《荒野中国》字幕翻译

PAGE51.IntroductionCultureisthecharacteristicofthecountryornation.Thecontinuousdevelopmentofglobalizationhasledtotheexistenceofculturaldiversity.Atpresent,culturalexchangesareproceedingasneverbeforeinourhistory.Whilemovingaheadwiththeincreasingfrequencyofcross-culturalexchangesbetweenChinaandtheWest,agrowingnumberofpeoplearepleasedtolearnabouttheculturesofChina.Therearealotofmediatodoit,suchasmobileapplications,TVseries,moviesandsoon.However,theyaretooemotionalordramatic.DocumentaryisthebestformtostudyasecondlanguageandunderstandtherelevanthistoryandcultureforChineseandWesternlearners.Thecoreofdocumentaryfilmistruth.Itusesreallifeasitscreativematerial.Asitsauthenticity,documentarieshavealsobecomeoneoftheapproachestocommunicatingthecultureamongcountries.Asapartofdocumentaryproduction,subtitletranslationplaysacrucialroleincross-culturalcommunication.ComparedwithmoviesandTVdramas,documentaryfilmsrequirehigherqualityinsubtitletranslation.Thesubtitlesofdocumentariesshouldbekeptasauthenticaspossible,ratherthanentertaining.Itmustembodythecolorfulculturesofthenation.Atpresent,mostofsubtitletranslatorsinChinaaredonevoluntarily.Subtitletranslationhasnotreceivedmuchattention.Systematictheoreticalsystemsandauthoritativeofficialinstitutionshavenotbeenestablished.Atthesametime,subtitletranslatorsinChinaarecomposedofallkindsofpeople,whichhasvariousandinterminglelevels.Itfurtheraffectsthequalityofsubtitletranslation.Itisknowntoallthatahighlevelofstrategiesforsubtitletranslationisanecessaryprerequisitefordocumentariestodisseminateculture.Strategiesforsubtitletranslationofdocumentaryfilmsmustbetakenintoconsiderationandsolved.ThispaperwilltakethedocumentaryWildChinadirectedbyPhilChapmanasanexampletoanalyzethesubtitletranslationstrategyofdocumentary.2.WildChinaandSubtitleTranslationAtpresent,documentariesdonothaveaveryprecisedefinition.ThemostpopularversionisthecreativetreatmentofrealityfromJohnGleason.Thecruxofdocumentaryistoletpeoplecomprehendtherealevents,throughgivinganaccountofthetrueevents.Documentaryfilmspursuetherealobjectiveeffectandcannotaddanythingaboutpeople'sownimagination.(Nichol,2001)Inanutshell,documentaryisakindofrecordofactualeventswithoutfictionandperformance.2.1TheIntroductiontoWildChinaIn2005,theBBCproductionteamwasofficiallylicensedtoco-shootwiththeChinaTelevisionMedia.ItisthefirsttimethattheChinaCentralTelevision(CCTV)hascooperatedwiththeBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)NaturalHistoryChannel.WildChinaistheprimarylarge-scaletelevisiondocumentary,reportingthewildlife,naturalandhumanlandscapeinChina.WildChinawasawardedthebestnaturalhistorydocumentaryphotographyaward,thebesteditingawardandthebestmusicandsoundeffectawardatthe30thEmmyAwardforJournalismandDocumentary.Therearesixepisodesofthedocumentary:HeartoftheDragon,Shangri-La,Tibet,BeyondtheGreatWall,LandofthePandaandTidesofChange.WildChinatookfouryearstoproducethedocumentaryusingvarioushigh-techmeansandadvancedtechnology.Insomeofthemostinaccessibleandspectacularplaces,alargenumberofpreciousandsplendidframeshavebeenrecorded.Itcoversmanynationalwildlifeandscenicreserves,rarewildlifeandmorethan30nationallifestoriesinChina.ItshowstheculturalandecologicalaspectsofdifferentethnicgroupsinChinaandthenaturalandhumanlandscapeofChina.China,astheonlyoneofthefourancientcivilizationswithoutinterruptionofcivilizationisamysteryforforeigners.Asamatteroffact,itisalsovaluableformostChineseaboutitscontent.Throughthisdocumentary,peopleathomeandabroadcanbefamiliarwiththeuniquestyleofChina.ItisconducivetoChina'sbetteraccesstotheworldandtheworld'saccesstoChina.2.2TheIntroductiontoSubtitleTranslationSubtitlesarecustomarilyclassifiedintotwocategoriesbyscholars:intralingualsubtitlesandinterlingualsubtitles.Intralinguisticsubtitlesrefertothetranslationofspeechintolinguistictexts.Interlingualsubtitlesrefertothetranslationofthesourcelanguageintothetextoverlappedunderthescreeninthecaseofretainingtheoriginalsoundofthefilmandtelevision.Thissubtitleiswhatpeopleoftencallsubtitletranslation.(Nedergaard-Larsen,1993)2.2.1CharacteristicsSubtitleshavetwosignificantmeanings.Ontheonehand,itisfacilitativeforthehearingimpairedaudiencestowatchthefilm.Ontheotherhand,itisconvenienttobereadifthespeechspeedisnotclearorifthereisadialect.Forforeignfilms,ChineseandEnglishsubtitlesareevenmoreindispensable.Theirultimategoalistomakethecontentofthefilmbetterunderstoodbyasmanypeopleaspossible.AccordingtoFranco(2001),documentariesareinformativetelevisionprogrammes“meanto‘teach’somethingabout(asource)culturetothereceptorculture”(Martinez-Sierra,2010)Inthedocumentary,itshouldintroduceandexplainthepersonorotherthingsappearinginthepicture,forinstance,thetime,place,sceneryname.Therefore,thefocusofsubtitletranslationstrategyresearchistobetterconveyinformation.2.2.2LimitationsSubtitletranslationisinfluencedbythefollowingsixfactors:time,space,music,images,pronunciationandspokenlanguage.(Cintas,1999)However,whenitcomestothetranslationofdocumentarysubtitles,whatmattersforitistimeandspace.Inlinewiththeregulationofsubtitleproduction,subtitlescanexistonthescreenfornomorethansixseconds,oreventwotothreeseconds.(Cintas,2008)AccordingtoHenrikGottlieb,subtitlescanonlyoccupyuptotwolinesofscreenspace,aboutfortyEnglishwordsorthirteenChinesecharacters.(HenrikGottlieb,2008)Asaresultofthelimitedscreenspaceofthedocumentary,itisachallengeforthenumberofwordsandlinesinthetranslation.Besides,culturaldifferencesarealsooneofthelimitations.Apartfromthecontextofthefilm,audiences’socialandculturalbackgroundsshouldalsobepaidattentionto.Theseareofgreatsignificancetosubtitletranslation.Inashorttime,theaudiencecannotonlyappreciatethetableau,butalsomakesenseoftheplot.Thesubtitletranslationshouldstrivetoachievebotheleganceandvulgarity,concisenessandclearance,whilekeepingpacewiththefilmimage.3.RelevanceTheoriesBeforethe1970s,thereweregreatquantitiesofmethodsinthestudyoftranslation,whichdidnotformaunifiedtranslationsystem.SkopostheorywasoriginallyputforwardbyHansVermeeraGermantranslationtheorist,inhisbookAFrameworkforaGeneralTheoryofTranslation,co-authoredbyReiss.Theskopostheoryofthedevelopmenthasexperiencedthreeperiods.Therearemainlyfourrepresentativesandtheories:1.KatharinaReiss’stexttypology,2.HansJ.Vermeer’sskopostheory,3.JustaHoltzManttari’sactionoftranslation–theory,4.ChristineNord’sfunctionplusloyalty.Therearethreebasicprinciplesoftheskopostheorytobefollowed:theskoposrule,coherenceruleandfidelityrule.3.1TheSkoposRuleAccordingtoHansVermeer(2000),whenwritingatext,everyauthorhashisownspecialpurpose.Eachtextshouldserveitspurpose.Asaconsequence,therearethefollowingrulesabouttheskoposrule:translation,interpretation,speakingandwritingshouldobeyacertainway.Inthewholeprocessoftranslation,theskoposrulecandecidethetranslationmethodandstrategy.Theskoposrulecomesfromtherequirementsputforwardbythesponsorsoftargettext,includingtheskoposofthetranslation,thesourcetext,thetranslation,therecipient,thetimewhenthetranslationisused,theplace,thesituation,themediaandthefunctionsofthetranslation.Theskoposrulecanbedividedintothreecategories:thegeneralpurposeofthetranslator,thecommunicativepurposeofthetranslationandthepurposeoftranslationstrategies.3.2TheCoherenceRuleThecoherencerulereferstotherulethatthetranslationmustconformtotheintratextualcoherence,thatis,thetargettextmustbeunderstoodbytheaudienceandmeaningfulinthetargetcultureandinthecommunicativeenvironment.Simplyspeaking,thetargettextisreadableandacceptableforthetargetlanguageaudiences.FromVermeer'sperspective,itreferstotherelationshipbetweenthetargettextandthesourcetext.It'slikeabondconnectingthetwosides.Whileachievingthedesignatedpurpose,thetranslatorshouldalsoconsiderthedifferentbackgroundsofthereaders,includingtheculturalmilieu,thelevelofknowledgeandthelanguagesituation.Thetranslatorshouldbeclearaboutallofthem,andthenchoosetheproperstrategywithpertinence.3.3TheFidelityRuleNord(2001)holdsthatpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundshavedifferentcriteriaforjudgingthequalityofthetargettext.Onmostoccasions,ifthepurposeofthetargettextiscontrarytotheintentionofthesourcelanguageauthor,thetranslatorwillabidebytheskoposruleratherthanbeingfaithfultothesourcetext.Accordingly,Nordproposedthefidelityrule.Thefidelityrulemeansthattranslatorsshouldstrivetomaintainintertextualcoherencebetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext.Thetargetlanguagemustbeconsistentwiththeintentionofsourcelanguageauthor.Tosomeextent,thetargettextshouldbefaithfultoitssourcetext,forinstancegrammaticalfeatures,specialcollocations,orrhetoricaldevices.Accordingtothisrule,thedegreeandformoffidelitydependsonthetranslator'scognitionofthesourcetextandthedifferentpurposesforwhichthetranslationisused.Itcanvarywithdifferentpurposes.Thefidelityruleisactuallyanecessarysupplementtotheskopostheory.Amongthethreerules,theskoposruleisdominant.Theothertworulesaresubordinate,andthefidelityruleissubordinatetothecoherencerule.Ifthefunctionofthesourcetextisdifferentfromthatofthetargettextundertheskoposrule,thefidelityrulewon’tapply.Ifthetargettextisnotsmoothundertheskoposrule,theintralingualcoherencewon’tberealized,thatistosay,thecoherencerulewon’tapply.(ZhongWeihe,ZhongNiu,1999)4.TranslationStrategiesSubtitleisthesoulofadocumentary.Thehigh-qualitysubtitlesofdocumentaryareconducivetoofferinginformationtothetargetaudienceswhohaveathirstforknowledgeaboutChinaandthenenablethemtobetterunderstandChina.Skopostheoryrequirestranslatorstochooseappropriatetranslationstrategiesfordifferentproblemsinconsiderationofthetranslationpurposeandtherelevantinformationofthetargetreader.Thefollowingwillmakeabriefanalysis.4.1StrategiesBasedontheSkoposRuleAccordingtoSkoposPrinciple,differenttranslationpurposesrequiredistincttranslationmethodsandstrategies.WildChinaaimstospreadChinesecultureandpromoteChina'simage.Butintheprocessofsubtitling,therearesomeotherpurposes.Thisrequirestranslatorstoadoptappropriatestrategiesandmethods.4.1.1FreeTranslationFreetranslationisakindoftranslationstrategiesthatisfaithfultothecontentofthesourcetextbutnotrigidtothestructureandrhetoricofthesourcetext.TherearegreatdiscrepanciesbetweenChineseandEnglishcultures.Freetranslationisindispensable.Onthebasisofretainingthemeaningoftheoriginaltext,thisstrategybreaksthesentencestructureoftheoriginaltextandmakesthetranslationmoreinlinewithChinesediscoursenorms.Itcanconformtothereader'sculturalcustomsasfaraspossible.Example1:behometoThistranquilworldishometospecializedcavefishes.