专题一 第2讲　题型突破-推理判断题

四选一阅读专题一汇报人：题型突破——推理判断题章节副标题01推理判断是指在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的推敲，作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解文章的深层含义的过程。推理判断题主要考查考生分析上下文逻辑关系的能力以及逻辑推理能力。题目所涉及的内容可能是某几句话，要求考生在理解原文意思的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，从而揭示其深层含义。纵观近几年高考真题，推断隐含信息、观点态度、写作意图为高频考点，而推断读者对象、后续内容、文章体裁、写作手法、文章结构和文章出处为低频考点。[选项特征]技法一隐含信息题——关键词句细推敲隐含信息题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据语篇提供的信息，或者借助语境进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的逻辑关系，理解关键词句的真正含义，才能作出准确的推断。一般此类题干中主要包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(表明，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。设问方式多以如下形式出现：1.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，34题)2.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph？(2023·全国甲，35题)3.Whatcanweinferfromtheauthor’stripwithfriendstoDevil’sLake？(2023·全国乙，26题)4.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2？

(2023·全国乙，33题)5.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthor？(2023·浙江1月，26题)6.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs？(2022·新课标Ⅰ，31题)7.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy？(2022·全国乙，35题)解此类试题常用“推敲关键词句”法。解题流程如下：...Obviously，ifprecautions(预防)aren’ttaken，grizzliescanbecometroublesome，sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites，grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean，attractant-freeplacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits，”saysJamesJonkel，longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.真题体验(2023·全国甲·D片段)35.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Foodshouldbeprovidedforgrizzlies.B.Peoplecanliveinharmonywithgrizzlies.C.Aspecialpathshouldbebuiltforgrizzlies.D.Technologycanbeintroducedtoprotectgrizzlies.√推理判断题。依据题干定位细节，即语段中的“Obviously，ifprecautions(预防)aren’ttaken，grizzliescanbecometroublesome，sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites，grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。技法二观点态度题——“忠于措辞”定选项此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。观点和态度一般分为三大类：①支持、赞同、乐观；②客观、中立；③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者或文中人物的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。解这类题要注意不可掺杂个人观点，不能带着主观倾向评价作者或他人，要基于原文的措辞作出客观的判断。设问方式多以如下形式出现：1.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’

studies？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，35题)2.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofWeiner’sbook？(2023·全国甲，31题)3.HowdoestheauthorfindhisphotostakenatDevil’sLake？(2023·全国乙，27题)4.WhatdopeopleusuallythinkofBritishfood？(2023·全国乙，28题)5.Whatwastheattitudeoftheauthor’sfathertowardbuyinggrocerieswithjars？

(2023·浙江1月，25题)6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers’textingintheUS？

(2022·新课标Ⅱ，28题)7.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney？(2022·全国甲，34题)解此类试题常用“忠于措辞”法。解题流程如下：...Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents，theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates？Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds？Thishappenedsomeofthetime，butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently，thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow，theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.真题体验(2023·新课标Ⅰ·D片段)AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain，thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear. B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful. D.Approving.√观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞”法。

