrevenuesthroughlocalvalueaddition,economicdiversification,andnonextractivegrowthbyindigenizationofCMMvaluechains.Theexpansionofmineralextractionaloneisprojectedtocreateoveronemillionqualityjobsworldwideby2030

.9

Further,theassociatedmanufacturing,installation,andoperationandmaintenanceofequipmentcancreateagreaternumberofjobs,expectedtoaccountforapproximately70%ofcleanenergyjobadditionsthrough2030(footnote9).Forexample,withCET,over2.9millionqualityjobscouldbecreatedinmanufacturing,installation,andoperationofsolarphotovoltaicandwindpowergeneration,themajorityofwhichinAsiaandthePacific

.10

5.ComparativeadvantagesofdevelopingAsiaandthePacific.TheregioniswellplacedtodiversifyCMMvaluechainsandstrengthenitsresiliencetoshocksbylocalizingmanufacturing.Thisincludesthemanufacturingofhighlymineralandmetals-intensivetechnologies,giventheregion’srichendowmentofcriticalminerals,strongmanufacturingbase,extensiveintegrationinglobalsupplychains,demographicdividend,andqualitylaborforce.

11

Byharnessingtheseopportunities,AsiaandthePacificcanalsoeventuallybenefitfromthegrowingmarketfor

4InternationalEnergyAgency.2025.

GlobalCriticalMineralsOutlook2025

.

5UnitedNationsTradeandDevelopment.TradeandDevelopment.2024.

WorldInvestmentReport2024

.WorldTradeOrganization.2025.

GlobalTradeOutlookandStatistics,April2025

.

6UnitedNationsDepartmentforEconomicandSocialAffairs.2025.

HarnessingthePotentialofCriticalMineralsfor

SustainableDevelopment

.

7Thisrepresentsa50%increasecomparedtothepreviousdecade,inacontextwheremininginvestmentshavebeendecliningintherecentpast(approximately$260billionin2012toapproximately$150billionin2019,adeclineofabout40%).Moreover,capitalwillneedtoberedirectedtowardnewmaterials,withtwicetheinvestmentsincopperandaneightfoldincreaseininvestmentsinlithiumexpected.McKinsey&Company.2023.

Thenet-zeromaterials

transition:Implicationsforglobalsupplychains

.

8InternationalEnergyAgency.2024.

EnergyPerspectives2024

.

9InternationalEnergyAgency.2024.

WorldEnergyEmployment2024

.

10InternationalRenewableEnergyAgencyandInternationalLabourOrganization.2024.

Renewableenergyandjobs:

Annualreview2024

;ADB.2023.

AsiaintheGlobalTransitiontoNetZero:ThematicReportoftheAsianDevelopment

Outlook2023

.

11Argyriou,Megan.2023.HarnessingtheEconomicOpportunitiesofLowCarbonTransitions—AthoughtpiecefortheAsianDevelopmentBank.

3

recycledcriticalminerals,whichisprojectedtoincreasefivefoldto$200billionby2050undercurrentpolicies

.12

6.Developmentchallenges.ManyofAsianDevelopmentBank’s(ADB’s)developingmembercountries(DMCs)arehighlyvulnerabletosupplydisruptionsresultingfromheavyconcentrationofCMMvaluechains.Asthepricevolatilityofsuchmineralsandtechnologycomponentsaffectmarkets,DMCsfacepotentiallysevereimpactsonthecompetitivenessoftheirexports,affordabilityoftheirmanufacturinginputs,andconsequently,theirdevelopmentoutcomes.WhilegeographicaldiversificationofCMMvaluechainscanhelpmitigatetheserisks,thediversificationandresiliencyoftheCMMvaluechainsishamperedby(i)limitedgeologicaldata

;13

(ii)longprojectdevelopmentlead-timesfrommineralsexplorationtoproduction

;14

(iii)highcapitalintensivenessofCMMvaluechainsprojectsincombinationwithalongtermlock-inofinvestments,whichincreasesfinancialrisksandcosts;(iv)laggingenablingenvironmentsandregulatoryuncertainty;(v)limitedcapacitytocompeteintheCMMvalue-addingphasesofsmelting,refining,andfabrication;and(vi)weaklinksbetweencriticalmineralsproductionandmanufacturingsectorsinDMCs.Thisresultsintheinefficientflowsofmaterials,limitedtechnologytransfer,andreducedpotentialforjobcreationacrossthevaluechain.ThechallengesareexacerbatedbyinsufficienttechnicalandmanagementskillsinDMClaborforcestoleveragerapidandscaledgrowthinCMMvaluechains

.15

7.Environmental,social,andgovernancerisks.Miningandmanufacturingintheregionareoftenassociatedwithanegativelegacyandreputation,intheformof(i)environmentalpollution,(ii)biodiversityloss,(iii)humanandlaborrightsviolations,(iv)deprivationofhard-wonIndigenousPeoples’Rights,(v)unequalbenefitsharing,and(vi)corruption.Thishasledtostrongermarketfocusanddemandforincreasedenvironmental,social,andgovernance(ESG)measurescombinedwithtransparencyandtraceabilityalongthevaluechain,asthedemandforcriticalmineralsandmanufacturedproductsaccelerates.Investorsfactorthisintotheirriskassessments.AlagginginnovationandtechnologydiffusionecosysteminADB’sDMCslimitsmanufacturing,access,andapplicationofadvanceddigitaltechnologiesthatdriveefficiency,sustainability,andcompetitivenessinallpartsofthevaluechain,includinginmining

.16

Further,DMCs’recyclingrateslagthoseofadvancedeconomies,whichwastesresources,increasespressureontheenvironmentthroughthelandfillingoftoxicwaste,andeventuallyraisestransitioncost(footnote12).