这宁静的世界是特有的洞穴鱼的家。It'shometomorethan50distinctethnicgroups.中国有世界上最高的山脉。Theimmensevalleyishometooveradozenethnicgroups.这无边无际的山谷聚集超过12个少数民族。Thischallengingplaceishometoincrediblewildlife.这块荒原却生活着许多不可思议的野生动物。TheBlackDragonRiverishometooneofthesmallestethnicgroupsinChina.在黑龙江沿岸居住着一群中国的少数民族。Thealleywaysofthecapital'sancienthutongsarehometoaverydifferentkindofcreature.首都古老胡同内的巷弄间，栖息着一种相当不同的动物。Thisstrangeworldishometoaspeciesoffishuniquetotheselakes.这奇特的湖底世界孕育出一种鱼类是这些湖泊特有的生物。“Behometo”isthemostfrequentphraseinthisdocumentary.Itcanbeliterallytranslatedas“…的所在地/…的家”.Itisobviousthatliteraltranslationisnotsuitablefortheabovesentences.Asarelativelyfreemethod,theuseoffreetranslationisjustrighthere.Accordingtodifferentcontexts,“Behometo”canbeinterpretedas“有、聚集、生活、居住、栖息、孕育”.Onthebasisofretainingtheoriginalmeaning,freetranslationisclosertotheexpressionhabitofChinese.Example2:BambooforestsoccuracrosssouthwestChina,allthewaytoShanghai.Version1:竹林主要生长在中国西南方，一直到上海。Version2:从中国西南到东部都有成片的竹林。AudiencesfamiliarwithChinaknowthatthedistributionofbambooisnotveryclear.InthenorthofShanghai,therearesomescatteredbambooareas.Thetranslationof“一直到上海”isnotappropriate.Freetranslationratherthanliteraltranslationshouldbechosenhere.Itcanbebroadlytranslatedinto“从中国西南到东部”.Thechoicenotonlyretainstheoriginalmeaning,butalsofacilitatestheaudience'sunderstanding.Example3:Theirlegendstellofhowtheirancestorscameherebyfollowingtheriversfrommountainlandsinthecoldfarnorth.Version1:他们的传奇故事叙述了祖先如何沿着河流从遥远寒冷的北方高地来到这里。Version2:相传傣族人的祖先居住在遥远而寒冷的北方，是这条河引领他们找到了最后的家园。Asisknowntoall,Englishsentencesaremorecommonlyusedinimpersonalexpressions.WhileChinesesentencesmostlytakepeopleasthesubject.Version1retainsthesentencestructureofEnglish,withthenoun“故事”asthesubject.AlthoughChinesereaderscanunderstandit,itisnottheusualwayoflanguageinChina.Therefore,freetranslationshouldbeadoptedtobreakthesentencestructureonthebasisofretainingtheoriginalmeaning.Version2uses“祖先”assubjects,whichisabetterchoice.4.1.2OmissionOmissionreferstothedeletionofpartsofthetranslatedtextthatdonotrequiretranslation,withoutdestroyingtheintentionofthesourcetext.Forshortness'sake,itisthewordsthatarerequisiteinthesourcetextandunnecessaryinthetargettext.Somestrategiesmayleadtocomplexandlengthytranslationtexts.Forcaptionswithlimitedtimeandspace,omissionisveryadvantageous.Nevertheless,itshouldberememberedthatthepreconditionofomissionisnottochangethecontentofthesourcetext.Atthesametime,difficultwordsandsentencescannotbedeletedbythismethod.Example4:Thegiantpandaisoftengonebeforeanyonecangetclosetoit.Version:大熊猫经常在任何人接近它之前就已消失无踪了。Inthissentence,“is”,“can”and“get”werenottranslatedaccurately.Thesekindsoffunctionwordslikepronouns,conjunctions,prepositionsareoftenomittedwhiletranslatingfromEnglishintoChinese.Itcanberefinedintosyntacticalomission.Syntacticalomissioncangettheresultofprecisenessandcomprehensiveness.Example5:Inwinter,itisoneofthecoldestmosthostileplacesontheplanet.Version:这里有着全世界最严寒的冬天。“Mosthostileplaces”canbeunderstoodasaplacenotconducivetosurvival,inordertoexpressthecoldestwinterhere.However,themeaningof“coldest”isalreadyexistent.Thereisnoneedtokeeptheformofthesewords.Therefore,intheprocessoftranslation,“mosthostileplaces”canbeomitted.Thisrhetoricalomissioncanbeavoidedwordyexpression.Example6:Headingwest,China'sheartlandbecomesincreasinglyrugged.Version:往西行，（中国）地形变得愈来愈崎岖。