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AS1397—2011
(IncorporatingAmendmentNo.1)
AustralianStandard®
Continuoushot-dipmetalliccoatedsteelsheetandstrip—Coatingsofzincand
zincalloyedwithaluminiumandmagnesium
ThisAustralianStandard®waspreparedbyCommitteeMT-001,IronandSteel.ItwasapprovedonbehalfoftheCouncilofStandardsAustraliaon18August2011.
ThisStandardwaspublishedon15September2011.
ThefollowingarerepresentedonCommitteeMT-001:
·AustralianBuildingCodesBoard
·AustralasianCorrosionAssociation
·AustralianFoundryInstitute
·AustralianInstituteofArchitects
·AustralianSteelAssociation
·AustralianSteelInstitute
·BureauofSteelManufacturersofAustralia
·MaterialsAustralia
·NewZealandHeavyEngineeringResearchAssociation
·SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers-Australasia
·TheUniversityofSydney
ThisStandardwasissuedindraftformforcommentasDRAS1397.
StandardsAustraliawishestoacknowledgetheparticipationoftheexpertindividualsthatcontributedtothedevelopmentofthisStandardthroughtheirrepresentationonthe
Committeeandthroughthepubliccommentperiod.
KeepingStandardsup-to-date
AustralianStandards®arelivingdocumentsthatreflectprogressinscience,technologyandsystems.Tomaintaintheircurrency,allStandardsareperiodicallyreviewed,andneweditionsarepublished.Betweeneditions,amendmentsmaybeissued.
Standardsmayalsobewithdrawn.ItisimportantthatreadersassurethemselvestheyareusingacurrentStandard,whichshouldincludeanyamendmentsthatmayhavebeen
publishedsincetheStandardwaspublished.
DetailedinformationaboutAustralianStandards,drafts,amendmentsandnewprojectscanbefoundbyvisiting
.au
StandardsAustraliawelcomessuggestionsforimprovements,andencouragesreaderstonotifyusimmediatelyofanyapparentinaccuraciesorambiguities.Contactusviaemailat
mail@.au,orwritetoStandardsAustralia,GPOBox476,Sydney,NSW2001.
AS1397—2011
(IncorporatingAmendmentNo.1)
AustralianStandard®
Continuoushot-dipmetalliccoatedsteelsheetandstrip—Coatingsofzincand
zincalloyedwithaluminiumandmagnesium
OriginatedaspartofASA20—1934.
Sixthedition2011.
PreviouseditionAS1397—2001.
ReissuedincorporatingAmendmentNo.1(October2012).
COPYRIGHT
StandardsAustraliaLimited
Allrightsarereserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybereproducedorcopiedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,withoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher,unlessotherwisepermittedundertheCopyrightAct1968.
PublishedbySAIGlobalLimitedunderlicencefromStandardsAustraliaLimited,GPOBox476,Sydney,NSW2001,Australia
ISBN9780733799259
AS1397—20112
PREFACE
ThisStandardwaspreparedbytheAustralianmembersofJointStandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealandCommitteeMT-001,IronandSteel,tosupersedeAS1397—2001,Steelsheetandstrip—Hot-dippedzinc-coatedoraluminium/zinc-coated.ThisStandardincorporatesAmendmentNo.1(October2012).ThechangesrequiredbytheAmendmentareindicatedinthetextbyamarginalbarandamendmentnumberagainsttheclause,note,table,figureorpartthereofaffected.
Afterconsultationwithstakeholdersinbothcountries,StandardsAustraliaandStandardsNewZealanddecidedtodevelopthisStandardasanAustralianStandardratherthananAustralian/NewZealandStandard.
ThisStandardupgradestherequirementsofAS1397—2001andintroducesthreenewcoatingtypes:
(a)Zincandaluminium(TypeZA).
(b)Zinc,aluminiumandmagnesium(TypeZM).
(c)Aluminium,zincandmagnesium(TypeAM).