8.ImperativeforADBsupport.TrendsinCMMvaluechainsareincreasinglyshapingtheabilityofDMCstobuildmanufacturingcapacities,driveinnovation,andstrengthennationaleconomiccompetitiveness

.17

Hence,toassistADB’sDMCstogrowandattainaninclusiveand

12IEA.2024.

RecyclingofCriticalMinerals—StrategiestoScaleUpRecyclingandUrbanMining-WorldEnergy

OutlookSpecialReport

.

13InmanyofADB’sDMCs,onlyasmallshareoftheirgeographicallandmasshasbeenprospected.Inaddition,thedataqualityisunreliable.Todate,41%ofglobalundiscoveredcopperresourcesareassessedtobeinAsiaandthePacificRegion.See:InternationalCopperStudyGroup.2024

.WorldCopperFactbook2024

.

14Between2020and2023,averageleadtimesformininginvestmentstomaterializewere17.9years.See:Manalo,Paul.10April2024.

Averageleadtimealmost18yearsforminesstartedin2020–23

,in:S&PGlobalMarketIntelligenceResearch.

15OliviaDurrant.2024.

EvolvingMiningTechnologyandtheGrowingNeedtoAttractTalenttotheMiningIndustry

;RickMills.2024.

Miningindustrydoggedbyretirementsandlackofnewrecruits

.

16ADB.2025.

EnergyTransitionReadinessAssessmentforDevelopingAsiaandthePacific

.

17UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs.2025.

HarnessingthePotentialofCriticalMineralsfor

SustainableDevelopment

.

4

resilientlow-carboneconomywithsecureandaffordableaccesstoenergy,healthcare

,18

andeducationforall,amongothers,itisanincreasinglypressingimperativeforADBtosupportthedevelopmentofresilientandsustainableCMMvaluechainsintheAsiaPacificregion.WhileADBwillupholdandpromotegoodinternationalESGpractices,ADBalsorecognizesthehigh-upfrontcostsofimplementingsuchpractices.Therefore,ADBwillpromoteandsupporttheadoptionofinnovativetechnologiesandstreamlineprocesses,enabledbydigitalization,toreducethecosts(paragraph17).ForthedevelopmentoftheproposedBoardDirection,ADBhasconductedoutreachesandengagedwithkeystakeholders,includingDMCgovernments,civilsocietyorganizations,privatesectorentitiesinvolvedinCMMvaluechains,peerMDBs,otherdevelopmentandknowledgepartners,andcommercialfinancialinstitutions.

II.ADB’SSTRATEGICDIRECTIONTOSUPPORTCRITICALMINERALS-TO-

MANUFACTURINGVALUECHAINSPOWERINGPROGRESS

A.ObjectiveandHolisticSupport

9.Objective.ADBdevelopedtheproposedBoardDirectiononCriticalMinerals-to-ManufacturingValueChainsforPoweringProgress,2025-2029toidentifythepillarsofitsinterventions.TheobjectiveistofosterthedevelopmentofdiversifiedandresponsibleCMMvaluechains.Thisincludesstrengtheninglocalizationofvalueadditionanddownstreamingofmanufacturingvaluechains.Thisinitiativeaimstogenerateemployment,promoteresilientandinclusiveeconomicgrowth,andsupportlow-carbondevelopment—ensuringthatnooneisleftbehind.ADB’sinterventionsinCMMvaluechainswillensuretheymeetstrongESGrequirements,alignedwithgoodinternationalpractices,andareenabledbyadvanceddigitaltechnologies,whileimprovingsocialdevelopmentandenvironmentalsustainability,fortodaysandfuturegenerations.Moreover,ADB’ssupportwillalignwiththeMultilateralDevelopmentBank(MDB)CommonPrinciplesforClimateMitigationFinanceTracking,whichrefertotheInternationalEnergyAgency’slistofcriticalmineralsforcleanenergytransitions

.19

10.Holisticandtailoredvaluechainsupport.DevelopmentopportunitiesandchallengesacrossCMMvaluechainsarecloselyinterconnected;fromupstream(criticalmineralexplorationanddevelopmentoftheorebody,primaryprocessing,andrefining);tomidstream(metalfabricationandmanufacturing);todownstream(assembly)includingthetransportationlinksamongtheseeconomicactivities.Recyclingisprojectedtobecomeanimportantalternativesourceforcriticalmineralmininginthemediumtolongtermandadriverofenergysecurityandenvironmentalsustainability.However,thiswillrequirebuildingtheenablingenvironmentandintegratingcircularityintodesignprinciplesinCMMvaluechainsnow.Therefore,ADBproposesadoptingaholisticandintegratedvaluechainframeworkthatwillhelpaddressmultidimensionalopportunitiesandchallenges.ADB’sholisticsupportwillcombineregionallycoordinatedactionsthroughADB’sregionalcooperationandintegration(RCI)frameworkwithcountry-specificinterventionstailoredtoDMC’sprioritiesandconditions.

