欧盟法与生命-列强权力冲突间的缓冲区政经策略

欧盟法与生命

列强权力冲突间的缓冲区政经策略

EUConflictManagement,theStrategyofPoliticsandEconomicsin“NeutralArea”withinConflictofSuperPowers

OnperpetualPeace

EmmanuelKantPhilosophyofPeace1伊曼努尔·康德有两种东西，我对它们的思考越是深沉和持久，他们在我心灵中唤起的赞叹和敬畏就会越来越历久弥新，一是我们头顶浩瀚灿烂的星空，一是我们心中崇高的的道德法则。他们向我印证，上帝的法则在我头顶，亦在我心中.《实践理性批判》（KritikderpraktischenVernunft）2WisdomofKant美是道德的象征世界上祇有两样东西是值得我们深深景仰的，一个是我们头上的灿烂星空，另一个是我们内心的崇高道德法则祇有善的意志才是道德的真正试金石自由不是想做什么，就做什么；自由是教你不想做什么，就可以不做什么道德确实不是指导人们如何使自己幸福的教条，而是指导人们如何配享有幸福的学说自由即自律教育之目的就在于使人成为人一个人没有信心，第二天都不想起床我已选择了一条路，将要终身实行；我要继续我的事业，任何事都不能加以阻挡3EternalPeaceTheuniversalandlastingestablishmentofpeaceconstitutesnotmerelyapart,butthewholefinalpurposeandendofthescienceofrightasviewedwithinthelimitsofreason.EternalPeace(1795)4康德论永久和平《论永久和平》（ZumewigenFrieden），或译《永久和平论》，是德意志哲学家康德的一篇著名论文。论文分为两个部分，阐述了康德关于国际社会如何保持和平的法哲学理论。第一部分关于各个国家之间的永久和平预备条款「任何和平条约如果在签订时保留了在将来发动战争的隐蔽的可能性，则不应认为是和平条约。」「任何一个独立自主的国家，不论大小，均不得由另一个国家用继承、交换、买卖或赠送的手段收为己有。」「常备军应当逐步完全废除。」「国债不应当用于国家对外斗争方面。」「任何国家都不应当用暴力干涉其他国家的宪法和政府。」「任何国家在与他国交战时，都不应当采用那些必定会使在未来和平条件下建立互相信任成为不可能的敌对行动，诸如向交战国遣派刺客，撕毁投降书，策动叛变，等等。」51.共和制Republicanconstitution

2.自由国家的联邦制Federalfreeandequalrelationship

3.世界公民法应依据普遍受到友好对待原则CosmopolitanUniversalhospitality第二部分国家之间永久和平的正式条款第一项正式条款：每一个国家的公民宪法都应当是共和制（Republican）第二项正式条款：国际法应建立在自由国家的联邦制之上第三项正式条款：世界公民法应依据普遍受到友好接待的条件加以限制附加条款三项关于永久和平的保证第一部分的六项条文从消极方面（negative）鼓励缔结和平合约，并藉此逐步使常备军失效，进而废除常备军。第二部分则积极（positive）且明确地要求共和制的公民宪法、联邦主义为基础的国际法，与世界公民权。值得注意的是，康德并不认为建立一个「世界政府」是可行的。他希望以共和制国家的联合来实现国际社会的持久和平。康德提出的国际永久和平思想，在面世后反响平平，却在之后深刻影响了现代国际法和外交准则。国联、联合国，都被视作是康德理论的某种尝试，而正在进行中的欧盟的实践，则更证明了康德理论的生命力。但是，康德「民主国家间不会发生战争」的论证被一些学者质疑。当代某些热衷推广民主的组织也往往以康德的理论论证他们工作的必要性。《论持久和平》看似是关于国际政治的理论，但其实它和康德的道德哲学一脉相承，都体现了理性对行为的约束力。如果将本文放入康德的哲学体系中，不难发现它是康德关于个人、国家的实践理性理论的进一步提升。61.共和制Republicanconstitution