根据最后一段“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain，thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究是赞许和支持的。故选D。技法三写作意图题——文体特点推意图各种话题的阅读材料都可能考查写作目的/意图。通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。设问方式多以如下形式出现：1.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage？(2021·天津6月，40题)2.Whatisthepurposeofthistext？(2020·新课标Ⅰ，31题)一、整篇文章的写作目的/意图：1.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，26题)2.Whydoestheauthorlistgreatphilosophersinparagraph4？(2023·全国甲，29题)二、具体段落的写作目的/意图：3.WhydoestheauthormentionNoaOvadiainthefirstparagraph？(2023·浙江1月，28题)4.Whatisthepurposeofthelawsmentionedinparagraph4？(2023·浙江1月，34题)解此类试题常用“文体特点推意图”法。解题流程如下：...Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebetweencitiesandthenframeseachphilosopher’sworkinthecontext(背景)ofonethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.TheendresultisareadinwhichwelearntowonderlikeSocrates，seelikeThoreau，listenlikeSchopenhauer，andhavenoregretslikeNietzsche.This，morethanabookaboutunderstandingphilosophy，isabookaboutlearningtousephilosophytoimprovealife....真题体验(2023·全国甲·C片段)29.Whydoestheauthorlistgreatphilosophersinparagraph4?A.TocompareWeinerwiththem.B.Togiveexamplesofgreatworks.C.Topraisetheirwritingskills.D.TohelpreadersunderstandWeiner’sbook.√写作意图题。根据本段中的“Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebetweencitiesandthenframeseachphilosopher’sworkinthecontext(背景)ofonethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.TheendresultisareadinwhichwelearntowonderlikeSocrates，seelikeThoreau，listenlikeSchopenhauer，andhavenoregretslikeNietzsche.”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner的书的内容，接着作者通过列举几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiner的书。故选D。技法四推断低频题——内容细节巧判断这类考题考查频率较低，常包括读者对象题、后续内容题、文章体裁题、写作手法题、文章结构题和文章出处题等。一般来讲，读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象；后续内容推断题要求考生能根据整篇文章的情节发展预测文章的后续内容，这种题型对考生的能力要求较高；文章体裁题要求考生根据文章的行文风格对文章体裁作出判断，如新闻报道、书评、传记、导游手册等；写作手法题主要考查整篇文章或某个段落的写作手法；文章结构题需要考生对文章结构，如总－分或总－分－总等进行分析；文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。设问方式多以如下形式出现：1.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，28题)2.Whatmighttheauthorcontinuetalkingabout？(2023·全国乙，31题)3.Whichofthefollowingbooksisthetextmostlikelyselectedfrom？(2023·全国乙，35题)4.Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?(2022·新课标Ⅰ，21题)5.Whatisthetext？(2022·全国乙，27题)解此类试题常用“内容细节巧判断”法。解题流程如下：...Inthis“bookofbooks”，artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool，withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描绘)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume，deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago，buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.真题体验(2023·新课标Ⅱ·C片段)...Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview，theprintedbookiscertainlyancient，butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction，abookmustbeactivatedbyauser：thecoveropened，thepagesparted，thecontentsreviewed，perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked，aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate，“off-line”activity.28.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Anintroductiontoabook.

B.Anessayontheartofwriting.C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.

D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.√文章出处题。依内容判出处，根据语段中的“Inthis‘bookofbooks’，artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.”以及最后一段中的“Froma21st-centurypointofview，theprintedbookiscertainlyancient，butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷书的扉页，即对该书的介绍。故选A。A(外刊阅读·原创题)选自magazineNew