CommitteeMT-001hassoughttoalignwiththefollowinginternationalandnationalStandards,whereapplicable:
ISO9364:2006,Continuoushot-dipaluminium/zinc-coatedsteelsheetofcommercial,drawingandstructuralqualities
ISO4998:2011,Continuoushot-dipzinc-coatedcarbonsteelsheetofstructuralquality
ISO3575:2011,Continuoushot-dipzinc-coatedcarbonsteelsheetofcommercialanddrawingqualities
ASTMA1046/A1046M-10a,Specificationforsteelsheet,zinc-aluminium-magnesiumalloy-coatedbythehot-dipprocess
ASTMA902-09,Terminologyrelatingtometalliccoatedsteelproducts
ASTMA875/875M-09a,Specificationforsteelsheet,zinc-5%aluminiumalloy-coatedbythehot-dipprocess
Theterms'normative'and'informative'havebeenusedinthisStandardtodefinetheapplicationoftheappendixtowhichtheyapply.A'normative'appendixisanintegralpartofaStandard,whereasan‘informative'appendixisonlyforinformationandguidance.
3AS1397—2011
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION1SCOPEANDGENERAL
1.1SCOPE 4
1.2NORMATIVEDOCUMENTS 4
1.3DEFINITION 5
1.4SURFACECONDITIONINGANDSURFACETREATMENT 6
1.5PRODUCTDESIGNATION 7
1.6ROUNDINGOFTESTRESULTVALUES 10
1.7MARKING 10
SECTION2THESTEELBASE
2.1SCOPEOFSECTION 11
2.2CHEMICALCOMPOSITION 11
2.3TENSILETEST 11
2.4BENDTEST 12
2.5DIMENSIONALTOLERANCES 12
SECTION3THECOATING
3.1SCOPEOFSECTION 14
3.2DETERMINATIONOFCOATINGMASS 14
3.3DETERMINATIONOFCOATINGADHESION 15
APPENDICES
APURCHASINGGUIDELINES 19
BPRODUCTCONFORMITY 21
CINFORMATIONONCOATINGTHICKNESSDETERMINATIONAND
ONTHETHICKNESS/MASSRELATIONSHIPBETWEENBASESTEELAND
COATING 23
DINFORMATIONANDGUIDELINESONTHESELECTIONOFSTEELGRADES
ANDCOATINGCLASSES 27
BIBLIOGRAPHY 31
AS1397—20114
STANDARDSAUSTRALIA
AustralianStandard
Continuoushot-dipmetalliccoatedsteelsheetandstrip—Coatingsofzincandzincalloyedwithaluminiumandmagnesium
SECTION1SCOPEANDGENERAL
1.1SCOPE
ThisStandardspecifiesrequirementsforcontinuouslyhot-dipmetalliccoatedsheetsteelandstripsuppliedinthicknessesuptoandincluding5.0mm.
RequirementsforproductconformitytothisStandardaregiveninAppendixB.
RequirementscoveredinthisStandardareasfollows:
(a)Formabilitygradesofsteel.
(b)Structuralgradesofsteel.
(c)Classesofzinccoating,includingdifferentialcoatings.
(d)Classesofzinccoatingconvertedtozinc/ironalloy.
(e)Classesofzinc/aluminiumcoatings.
(f)Classesofzinc/aluminium/magnesiumalloycoating.
(g)Classesofaluminium/zincalloycoating.
(h)Classesofaluminium/zinc/magnesiumalloycoating.
(i)Surfacefinish.
NOTES:
1AdviceandrecommendationsoninformationtobesuppliedbythepurchaseratthetimeofenquiryororderarecontainedinAppendixA.
2Thespecifiedrequirementsapplytothefulllengthandfullwidthoftheproductsupplied,unlessotherwiseindicated.
3Withinthedescriptionoftheclassesofcoatings,themajorityelementpresentislistedfirst,followedbythenextmajorelementandfollowedbyathirdelementifappropriate.
1.2NORMATIVEDOCUMENTS
ThefollowingarethenormativedocumentsreferencedinthisStandard:
NOTE:DocumentsreferencedforinformativepurposesarelistedintheBibliography.
AS
1391Metallicmaterials—Tensiletestingofambienttemperature
2331Methodsoftestformetallicandrelatedcoatings
2331.2.1Method2.1:TestsforaveragecoatingmassperunitareaorforthicknessDissolutionmethods—Stripandweighandanalytical
2331.2.3Method2.3:Testsforaveragecoatingmassperunitareaorforthickness-Hydrogenevolutionmethodforzinccoatings
2505Metallicmaterials
2505.1Part1:Sheet,stripandplate—Bendtests
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AS/NZS1050
Methodsfortheanalysisofironandsteel(allparts)
1365
Tolerancesforflat-rolledsteelproducts
ASTMA754
Testmethodforcoatingweight(mass)ofmetalliccoatingsonsteelbyX-rayfluorescence
ISO7966
Acceptancecontrolcharts
1.3DEFINITIONS
ForthepurposeofthisStandard,thedefinitionsbelowapply.