2.自由国家的联邦制Federalfreeandequalrelationship

3.世界公民法应依据普遍受到友好对待原则CosmopolitanUniversalhospitalityInhisthreedefinitivearticles,Kantforesawthreebasicelementsof:republicandemocracy“1.Thecivilconstitutionofeverystateshouldberepublican;leagueofnations:federationoffreestates“2.Therightofnationsshallbebasedonafederationoffreestates”,anduniversalhospitality“3.Cosmopolitanrightshallbelimitedtoconditionsofuniversalhospitality”).Inthefirstsupplement,hereflectsontheroleofnatureguaranteeingperpetualpeacewhilethesecondsupplementcontainsa“secretarticleforperpetualpeace”.Finally,intheappendix,Kantreflects“onthedisagreementbetweenmoralsandpoliticsinrelationtoperpetualpeace”aswellas“ontheagreementbetweenpoliticsandmoralityunderthetranscendentalconceptofpublicright”.7第一项正式条款：每一个国家的公民宪法都应当是共和制（Republican）1.Everycitizenisfree2.Everycitizenisequal3.Everycitizenisequalbeforethelaw4.Lawisuniquelawwhichisconstitutedandcodifiedunderthemutualcontentofallcitizens8ImmanuelKantandhisTreatiseof“EternalPeace”(1795)Everynationmustbesoorganizedinternallythat…thepeoplewhopayforithavethedecisivevoiceastowhetherornotthereshouldbewar”.Inthisdemocraticsystemofrule,“succeedinggenerations…willbeable…tomakeevermoreprogresstowardsbetteringthemselves”.Kantconcludesthatgiventheinsecurityinananarchicsystemandthehighcostsfor“thepreparationofdefensethatoftenmakespeacemoreoppressiveanddestructiveofinternalwelfarethanevenwarcanneverberelaxed”theonlyremedyisastate“ofinternational[law]…basedonpubliclawsbackedbypeacebroughtaboutbyaso-calledbalanceofpowerinEuropeisamerefigmentofimagination”9Soperpetualpeace,theultimategoalofthewholerightofnations,isindeedanunachievableidea.Still,thepoliticalprinciplesdirectedtowardperpetualpeace,ofenteringintosuchalliancesofstates,whichserveforcontinualapproximationtoit,arenotunachievable(DR,§61).10Inthetheoryaboutwhattherelationamongmenandnationsoughttobethatderivesfromtheprincipleofrightandthatrecommendstotheearthlygodsthemaximalwayssotoproceedintheircon-flictsthatsuchauniversalcosmopolitannationwilltherebybeintroduced,andthustoassumethatitispossible(inpraxi)andthatitcanexist.AtthesametimeIalsotrust…inthenatureofallthingstocompelmantogowherehewouldprefernotto.11Kantwasnopacifistwhoopposedarmedforcesfordefen-ce.Hecalledforamilitiasystemforthedefenceofthehomeland.Thisisareferencetothe“BillofRights”(1776)thatinArt.13declared“thatstandingarmiesintimeofpeaceshouldbeavoidedasdangeroustoliberty”.Themilitiasystemdoesnotposeathreat.ForKant:Thestateofpeacemustthereforebeestablished,forthesuspensionofhostilitiesdoesnotprovidethesecurityofpeace,andunlessthissecurityispledgedbyoneneighbourtoanother…,thelatter,fromwhomsuchsecurityhasbeenrequested,cantreattheformerasanenemy.12TOWARDPERPETUALPEACEKantarguesforastablepeaceamongstates.Inordertoachievethisgoal,hesuggeststhatstatesjointogetherinordertoconstitutealeagueofnations.Nations,asstates,canbeappraisedasindividuals,whointheirnaturalcondition(thatis,intheirindependencefromexternallaws)alreadywrongoneanotherbybeingnearoneanother;andeachofthem,forthesakeofitssecurity,canandoughttorequiretheotherstoenterwithitintoaconstitutionsimilartoacivilconstitution,inwhicheachcanbeassuredofitsright(PP,8:354).13Thiswouldbealeagueofnations,which,however,neednotbeastateofnations.Thatwouldbeacontradiction,inasmuchaseverystateinvolvestherelationofasuperior(legislating)toaninferior(obeying,namelythepeople);butanumberofnationswithinonestatewouldconstituteonlyonenation,andthiscontradictsthepresupposition(sinceherewehavetoconsidertherightofnationsinrelationtooneanotherinsofarastheycomprisedifferentstatesandarenottobefusedintoasinglestate).(PP,8:354)14Inaccordancewithreasonthereisonlyonewaythatstatesinrelationtooneanothercanleavethelawlesscondition,whichinvolvesnothingbutwar;itisthat,likeindividualhumanbeings,theygiveuptheirsavage(lawless)freedom,accommodatethemselvestopubliccoercivelaws,andsoforman(alwaysgrowing)stateofnations(civitasgentium)thatwouldfinallyencompassallthenationsofearth.But,inaccordancewiththeirideaofrightofnations,theydonotallwantthis,thusrejectinginhypothesiwhatiscorrectinthesi;so(ifallisnottobelost),inplaceofthepositiveideaofaworldrepubliconlythenegativesurrogateofaleaguethatavertswar,endures(PP,8:357).15Soperpetualpeace,theultimategoalofthewholerightofnations,isindeedanunachievableidea.Still,thepoliticalprinciplesdirectedtowardperpetualpeace,ofenteringintosuchalliancesofstates,whichserveforcontinualapproximationtoit,arenotunachievable(DR,§61).16The7thingsyoucan'ttalkaboutinChinaUniversalvalues:freedom,equality,humanrights.Freedomofspeech:TheCCPseescontrolofpublicdiscourse,particularlythemedia,ascrucialtoitsholdonpower.Butthespreadofsocialmediahasradicallyunderminedpartycontrol,andthepresshasbeguntoshowmoreindependenceinspeakingout.Civilsociety:WhatdoestheCCPhavetofearfrom“civilsociety,”meaningcommunitygroupsandnon-governmentalorganizations?Well,fromtheparty’sperspective,anyorganization—whetherastudentassociationoraspiritualexercisegroup—thatisnotcontrolledbytheCCPispotentiallyathreat.Civilrights:Nosurprisehere.Giventhatthegovernmentregularlyjailsandrelentlesslyharasseslawyerswhodefendthelegalrightsofpetitioners,peasantsandwomenforcedtohaveabortions,thereisnodoubtthatindividualrightsareataboosubject.ThehistoricalerrorsoftheCCP:Foryears,thepartyhastriedtoenforceselectivehistoricalamnesia,teachingstudentsaboutthesufferingofChinaunderWesterncolonialpowersinthe19thcentury,butskimmingovermanyo