ACCA-东盟可持续发展报告：当前发展概述 Sustainability reporting in ASEAN an overview of current developments

Sustainability

reportinginASEAN:anoverviewof

currentdevelopments.

Aboutthisreport.

AboutACCA.

WeareACCA(theAssociationofCharteredCertifiedAccountants),agloballyrecognisedprofessionalaccountancybodyprovidingqualificationsandadvancingstandardsinaccountancyworldwide.

Foundedin1904towidenaccesstotheaccountancyprofession,we’velongchampionedinclusionandtodayproudlysupportadiversecommunityofover252,500membersand526,000futuremembersin180countries.

Ourforward-lookingqualifications,continuouslearningandinsightsarerespectedandvaluedbyemployersineverysector.Theyequipindividualswiththebusinessandfinanceexpertiseandethicaljudgmenttocreate,protect,andreportthesustainablevaluedeliveredbyorganisationsandeconomies.

Guidedbyourpurposeandvalues,ourvisionistodeveloptheaccountancyprofessiontheworldneeds.Partneringwithpolicymakers,standardsetters,thedonorcommunity,educatorsandotheraccountancybodies,we’restrengtheningandbuildingaprofessionthatdrivesasustainablefutureforall.

Findoutmoreat

ThisreportprovidesanoverviewofsustainabilityreportingdevelopmentsintheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN).There’sparticularemphasisonadvancementssincetheInternationalSustainabilityStandardsBoard(ISSB)launcheditsinauguralstandards一andthesubsequentregulatoryinitiativesrelatedtothisby

marketsinASEAN.

Ourfindingsareprimarilybasedondesktopresearch,drawingfromACCAspublishedresearchaswellassecondaryresearchreportsandanalysesupto17June2025.ItshouldbenotedthatdevelopmentsinsustainabilityreportinggloballyandinothermajorjurisdictionsbothwithinandoutsideofASEANcontinuetobedynamic,withfurtherchangesanticipated.

ACCAcontinuestocloselymonitorglobaldevelopmentsand,whereapplicable,contributesviewstoinfluencepolicymakingandstandard-settingaligningwithourambitiontoleadtheaccountancyprofessioninatransformingworld.Thisincludesexertingapragmaticandpositiveapproachtothedevelopmentofconnectedfinancialandsustainabilityreportingworldwide.

Thefindingsandrecommendationsinourreportareintendedfor:policymakers,standard-setters,regulators,andprofessionalaccountancybodiesinASEANandbeyond;aswellasbusinesseswithoperationsinASEANandthoseforwhichakeypartoftheirvaluechainisinASEAN,tounderstandthecurrentstateofsustainablereportingdevelopmentintheregion.Thisreportisnotintendedforcommercialdecision-makingpurposes.

Author.

SharathMartin,SeniorPolicyConsultant,ACCAAsiaPacific

WealsoacknowledgeandthankHsiaoMeiChow,Headof

CorporateReportingInsightsSustainability,ACCA,andotherACCAPolicyandInsightsandPublicAffairscolleagueswhoprovided

feedbackandusefulcommentsintheproductionofthisresearch.

THINKAHEAD

SUSTAINABILITYREPORTINGINASEAN:ANOVERVIEWOFCURRENTDEVELOPMENTS

2

Foreword.

PulkitAbrol

Director,ACCAAsiaPacific

Pulkit.Abrol@

JukheeHong

ExecutiveDirector,

ASEANBACMalaysia

Jukhee@

The

ASEAN2045:OurSharedFuture

frameworkchartstheregion’sfuturedirectionoverthenexttwodecades一articulatingaspirationstowardsrealisingaresilient,innovative,dynamic,andpeople-centredASEANCommunityby2045.Theregionenvisionsbeing:

■asingleandfuture-readyeconomy

■anchoredonsustainablegrowthandgoodgovernance

■empoweredbyadvancedtechnologies

■responsivetoemergingopportunities.

InlinewithASEAN’sstrongsustainabilityagenda,our

reportprovidesatimelyoverviewoftheregion’sevolvingsustainabilityreportinglandscape.Asglobalexpectations

onsustainability-relatedtransparencycontinueto

rise,progressiveandcoherentsustainabilityreportingframeworksarenolongeroptional–theyareessential.