Asthenameimplies,WildChinatellsthestoryofChina.EveryaudiencecanunderstandthatthelandofChinaisgettingmoreandmoreruggedinsteadofothercountries.Insuchasituationthateveryonecanunderstand,thesubtitletextcandelete“中国”.Thepurposeofsavingtimeandspacecanberealizedbyomittingunnecessarywords.4.2StrategiesBasedontheCoherenceRuleAsaresultofdifferentculturalcustoms,targetlanguagereaderscannotaccuratelyunderstandtheexpressionofthesourcetext.Thecoherencerulerequiresthattheaudiencecaneasilyunderstandthetextandachieveintralingualcoherence.Onthispremise,thefollowingtranslationstrategiescanbechosenbytranslators.4.2.1ConversionConversionreferstothetransformationofwords,sentencestructuresandvoicesinthesourcetextinordertomakethetranslationconformtotheexpressionandlanguagehabitsofthetargetlanguage.ComparedwithEnglish,Chinesehasplentyofdifferenceingrammarandexpressioncustom.Itisnecessarytochangethewayofexpressionintranslation.Thetranslationtextcanbecomemorefluentandreadable.Conversionhasmanyformsoftransformation,includingconversionofpartsofspeech,conversionofsentencecomponents,conversionofwordorderandsoon.Example7:TravellerstoChinahavetoldtalesofmagicallandscapesandsurprisingcreatures.Version:到中国的游客讲述着中国迷人的山水风景及令人惊叹的珍禽异兽。Inmanycases,wecaneffectivelyconveytheexactmeaningoftheoriginaltextthroughtheconversionofpartsofspeech,whichisthefluencyandnaturalnessofthetranslation.PrepositionsareoftenusedtoexpresstherelationshipbetweenwordsinEnglish,whileverbsaredominantinChinesenarrative.Intranslation,someprepositionscanbeconvertedintoverbs.“TravellerstoChina”meanspeoplewhoarrivetoChina.Therefore,intheprocessoftranslation,thepreposition“to”canbeconvertedintotheverb“到”.Example8:Black-tailedgodwitsprobethemudinsearchofworms.Version:黑尾鸥在泥浆里寻觅着虫子。Thisexampleinvolvestheconversionofsentencecomponents.Itmakesthetranslationconformtotheconventionsofthetargetlanguage.ThebasicsentencepatterninChineseissubjectverbobject.“Insearchofworms”isaprepositionalphrasewhichisthecomplementintheoriginalsentence.Intranslation,“insearchof”convertstothepredicateofthesentence.“Worms”convertstotheobjectofsentences.Example9:Thedroppedmealistrackeddownmainlybysmell.Version1:蝮蛇利用嗅觉追踪飞鸟掉落的位置。Version2:掉落的食物被气味追踪。Thisexampleistoconvertthepassivevoiceintotheactivevoice.PassivevoiceisacommonsentencepatterninEnglish.Nevertheless,Chineseisaccustomedtoactivevoice.Obviously,Version2doesnotconformtotheChinesesentencestructure.Accordingtotheexpressionhabitsofdifferentlanguageenvironments,thetranslatorshouldmakeappropriateconversioninordertoachievethefluencyofthetranslation.4.2.2DomesticationDomesticationreferstoatranslationstrategythatminimizesthestrangenessofthesourcetextintranslation(Shuttleworth,Cowie,1997).Startingfromthereaders'culturalbackground,thecontentreflectedinthesourcetextshouldbeascloseaspossibletothetargetlanguagerecipient,soastoachieve"culturalequivalence"betweenthetwocultures.Thelinguistictraditionofthetargetcultureshouldbestrictlyobserved,andtranslationmoreconformstotheexpressivehabitsofthetargetlanguage.Thetargettextismorereadableandmoreconsistentwiththereader.Example10:YunnanbecametheirHolyGrail.Version:云南成为他们的圣地。AsasacredrelicofChristianity,“HolyGrail”translatedinto“圣杯”inChinese.However,inChineseculture,weseldomusethisword.Here'sjusttoshowthatYunnanisaverypopularplaceforexplorers.Thetranslatorcanusedomesticationchoosing“圣地”asthetranslation.Example11:Undergroundthefamilyhasspecialfoodchamberstostorethebounty.Version:他们在地底有特制的食物储存室。