B.StrategicFocusAreas

11.ADBaimstodeliversignificantdevelopmentimpacttoitsDMCsthroughacombinationoftechnicalassistance,sovereignandnonsovereignlendingandequityinvestments,guaranteeand

18AccordingtotheAmericanHospitalAssociation,anincreaseofcriticalminerals’costsignificantlyimpactcomplexmedicaldevices’prices,whichinturncouldsubstantiallyincreaseinhealthcarecost.See:AmericanHospitalAssociation.2025.

AHARespondstoCommerceDepartmentInvestigationofCriticalMinerals

.

19ADB.2023.

CommonPrinciplesforClimateMitigationFinancingTracking

.

5

syndicationsolutions,andtransactionadvisoryservices,insix(6)strategicfocusareasthatcollectivelywillenablethedevelopmentofdiversified,responsible,andsustainableCMMvaluechains(Figure2).Sector-specificengagementsareguidedbyADB'sstrategicagendaatthecountryandregionallevels,inturnreflectingclientdemand.

Figure2:ProposedStrategicFocusAreas

strategicFocusAreas

strengthenregionacooperationandintegration

throughopenregionaismandeconomiccorridordeveopment.

Equipgovernmentswiththepoicies,capacity,toosandresourcestomanageresponsibeandsustainabeCMMvauechaindeveopment.

promotegoodinternationaEsGpracticesandsupportow-carbondeveopmentofCMMvauechains.

De-riskandcataysenonsovereigninvestmentsfordeveopingCMMvauechainsadoptingawhoe-of-bankapproach.

promotingtheuseofadvancedandinnovativetechnoogiesanddigitasoutionsthatsupportthedeveopmentof

responsibeandsustainabeCMMvauechains.

Enabeasignificantshifttogreaterrecycingandcircuarity.

CMM=criticalminerals-to-manufacturing;ESG=Environmental,Social,andGovernance.

Source:ADB.

1.StrengthenRegionalCooperationandIntegrationThroughOpen

RegionalismandEconomicCorridorDevelopment

12.Openregionalism.ADBmayencourage,facilitate,andstrengthenRCIamongitsDMCsinthedevelopmentofCMMvaluechains.Aspartoftheseefforts,ADBwillpromotetheprincipleof"openregionalism",i.e.,avoluntaryandoutward-orientedapproachtotradeandinvestmentliberalizationthatavoidsprotectionistmeasuresagainstnon-memberstoencouragewiderpolicyharmonizationacrossinter-countryagreementsgoverningCMMvaluechains,suchascriticalmineralstradeandforeigninvestment.Thisincludesreducingtariffs,aligningtraderules,andeasingnontariffbarrierstoenhanceproductivityandresilience

.20

TheCMMvaluechainsinitiativewillserveasaplatformtodeepenregionalcooperationwhileremainingopentoglobalmarketsandexternalpartners,ensuringthatregionalintegrationcomplementsratherthanrestrictsbroadereconomicopenness.ThroughstrongerRCI,countriescanunlockgreateropportunities,lowercosts,andadvancetogetherandpositiontheregionasagloballeaderinresponsibleandsustainableCMMvaluechains.

20Sincetheearly1990s,theAsiaandPacificEconomicCooperationasatrans-regionalforumwiththebasicprincipleof“openregionalism”haspromotedaunilateralandvoluntaryapproachtotradeandinvestmentliberalization.ThisapproachhasbeenreplicatedinsubsequenteconomiccooperationagreementssuchastheTrans-PacificStrategicEconomicPartnershipAgreement(TPSEP).

6

13.Fosteringresilienceandsustainabilityalonggreeneconomiccorridorsascatalystfordevelopment.ADBwillfocusondiversifyingCMMvaluechainsby(i)fosteringtheintegrationofDMCsintothesevaluechainsand(ii)strengtheningeconomicresilienceagainstdisruptionsthroughthedevelopmentofregionalandinterregionaleconomiccorridors.Sucheffortswillbealignedwiththeprincipleofopenregionalismtoencouragecross-borderinvestmentswithoutcreatinginward-lookingbarriers.Thiscanbedonebypromotingin-countryandcross-borderinvestmentsinintegratedfacilitiesalongsuchgreeneconomiccorridorsandencouragegreaterfinancialcooperationfromsovereignandnonsovereigninvestment.Additionally,ADBwillstrengthenvaluechainsustainabilitythroughpromo