Encouragingly,ASEANmemberstates–Indonesia,

Malaysia,Philippines,SingaporeandThailand–account

forapproximately85%ofregionalGDPandhavealreadysignalledtheirintentiontoalignwiththeIFRSSustainabilityDisclosureStandardsdevelopedbytheISSB.This

representsacriticalsteptowardcomparability,credibility,andtrustinsustainability-relatedinformationthatwill

enabledecision-makingatalllevels.

Buildingtrustinsustainability-relatedinformationisnotagiven.ASEANwillneedtoinvestsignificantlyincapacitybuildinginordertoproduceskilledprofessionals–as

wellasthedesignandimplementationofenabling

frameworksthatresultinhighqualitysustainability-relatedinformation.Thisisfundamental,assuchinformationwill

beincreasinglycriticaltowardssounddecision-makingbybothpolicymakersandbusinessleaders.

TheASEANBusinessAdvisoryCouncil(ASEAN-BAC)

MalaysiaChapteriscommittedtoadvancingpractical

policyadvocacythatstrengthensregionalstability,

prosperityandeconomicintegration.ACCAandASEAN-BACareproudtocollaborateandsupportASEANas

itprogressesalongitssustainabilityreportingjourneytowardsbuildingamoreresilient,innovative,dynamic,andpeople-centredeconomyofthefuture

SUSTAINABILITYREPORTINGINASEAN:ANOVERVIEWOFCURRENTDEVELOPMENTSForeword3

Contents.

Executivesummary4

1.Whyissustainabilityreportingimportant?

6

1.1SustainabilityinASEAN–keyhighlights

7

1.2Driversofinternationalsustainabilityreporting

8

2.Globalsustainabilityreportinglandscape

11

2.1InternationalSustainabilityStandardsBoard(ISSB)

12

2.1.1Progressoncorporateclimate-relateddisclosures

2.1.2EndorsementofISSBStandardsbytheInternational

12

OrganizationofSecuritiesCommissions(IOSCO)

13

2.1.3ASEANcontext

13

2.2GlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)

14

2.2.1ProgressontheadoptionofGRIstandards

14

2.3InteroperabilitybetweenGRIandIFRSSustainability

DisclosureStandards

15

3.KeydevelopmentsinsustainabilityreportinginselectedmajorjurisdictionsoutsideofASEAN

16

4.KeydevelopmentsinsustainabilityreportinginASEAN

24

5.Challengesinsustainabilityreporting

33

6.High-levelrecommendations

41

Appendix1:ACCAresourcesrelevanttosustainabilityandsustainabilityreporting

43

References

43

THINKAHEADSUSTAINABILITYREPORTINGINASEAN:ANOVERVIEWOFCURRENTDEVELOPMENTS

Executive

summary

4

executivesummary.

ASEANissettobetheworld’sfourth

largesteconomy一withthethirdlargestlabourpool一by2030.

It’samajortradingregion,withsignificantintra-ASEAN

trade,aswellasbeingoneoftheworld’smostbiodiverseregions–hometoone-thirdoftheworld’smangroves

andseagrass(importantcarbonsequestrators),80%ofinternationalaquacultureproduction,while15%oftheworld’sforestlandisinASEAN.

TheeconomicgrowthandopportunitiesforASEAN

populations,however,maybeseverelythreatenedby

climateandnaturerisks.Upto35%oftheregion’sGDPcouldpotentiallybeaffected;climatemigrationmaybeinthemillionsandlabourproductivitymayfacesignificant

challengesfromheatstress.

HowASEANrespondstosustainabilityrisksand

opportunitiesisimportantinensuringinvestorconfidenceanddrivingaccountability.Thisemphasisesthevital

importanceforhigh-qualitysustainabilityreportingtofostertrustandenablesounddecision-makingbyinvestorsandotherstakeholders.

Driverstowardstheadoptionofsustainabilityreportingthatarealignedwithglobalstandardsinclude:

■ASEANMemberStates’(AMS)commitmentstotheParisAgreement(PA)andtheKunming-Montreal

GlobalBiodiversityFramework(GBF)

■theimportanceofForeignDirectInvestments(FDI)thatincreasinglyfocusonsustainabilitymatters,

andtheintroductionoftheEuropeanUnion’s(EU)CarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanism(CBAM)

■effortstodecarboniseglobalvaluechainsofwhichAMSareamajorpartof

■agrowingrecognitionthatsustainabilityismultifacetedwithinterlinkeddimensionsofeconomicviability,socialequity,andenvironmentalprotection.