ScientistIamafirmbelieverthatyoucanstargazeanywhere.Infact，afewyearsago，Iwroteabookaboutstargazingfromcitiesbasedonthatveryassumption.Myargumentisthatstargazingcansometimesbeeasiertodofromurbanareas，especiallyforpeoplewhoarenewtothepastimeandwanttolearntheirwayaroundthenightsky.随堂演练本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了作者对光污染的担心、光污染的危害及解决方法，最后指出光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。语篇解读Havingsaidthat，Iamveryconcernedaboutlightpollution，particularlyafterreadingarecentstudyinSciencesuggestingthat，from2011to2023，lightpollutionhasgotworsequickly.Itreportedtheresultsofacitizenscienceprojectthatcollectedinformationfrompeopleallovertheworld，totallingmorethan51,000observationsofthenightsky，findingthatitisbrighteningbycloseto10percenteachyear.Lightpollutionisn’tjustaproblemforstargazers.Itisadriverofbiodiversityloss，particularlyaffectingbirds.Itharmshumanhealthtoo，withaninfluenceonmentalhealthandlinksfoundtosomecancers.Itisalsoahugecarbonemitter—theenergyusedsendinglightintotheskyissimplyawasteofelectricity.TheInternationalDarkSkyAssociationhasasimplesetofguidelinesthatpeoplecanfollowtolimittheircontributiontolightpollution.Thisincludesmakingsurethatanyoutdoorlightyouinstallisnecessary，onlypointsexactlywhereyouneeditandisonlyusedwhenrequired.Youshouldalsolimittheamountofbluelightinyouroutdoorlighting.Thebiggestcausesforlightpollutionincitiesarethingslikestreetlightsandbrightlightsfrombigcommercialbusinesses，suchassupermarkets.Youcanwritetoyourlocalgovernmentifyouareconcernedaboutunnecessarylightpollutioninyourarea.Itisn’tallthatbad，though.CountrysidecharityCPREhasrunaUKannualstarcounteachFebruarysince2019tobuildupapictureofhowlightpollutionischanging.Byitsestimates，intheUKatleast，lightpollutiongotbetterand，by2023，stillhasn’tgotworse.1.Whatisthepurposeofparagraph1?A.Tointroduceabook.B.Tostatetheauthor’sbelief.C.Toargueovertheidealplaceforstargazing.D.Tointroducethetopictobediscussed.√写作意图题。根据第一段中的“Iamafirmbelieverthatyoucanstargazeanywhere.Infact，afewyearsago，Iwroteabookabout...Myargumentis...”可知，作者一直持有的观点就是“你可以在任何地方观星”；再结合第二段开头“Havingsaidthat，Iamveryconcernedaboutlightpollution”可知，事实并不是作者想的那样，由此我们可推断作者写第一段的目的就是要引出第二段要讲的话题：光污染。故选D。2.Whichofthefollowingshowsthecorrectstructureofthepassage?A.Part1(Paras.1&2)→Part2(Paras.3&4)→Part3(Paras.5&6)B.Part1(Paras.1&2&3)→Part2(Para.4)→Part3(Paras.5&6)C.Part1(Paras.1&2)→Part2(Para.3)→Part3(Paras.4&5)→Part4(Para.6)D.Part1(Para.1)→Part2(Para.2)→Part3(Paras.3&4)→Part4(Paras.5&6)√文章结构题。综合分析文章篇章结构可知，第一、二两段引出光污染话题；第三段讲到了光污染的危害；第四、五两段指出了解决方法；最后一段用英国光污染好转的例子说明光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。故选C。3.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Lightpollutionisoveremphasized.B.Lightpollutiondoesn’texistintheUK.C.Lightpollutionisaglobalchallengingissue.D.Lightpollutioncanbereducedwithjointefforts.√推理判断题。根据最后一段首句“Itisn’tallthatbad，though.”可知，光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步，随后作者又列举了英国光污染好转的例子，由此我们可以推断作者在最后一段想表达的就是在大家共同的努力下，光污染可以被减少。故选D。4.Inwhichsectionofanewspapercanwemostprobablyreadthistext?A.Travel. B.Environment.C.Entertainment. D.Culture.√文章出处题。文章主要讲了“光污染”，由此我们可以推测文章最有可能出现在报纸的“环境”这一版块。故选B。BFluid(流体)intelligenceisadecisivefactorofhumancognition(认知).Studiesshowthathighfluidintelligencepredictsprofessionalsuccess，socialmobility，health，andlongevity，andalsorelatestostrongeradditionalcognitivecapacitieslikememory.Now，newresearchhasmappedthepartsofthebrainthatsupportourabilitytothinkquickly.本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国伦敦大学学院神经病学研究所的一个团队已绘制出“流体智力”相关脑区图谱，该结果首次表明，大脑的右额叶区域对于流体智力所涉及的高级功能至关重要。语篇解读“Ourfindingsindicateforthefirsttimethattherightfrontalregionsofthebrainarecriticaltothehigh-levelfunctionsinvolvedinfluidintelligence，suchasproblemsolvingandreasoning，”saysleadstudyauthorProfessorLisaCipolottioftheUCLQueenSquareInstituteofNeurology.Despitemodernsciencelargelyagreeingthatfluidintelligenceisakeyaspectofwhatmakesushuman，it’squitedifficultforscientiststostudythesematters：Inordertoestablishwhichpartsofthebrainarenecessaryforacertainability，researchersmuststudypatientsinwhomthatpartiseithermissingordamaged.So，earlierstudieshavemainlymadeuseoffunctionalimaging(fMRI)techniques，whicharenotentirelyaccurateandsometimescanbemisleading.Thislatestproject，ledbyProfessorCipolotti，includedatotalof227patientswhohadexperiencedbraininjuries，likeabraintumororstroke.TheteamcompletedthisusingtheRavenAdvancedProgressiveMatrices(APM)：thebest-establishedtestoffluidintelligence.TheAPMfeaturesvariousmultiple-choicevisualpatternproblemsofincreasingdifficulty.Eachoftheproblemsshowsanincompletepatternofgeometricfiguresandasksparticipantstoselectthemissingpiecefromasetofmultiplepossiblechoices.Next，researchersintroducedanovel“lesion-deficitmapping(损伤缺陷映射)”approachthathelpedtomakeoutthecomplexpatternsofcommonbraininjuries，suchasstroke.Resultsshowfluidintelligence-damagedperformancewasmostlylimitedtopatientswithrightfrontaldamage，asopposedtoawidesetofregions