1.3.1Batch
Anidentifiableamountof50torlessofoneproducttype,i.e.ofaparticularthicknessofsteelgrade,coatingtypeandcoatingmass,processedsequentiallyundersimilarconditions.
1.3.2Coatingmass
Thetotalmassofcoatingonbothsurfacesofthesteelbase,measuredingramspersquaremetreofsheetorstrip.Inthecaseofdifferentialcoatings,thedifferentsurfacesarestatedseparately.
NOTE:Thecoatingthicknessisnotsubjecttospecificationasitdependsuponthecoatingalloydensity,whichvarieswithcomposition.TheapproximatecoatingthicknessforvariouscoatingclassesisgiveninTableC2inAppendixC.
Onesurfacesinglespotcoatingmass
Theminimumcoatingmassonanyonesurfaceofanyoneofthethreespecimensusedforthetriplespottest.
Singlesidedcoatingmass—applicablefordifferentialcoatings,seeTable3.6
Themassofcoatingonanyonesurfaceofthesteelbase,measuredingramspersquaremetreofsheetorstrip,basedontheaverageofthreespecimensselectedfromasamplerepresentingtheoriginalcrosssectionofthesheetorstrip.
Singlespotcoatingmass
Thecoatingmassforoneofthethreespecimensusedforthetriplespotcoatingmasstest.
Triplespotcoatingmass
Theaveragecoatingmassofthreespecimensselectedfromasamplerepresentingtheoriginalcross-sectionofthesheetorstrip.
1.3.3Coatingtype
ThecompositionsofmanyofthemetalliccoatingsdescribedinthisStandardarebasedaroundanominalelement,e.g.zinc,oranominalcombinationofelements,e.g.55%aluminiumwithbalancezinc.Incertaincoatingsthereareadditionsofelementsconsideredminorintheirpercentage,orinfluenceintermsofthecoatingperformance,e.g.theadditionof0.20%aluminiumtocontrolalloyinginzinctypecoatings.
Thereferenceto‘minoradditionsofcontrolelements'inthisStandardistocovertheseinstances,i.e.minoradditionsofcontrolelementsarepresentatlessthan1%bymassanddonotfundamentallyaltertheoverallpropertiesofthecoatingtypewithinwhichtheyarecontained.Percentagesreferencedinthestandardaremass%.
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Zinccoating
Ahot-dipcoatingof99%zincincorporatinglessthan1%ofminoradditionsofcontrolelements(TypeZ)oracoatingofzincconvertedtoazinc/ironalloy(TypeZF).
Zinc/aluminiumcoating
Ahot-dipcoatingofzincwith3%to15%aluminiumandincorporatinglessthan1%ofminoradditionsofcontrolelements(TypeZA).
Zinc/aluminium/magnesiumcoating
Ahot-dipcoatingofzincwith5%to13%aluminium,2%to4%magnesiumand
incorporatinglessthan1%ofminoradditionsofcontrolelements(TypeZM).
Aluminium/zincalloycoating
Ahot-dipcoatingof50%to60%aluminium,1%to2%silicon,withtheremainderzinc,andincorporatinglessthan1%ofminoradditionsofcontrolelements.(TypeAZ).
Aluminium/zinc/magnesiumalloycoating
Ahot-dipcoatingof47%to57%aluminium,1%to3%magnesium,1%to2%siliconwiththeremainderzinc,andincorporatinglessthan1%ofminoradditionsofcontrolelements(TypeAM).
1.3.4Differentialcoating
Acoatingwherebythemanufacturerhasdeliberativelyappliedadifferentcoatingmasstoeachsideofthesteel.
Inthecaseofadifferentialcoatingthedesignationstatesthecoatingmassing/m²ofsheetforeachsideseparately,seeExample6inClause1.5.3.
Foranon-differentialcoating,thesinglesidedcoatingmassinasinglespotcannotbelessthan40%ofthestatedtotalcoatingmass.
1.3.5Sheet
Aflatrolledproductofanywidthandthicknesscoatedbyhot-dippingandsuppliedincutlengths.
1.3.6Strip
Aflatrolledproductofanywidthandthicknesscoatedbyhot-dippingandsuppliedincoilform.
1.4SURFACECONDITIONINGANDSURFACETREATMENT
1.4.1General
Metalliccoatedsteelproductscanbeconditionedmechanicallyaftercoating,andcanbesuppliedwithanumberofsurfacetreatments.Therequiredsurfaceconditionandtreatmentshouldbespecifieduponorderingwiththesupplier(seeAppendixA).
1.4.2Surfaceconditioning
Skinpassing
Themetalliccoatedsurfacecanbe‘skinpassed'afterthecoatingprocesstoproduceamattefinish,typicallyforpainting.
Thisprocessmaydisguisethenaturalspangledappearanceoftheproduct(seeClause.5below)andisdesignatedbythesuffix'S'afterthecoatingmass,e.g.
AZ150S.
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NOTE:Thepurposeoftheskinpassistoproduceahigherdegreeofsurfacesmoothnessandtherebywillchangethesurfaceappearance.Skinpassingalsotemporarilyminimizestheoccurrenceofasurfaceconditionknownasstretcherstrain(Luderslines)orflutingduringthefabricationoffinishedparts.Theskinpassingalsocontrolsandimprovesflatness.Someincreaseinhardnessandlossofductilitywillresultfromskinpassing.
Spanglesuppression
Somemanufacturersprovidespanglesuppressionthatcanminimizeoressentiallydisguisethenaturalspangledappearanceoftheproduct(seeClause.4).Suppressiontechniquescanincludewatersprayingtoincreasethecoatingcoolingratetomakesmallerspangles,chemicalspraysthatinitiatemanyspanglesandresultinasmallerspangledappearanceortheproductionofaspanglefreecoatingbyremovingaspangleformingelement.
1.4.3Chemicalsurfacetreatment
Organiclayer
Athinorganiclayercanbeappliedtothecoatedsteelsurfacetoprovideprotectionagainstfingerprintingduringhandling,andtoprovidelubricationtothesurfacetoassistinsubsequentformingoperations.Insomecasesthisorganiclayercanalsocontainachemicaltoprovidepassivationprotection(seeClause
).
Passivation
Theapplicationofachemicalsolutiontothecoatedsteelsurfaceinordertoproduceathin,tightlyadherent,reactivelayerthatprovidesadegreeofprotectionagainstwetstackstoragestainingandminimizesearlydullingofthesurface.
Oiling
Theapplicationofalightmineraloiltothesurfaceofthecoatedsteelinordertoprovidetemporaryprotectionpriortosubsequentprocessing,e.g.painting.Theoilistypicallyremovedviachemicalcleaninginthesubsequentprocessingoperation.
1.5PRODUCTDESIGNATION
1.5.1General
Theproductdesignationshallcomprise,insequence,thefollowingelements:
(a)ThenumberofthisAustralianStandard,i.e.AS1397.
(b)Thesteelgrade(seeClause1.5.2).
(c)Thecoatingclassandsurfacefinish(seeClause1.5.3).
Example1:
AS1397/G550Z450
Example2:
AS1397/G2Z275
Example3:
AS1397/G3NZ200S
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1.5.2Designationofsteelgrade
General
Thedesignationofthesteelgrade,asgiveninTables2.1,2.2and2.3ofSection2,shallincludeasetofcharactersinaccordancewiththefollowing:
(a)Firstcharacter—theletter‘G'toindicatethatmechanicalpropertieshavebeenachievedormodifiedbyin-lineheattreatmentpriortohot-dipping.
(b)Secondandsubsequentcharacters—alphanumericinaccordancewithClauses
and
.
Forstructuralgrades
Thesecond,thirdandfourthcharactersshallrepresenttheminimumyieldstrength,inmegapascals,namely250,300,350,450,500and550.
Example4:
G550
Forformabilitygrades
Thesecondcharactershallconsistofthenumber1,2or3toindicateformability,asfollows:
(a)Profiling:
1
(b)Commercialforming:
2
(c)Drawing:
3
Athirdcharacter,theletterNwhereapplicable,shallbeusedtoindicatenon-ageing.
Example5:
G3N
1.5.3Designationofcoatingclassandsurfacefinish
Zinccoatingclass
Thezinccoatingclassshallbedesignatedbytheprefix‘Z'or‘ZF’(seeClause
),
followedbyanumberrepresentingtheminimumcoatingmass,ingramspersquaremetreofsheetorstrip(totalbothsurfaces),determinedbythetriplespottest(seeClause3.2).Fordifferentialcoatings,thedesignationshallincludetheminimumcoatingmassoneachsurface.
Zinc/aluminiumcoatingclass
Thezinc/aluminiumcoatingclassshallbedesignatedbytheprefix‘ZA’(seeClause
)followed
byanumberrepresentingtheminimumcoatingmass,ingramspersquaremetreofsheetorstrip(totalbothsurfaces),determinedbythetriplespottest(seeClause3.2).
Zinc/aluminium/magnesiumcoatingclass
Thezinc/aluminium/magnesiumalloycoatingclassshallbedesignatedbytheprefix‘ZM’(seeClause
),followed
byanumberrepresentingtheminimumcoatingmassingramspersquaremetreofsheetorstrip(totalbothsurfaces),determinedbythetriplespottest(seeClause3.2).
Aluminium/zinccoatingclass
Thealuminium/zincalloycoatingclassshallbedesignatedbytheprefix‘AZ’(seeClause
),followed
byanumberrepresentingtheminimumcoatingmass,ingramspersquaremetreofsheetorstrip(totalbothsurfaces),determinedbythetriplespottest(seeClause3.2).
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9AS1397—2011
Aluminium/zinc/magnesiumcoatingclass
Thealuminium/zinc/magnesiumalloycoatingclassshallbedesignatedbytheprefix‘AM’(seeClause
),followed
byanumberrepresentingtheminimumcoatingmass,ingramspersquaremetreofsheetorstrip(totalbothsurfaces),determinedbythetriplespottest(seeClause3.2).
Example6:
Z450—azinccoatingwithatotalcoatingmassof450g/m²overbothsidesofthesheet,orZ120/60(adifferentcoating)—adifferentialzinccoatingwithacoatingmassof120g/m²overonesideofthesheetand60g/m²overtheothersideofthesheet.
Example7:
ZF100—anannealedzinccoatingof100g/m²overbothsidesofthesheet.
Example8:
ZM180—azinc/aluminium/magnesiumcoatingwithatotalcoatingmassof180g/m²overbothsidesofthesheet.
Example9:
AZ150—analuminium/zinccoatingwithatotalcoatingmassof150g/m²overbothsidesofthesheet.
Example10:
AM125—analuminium/zinc/magnesiumcoatingwithatotalcoatingmassof
125g/m²overbothsidesofthesheet.
Surfacefinish
.1General
Thenaturalappearanceofcontinuoushot-dipmetalliccoatedsteelsheetandstripdependsuponanumberoffactorsincludingthecoatingcomposition,thesteelsurfaceroughnessandthecoolingratetonamethree.
Designationsforusewhenorderingaresetoutbelow.
.2Regularspangle—designated'R'ornotstated
Thefinishachievedonhot-dipzinctype(Z)coatingswhichisseenasvisible,multi-facetedzinccrystalsreferredtoasspangles.Thespanglesizemaybedifferentfromdifferentcoatingfacilities.Inthiscasethecoatingcoolingistypicallynotcontrolledtoachieveaparticularvisualeffect.
.3Spanglefree—f
Thefeatureless,uniformsurfacefinishproducedoncontinuoushot-dipmetalliccoatedsteelsheetandstripwhereadistinct'spangle'appearance,andtheirregularitiesassociatedwiththespangles,isnotvisiblewithoutmagnification.TypeZAandZMcoatingsaretypicallyspanglefreeintheirnaturalstate.
.4Minimizedspangle—designated'M'
Themanufacturerhasdeliberatelychangedthesolidificationand/orcoolingofthecoatingtoproduceafinishwherethezinccrystalsarestillvisibletotheeyewithoutmagnification,butaretypicallysmallerandlessdistinctthanthepatternvisibleonregularspangledproduct.