Globalsustainabilityreportingstandardsbeganalmost25yearsago–withvoluntaryguidelinesandstandardsissuedbytheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI).Whilethishasgainedimpressivetraction,majoreconomiesaroundtheworld

(includingthoseinASEAN)havebeenpivotingtowards

mandatingstandardsissuedbytheISSB.Theseare

backedbytheG7,theG20,theInternationalOrganisationofSecuritiesCommissions(IOSCO),theFinancialStabilityBoard,FinanceMinistersfromAfricaandbeyond,and

CentralBankGovernorsfrommorethan40jurisdictions.

AsofSeptember2024,jurisdictionsrepresenting

approximately57%ofGDP,over40%ofglobalmarket

capitalisation,andmorethanhalfofglobalGHGemissionshavedecidedtouse,oraretakingstepstointroduce,

ISSBstandardsintheirlegalorregulatoryframeworks.

TheASEAN-basedjurisdictionsincludeIndonesia,Malaysia,Singapore,ThailandandthePhilippines–collectively

theserepresentapproximately85%ofASEANGDP.

Keymarketsthattheregiontradeswith,suchasChinaandJapan,arealsointheprocessofimplementing

ISSBstandards.IntheUS,theSecuritiesandExchange

Commission(SEC)climatedisclosurerulesissuedin

March2024werestayedjustonemonthlaterduetolegalchallenges.On27March2025,theSECvotedtoendits

defenceoftherulesrequiringdisclosureofclimate-relatedrisksandGHGemissions.

TheCorporateSustainabilityReportingDirective(CSRD)issuedbytheEUisexpectedtoaffectEUandnon-EU

companiesovercertainthresholds.TheCSRDrequires

reportingonenvironmental,socialandgovernance

(ESG)activities.However,inresponsetoconcernsover

increasingadministrativeburdensbycompanies,the

EUisplanningtosimplifyitssustainabilityrequirements

–includingduediligence,andtaxonomythroughan

OmnibusPackage.Thissimplificationaimstocutatleast25%oftheadministrativeburdenforcompanies,andat

least35%forsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs),by2029.

Thechallengesinsustainabilityreportingwillonlybecomefullyknownoncecompaniesbeginpreparingtherelevantdisclosuresgoingforward.Assuch,thechallengeslistedinsection5arenecessarilyhigh-level,including:

■concernsoverthelackofconnectivityandcoherencewithfinancialreporting

■fragmentedandmisalignedreportingrequirements

■thereportingburden,particularlyonSMEs

■notachievingthesamelevelsofreliabilityandtrustworthinessasfinancialreporting.

High-levelrecommendations

Inrecognisingthebenefitsaswellaschallengesof

adoptingsustainabilityreportingstandards,werecommendthatASEANpolicymakers,standard-setters,andregulatorsplayastrongerroleinadvocacyandpolicyinfluence,and:

■Pushforonlyonesetofglobalsustainabilityreporting

standards–ieIFRSSustainabilityDisclosuresStandardsissuedbyISSB–inthesamewaythatIFRSAccountingStandardsareeffectivelytheglobalstandardfor

financialreportingpurposes(exceptintheUS).

■UseISSBStandardsastheglobalbaselineand

incorporateothernecessaryinformationrequirementstoachieveconsistencyandeffectivenessacross

Asia,Europe,andtheAmericas–utilisinga‘buildingblocks’approach.

■Ensuretheproportionalityofreportingrequirementstoachievehigh-qualityandpracticalreporting

thataddressesthediverseneedsoftherelevantstakeholdersandpermitsscalability.

■StronglyadvocatethatEUregulatorsandstandard-

settersprovidetransitionrelieftoASEANbusinesses

fromtheobligationtoreportontheEuropean

SustainabilityReportingStandards(ESRS)untilasinglesetofglobalsustainabilityreportingstandardsisformallyrecognised.EUregulatorsandstandard-settersshouldalsospecifythestandardsthatwillberecognisedas

‘equivalent’totheESRSassoonaspossible.This

deemedequivalencewilleasethereportingburden

(especiallyonSMEs)ofnothavingtoprepareseparatereportspurelyforESRScompliancepurposes.

■StronglyadvocateforadequaterepresentationontheISSB’sboard,consultativebodies,andotherrelevant

bodiestoensurethevoiceofASEANbusinessesand

governments(onbehalfoftheirpopulations)isheard

toinfluenceglobalpolicymakingandstandard-setting.ThisisespeciallyimportantgiventhesizeoftheASEANeconomyandthedisproportionatelyhighrisksitwill

likelyfaceonclimate,natureandsocietalissues.

FormarketsinASEANwhichhavenotalreadydone

so,asustainabilityreportingimplementationroadmap

shouldbedevelopedtoclarifyexpectations.Professionalaccountancybodiesshouldbeencouragedtoupskill

financeandaccountancyprofessionalsonsustainabilityreportingrequirements.

Ethicalrequirementsrelatedtoreportingandmandatory

sustainabilityassurance,andrelatedregulationsshould

alsobeconsidered.ASEAN-widecentralisedsustainabilityintelligenceplatformsshouldbeestablishedtoenable

businessestoassesstheircarbonemissions.Thiswill

alsoenablepolicymakersandregulatorstoimplement

andtracknational-levelsustainabilityinitiatives,egenergytransitionandbiodiversityroadmaps.

‘Professionalaccountancybodiesshouldbeencouragedtoupskillfinanceandaccountancyprofessionalson

sustainabilityreportingrequirements.’

SUSTAINABILITYREPORTINGINASEAN:ANOVERVIEWOFCURRENTDEVELOPMENTS5

Executive

summary

1.Whyissustainabilityreportingimportant?

Inaworldwhereanambitiousapproachtosustainabilityisnolongerachoice

butaconditionofcompetitiveness一establishingaprogressive,determinedandefficientsustainabilityreportingframeworkiscriticalforASEAN.Forthisregion一integratedintra-regionallyaswellaswithinglobalsupplychainsandcomprisingdiverseeconomies一thistaskisbothanopportunityandachallenge.

Thevalueofsustainabilityreportingliesinitsabilitytoprovidetransparency,underpininvestorconfidence,

anddriveaccountabilityinaddressingsustainability

impacts.Withasignificantandrisingproportionof

theglobaleconomyalreadycommittedtomandatoryreporting–effectivecoordinationofstandards

adoptioncanserveasacornerstonetospureconomicopportunitiesandgrowth.

Sustainabilityreportingshouldn’tonlyconcern

reportingorberegardedasapurelydisclosure

complianceexercise.Rather,ithastheabilitytoprovideaholisticunderstandingofhowthevariouspartsofanorganisation’svaluechainarelikelytobeimpacted

bysustainability-relatedrisksandopportunities.Forexample,ifanorganisationislikelytofacematerialshortagesfromakeysupplieralongthevaluechainduetowarmingtemperaturesorextremeweatherevents–howdoesthiseffecttheorganisation?

Thekeyinformationgatheredduringthesustainabilityreportingprocessthereforeinvolvesgovernance,

strategyandriskmanagement–aswellasthemetricsandtargetscriticaltooptimisingopportunitiesand

managingrisks(IFRS,nd).

Sustainabilityreportingalsofostersbetter

understandingoftheinterconnectionsandinteractionsbetweenbusinesses,industries,governments,and

people.Thiscanhappenatlocal,regionalandeven

globallevel.Forexample,ifriceproductioninthe

LowerMekongBasinisincreasinglyaffectedbyclimateandbiodiversityrisks–thisdoesnotonlyimpactthe

fivecountrieswithinthebasin,butalsobusinessesandsocietieswithinandoutsideofASEAN.

Sustainabilityreportingthereforeprovides

policymakers,businessleadersandsocietieswithinformationthatallowsthemtoassesshowfutureeconomiesandgenerationsmaybeimpactedbysustainability-relatedrisksaswellasopportunities.

THINKAHEADSUSTAINABILITYREPORTINGINASEAN:ANOVERVIEWOFCURRENTDEVELOPMENTS

1.Whyissustainabilityreportingimportant?6

SUSTAINABILITYREPORTINGINASEAN:ANOVERVIEWOFCURRENTDEVELOPMENTS1.Whyissustainabilityreportingimportant?7

It’simportanttoensurethatsustainabilityreportingis

acatalystfornecessarysystemicchange.Operational

changestakeplaceinorganisationsmakingthese

disclosuresandbetterqualityofinformationbecomes

availabletoinvestors,whowillthenusethesedisclosurestoallocatecapitalmoreefficientlyandresponsibly.