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.5Skinpassedorsmoothfinish—designated'S'
Skinpassingofthecoatedproductcanproduceasmooth,mattefinishoftendesirableforpainting(refertoClause
,and
AppendixD,ParagraphD2.1).
Example11:
ZM180SforaTypeZMcoatingatanominalcoatingmassof180g/m²thathasbeenskinpassed;or
Z275MSforaTypeZcoatingatanominalcoatingmassof275g/m²thathasbeenmanufacturedwithminimizedspangleandhasbeenskinpassed.
1.6ROUNDINGOFTESTRESULTVALUES
1.6.1General
Withtheexceptionofthetensiletestandcoatingmassresults,theobservedorcalculatedvaluesshallberoundedtothesamenumberoffiguresasinthespecifiedvaluesandthencomparedwiththespecifiedvalues(seealsoAS2706).
1.6.2Fortensiletestresults
Thedeterminedvalueoftensilestrengthshallberoundedtothenearest10MPaandthedeterminedvalueofyieldstrengthshallberoundedtothenearest5MPa.
1.6.3Forcoatingmassresults
Thedeterminedvalueofcoatingmassshallberoundedtothenearest5g/m².
1.7MARKING
1.7.1Package
EachpackagefordeliveryshallbelegiblyanddurablymarkedortaggedtoenableittobeidentifiedwiththisStandard.Theinformationonthepackageshallalsoincludethefollowing:
(a)Theproductdesignation(asperClause1.5).
(b)Theproductdimensions.
(c)Themanufacturer'snameortrademark.
(d)Fordifferentialcoatedsheetorstrip,identificationofthesidewhichhastheheaviercoating.
(e)Auniqueidentifiertofacilitateproducttraceability.
1.7.2Product
ThesheetorstripshallbelegiblyanddurablymarkedwiththenumberofthisAustralianStandard,i.e.AS1397,thebasesteelthickness,andthedesignationofthesteelbaseandcoating,unlesssuchmarkingsareclearlydetrimentaltotheenduse,inwhichcasethepackageshallbesomarked.
11AS1397—2011
SECTION2THESTEELBASE
2.1SCOPEOFSECTION
Thissectionspecifiesrequirementsforninegradesofsteelsheetandstrip:threegradesarebasedonformabilityandsixstructuralgradesarebasedonyieldstress.
2.2CHEMICALCOMPOSITION
2.2.1General
ThemethodofsamplingforchemicalanalysisshallbeinaccordancewithAS/NZS1050.1ChemicalcompositionshallbedeterminedbyanyprocedureswhichareatleastasaccurateasthosegivenintheAS/NZS1050seriesofStandards.
2.2.2Castanalysis
Whereverpossible,achemicalanalysisofthesteelfromeachladleshallbemadetodeterminetheproportionsofthespecifiedelements.Incaseswhereitisimpracticabletoobtainsamplesfromtheliquidsteel,analysisontestsamplestakeninaccordancewiththerequirementsofAS/NZS1050.1maybereportedasthecastanalysis.
ThereportedcastanalysisofthesteelshallconformtothelimitsgiveninTable2.1fortheappropriategrade.
2.2.3Unspecifiedchemicalelements
ForsteelscomplyingwiththisStandard,elementsnotspecifiedinTable2.1shallnotbepresentinquantitiesdetrimentaltotheintendeduseofthesteel.
2.2.4Productanalysis
Anysubsequentanalyticalcheckscarriedoutontheproductshalltakeintoconsiderationtheheterogeneitycharacteristicofthetypeofsteel.
TABLE2.1
REQUIREMENTSFORCHEMICALCOMPOSITION
SteelgradedesignationAS1397
Chemicalcomposition(castanalysis),%max.
Carbon
Manganese
Phosphorus
Sulfur
G450,G500,G550
0.20
1.20
0.040
0.030
G300,G350(seeNote)
0.30
1.60
0.100
0.035
G250,G1
0.12
0.50
0.040
0.035
G2
0.10
0.45
0.030
0.030
G3
0.08
0.40
0.020
0.025
NOTE:ForgradeG300,nitrogenizedsteelmaybeusedforsectionsgreaterthan1.00mm
thick.
2.3TENSILETEST
2.3.1General
WhentestedinaccordancewithAS1391,thetensilepropertiesshallmeettherequirements
ofTables2.2and2.3.
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