However,itisalsoimportanttonotethatreportingisonlyonepolicyleverforpromotingmoreresponsiblebusiness

decision-makingwhiledrivingpositivechangefor

peopleandtheplanet.Thisneedstobecomplemented

byfurtherpoliciesencouragingsustainablebusiness

models–suchasprovisionofsustainablefinance,good

corporategovernance,appropriatetaxation,incentives

andregulation.Ultimately,aproportionateapproach

tomandatoryreportingrequirementscanensurethat

businessresourcesaredirectedtowardsactivelypursuingagreen,nature-positive,andjusttransition.

1.1SustainabilityinASEAN–keyhighlights

ECONOMY

•Fourthlargestby2030(WEF,2020).

•ASEANisamajorregionforinternationaltradewithtotalmerchandisetradein2023ofUS$3.5tn.

•Intra-ASEANtradeisthelargestcomponent,representing21.5%oftheregionstotaltrade(ASEAN,2024).

WORKFORCE

•Thirdlargestlabourforceintheworld,behindChinaandIndia(PwC,2018).

CLIMATE

•BasedontheWorldRiskIndex2024,whichestimatesthedisasterriskfromextremenaturaleventsandclimatechange,threeAMSarerankedinthetop10countrieswithhighestrisk.PhilippinesandIndonesiawererankedfirstandsecondrespectively,withMyanmaratNo.6(IFHV,2024).

•Upto35%ofASEANsGDPisatriskofbeingimpactedbyclimateandnaturerisks(Grayetal,2021).Displacementsofpeopleorclimatemigrationisexpectedtobeinthemillions.Heatstressisalso

projectedtoresultinvastamountsofworkinghourslostandlossinproductivity(WWF,BCGandThinkCity,2023).

•80%ofenergyisderivedfromfossilfuel;70%contributiontoglobalemissionsfromlandusechangeandforestry(Bain&Co,Temasek,GenZero,AWS,2023).

•Eightoutof10ASEANcountrieshavesufficientrenewableenergy(RE)technicalpotentialtomeet

electricitydemand;fouroutof10ASEANcountriesexportorplantoexportelectricitygeneratedfromrenewablesources(Bain&Co,Temasek,GenZero,AWS,2023).

•US$1.5tncumulativeinvestmentneededforenergyandnaturesectorstoreachNationallyDeterminedContribution(NDC)targetsby2030yetgreeninvestmentofUS$5.2bninASEANin2022was7%

lowerthanin2021(Bain&Co,Temasek,GenZero,AWS2023).

Theissuesandconcernsdescribedbelowarenotmeanttobeexhaustive–butsufficienttodemonstratehow

criticalsustainabilityissuesaretoAMS.

ThechoicesAMSmakewillbearimportantimplicationsforthetransparency,integrityandconsistencyofinformationatmacroandmicrolevels.Thisshouldnotonlyresult

inimprovedbusinessandeconomicperformance,and

financialflows–butcontributetowardsraisingstandardsoflivingandqualityoflifeforitspopulations.

‘Sustainabilityreportingthereforeprovidespolicymakers,businessleadersandsocietieswith

informationthatallowsthemto

assesshowfutureeconomiesandgenerationsmaybeimpactedbysustainability-relatedrisksaswellasopportunities.’

BIODIVERSITY

•15%oftheworldsforestlandcomesfromASEAN(Bain&Co,Temasek,GenZero,AWS,2023).

•Despitecoveringonly1%oftheworldssurface,ASEANishometoone-thirdoftheworldsmangroves,seagrass(bothimportantcarbonsequestrators)aswellascoralreefs.

•80%oftheworldsaquacultureproductionand60%ofglobalcapturefisheriesissourcedfromASEAN.

•ASEANisalsooneofthemostbiodiversemarineregions,hometomorethan500coralspeciesand

2,000fishspeciesprovidingincomeandlivelihoodstoalmost120millionpeople.

•OneofthelargesttransboundaryforestsintheworldcoverstheterritoriesofBrunei,MalaysiaandIndonesiaprovidinglifeandlivelihoodsto11millionBorneans.

•TheLowerMekongBasinstretchesacrossMyanmar,LaoPeoplesDemocraticRepublic(LPDR),

Thailand,CambodiaandVietnam.Itsnotonlyhometomanyendangeredspeciesbutisalsoamajorexporterofricetotheworldandassuchtofoodsecurity(WWF,BCGandThinkCity,2023).

SOCIAL-

RELATED

CONCERNS

•WhiletheavailabilityofdataforpovertydiffersincertainAMSitsclearthatacrossmany,povertyremainsasignificantissue.

•Cambodiaexperiencedasignificantriseinpovertylevelsfrom13.5%in2016to21.5%in2021,whileinMyanmar,thepovertyratewas24.8%(basedon2017data).

•IndonesiaandMalaysia,however,bothshowedimprovementsinpovertyreductionwithIndonesia

povertylevelsdroppingfrom10.9%in2016to9.4%in2023whileinMalaysia,itdeclinedfrom7.6%in

2016to6.2%in2022.

•Despitetheseimprovements,therearestillmillionsofpeoplelivinginpovertyinASEAN(ASEAN,2024).

•Thenumberofpeoplewhohaveeitherdied,gonemissing,orweredirectlyaffectedbyclimate-relateddisastersin2020was2,546.8individualsper100,000population(ASEANstats,2022).Thisworksouttobeapproximately17millionpeople27.8%higherthanin2016.

SUSTAINABILITYREPORTINGINASEAN:ANOVERVIEWOFCURRENTDEVELOPMENTS1.Whyissustainabilityreportingimportant?8

1.2Driversofinternationalsustainabilityreporting

Thereareanumberofkeydriversofinternationalsustainabilityreporting:

a.NationalcommitmenttowardstheParisAgreement

AllAMSarepartiestotheParisAgreement(2015),whichrequiresthesettingofnationallydeterminedcontributions(NDC)andreportingofprogress.Inthisregard,mostAMShavemadecommitmentstowardsachievingnetzero

emissions(seebelow).

‘Sustainability-relatedissuesmaybeconsideredasoneofthemostsignificantorganisationalrisksoftheearly21st

century.Inrelationtoenvironmentalprotection,thedangerstotheplanetaresignificantifthetemperatureriseisnotcontrolled.AlthoughtheParisAgreementsoughttolimittheriseinthemeanglobaltemperatureto2°Cabovepre-industriallevels–withapreferencetolimittheincreaseto1.5°C–theprogressbygovernmentsandorganisationstowardsthis2030targethasbeenslow’(ACCA,CAANZ,2024).

Source:

ASEANClimateChangeandEnergyProject

b.Kunming-MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFramework

TheKunming-MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFramework

(GBF)isalandmarkagreementadoptedatCOP15in

December2022by196partiestotheConventionon

BiologicalDiversity(CBD).Itaimstohaltandreverse

biodiversitylossby2030–withavisionofaworldlivinginharmonywithnatureby2050.

AllAMSarepartiestotheCBDand,byextension,are

signatoriestotheGBF.AtCOP16in2024,ASEANadopteditsownregionalbiodiversityframework–the

ASEAN

BiodiversityPlan

(ABP)–toalignwithandsupporttheglobaltargets.

TheISSB’sresearchprojectsmovingforwardwillincluderisksandopportunitiesdisclosuresaroundbiodiversity,ecosystemsandecosystemservices.

c.Roleofforeigndirectinvestments(FDIs)

FDIshaveplayedasignificantroleintheeconomicgrowthtransformationofAMS–shapingitsindustrialisation,

technologytransfer,andjobcreation.AMShavepursuedFDIsthroughnationalpolicesandincentives.ThesehaveledtoFDIsgrowingsteadilyfromUS$129.9bnin2014toUS$234bnin2023.

ThetopfivesourcesofFDIintheregionin2023–withacombinedshareof66.8%oftotalinwardFDIflowsin

ASEAN–weretheUS,theEU,ASEAN(intra),China,andJapan.Consequently,developmentsinsustainability

reportinginthesemarketsmayinfluencesuch

developmentsinASEAN(Section3)(ASEANstats,2024).

Figure1.1:InwardFDIflows(US$billion)byASEANMemberStates,2019–2023

Source:

ASEANSecretariat,ASEANstatsdatabase

SUSTAINABILITYREPORTINGINASEAN:ANOVERVIEWOFCURRENTDEVELOPMENTS1.Whyissustainabilityreportingimportant?9

‘Astheinvestormarketslooktorelatethelong-term

viabilityofanorganisationtoitsfuturesustainability,

accesstocapitalisincreasinglydependentuponthe

robustnessoftheplansinplaceandthetangibleprogressbeingmadetohi