InEnglish,adverbialsaregenerallyplacedbeforeoraftersentences,butinChinese,adverbialsusuallyappearinmiddleofsentences.Therefore,theexampleshouldbetranslatedinto“他们在地底有...”not“在地底他们有…”.Usingdomestication,thesentencestructureofthetranslationcanbebetteracceptedbytheaudience.Example12:AChineseredpandaAbamboobatForestcrabsVersion1:一只中国的红色熊猫竹蝙蝠森林蟹Version2:小熊猫扁颅蝠丛林蟹Formostofpropernouns,theirtranslationshavebeenacceptedbyscholarsathomeandabroad.However,thetranslationsofsomewordslikeexamplearenotfixed.AlthoughVersion1istakenfromtheofficialsubtitlesofWildChina,Chinesepeoplecouldnotunderstandproperly.Forexample“aChineseredpanda”,asweallknow,pandasareblackandwhite.Itisobviousthat“中国的红色熊猫”iswrong.IconsultedthedataandfoundthatChineseredpandawas“小熊猫”.It'sbrownandred.Inthiscase,amoreaccuratetranslationcanbeachievedbyusingdomestication.ThesamesituationhappenswithotherwordsinExample.DomesticationcanbetterpublicizeChineseculture.4.3StrategiesBasedontheFidelityRuleThefidelityrulerequiresrespectforthesourcetextandconsistencywiththesourcetextasfaraspossibleintermsofwordorderandstructure.Thesestrategiescanbechosentoachieveinterlingualcoherence.4.3.1DivisionEnglishemphasizeshypotaxiswhileChineseemphasizesparataxis.Thetwodistinctexternalformofexpressionrequiresustosimplifythetranslationprocess.Divisionisoneofthemostcommonlystrategies.Theprincipleistoseparatethelongsentenceorthedifficult-to-arrangesentenceelementsinthesourcetext.Andthenthesentencesaretransformedintoshortsentencesorindependentstructures.Example13:TheGreatWallstretchesoffintothedistancedefiningthesouthernlimitsofthevastMongoliansteppe.Version:万里长城在远处一路蜿蜒而去，隔开了中国南方和广阔的蒙古草原。Thisisthedivisionofphrase.Itdividesaphraseintotwoseparateparts.“DefiningthesouthernlimitsofthevastMongoliansteppe”isapostpositionalphrase.Itcanbeliterallytranslatedas“划分了广阔蒙古草原的南部界限”.Inordertoconformtothewordorderstructureoftheoriginaltext,itcanbetranslatedinto“隔开了中国南方和广阔的蒙古草原”bydivision.Example14:Lhasaisafocusforlargenumbersofpilgrimswhocongregateatthecity'stempleseachday.Version:拉萨是许多信徒的朝圣之地。每天有大批信徒聚集在拉萨的寺庙。Thismethodisoftenusedinthetranslationofcompoundsentenceorcomplexsentences,especiallyincomplexsentences,liketheexample.Thisisanattributiveclause.“Whocongregateatthecity'stempleseachday”isasupplementaryexplanationto“pilgrims”.Translatingitintotwosimplesentencescanbeclosertothemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Example15:Theentirecolony,upto25batsfitsintoasinglesectionofbamboostem,smallerthanateacup.Version1:整群可住到25只，它们通通挤入一段竹节里，竹节比茶杯小。Version2:在这个比一个茶杯还小的竹节里，最多可以群居25只蝙蝠。Version1translatesitintothreeseparateshortsentenceswithdivision.Tobehonest,asanentiresentence,Version2ismoreacceptabletoChinesereaders.Butinthedocumentary,duetotimeandspaceconstraints,thesentenceappearsonthescreeninturnasshownabove.Sothedivision(Version1)isthebetterchoice.Inthisway,audiencescanwatchbothEnglishandChinesesubtitles.Atthesametime,italsofollowsthefidelityrule.4.3.2AnnotationAstherearemanydifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecultures,someculturalwordshavenoequivalents.Inthiscase,annotationisusuallyusedtosupplementsomemissinginformationandexplainsomewords.Theannotationcanbedividedintotransliterationannotationandliteraltranslationannotation.InWildChina,literaltranslationannotationisoftenused,thatis,literallytranslatetheoriginaltextandaddsomeannotation.Example16:InShamanicbelief,thelandisimbuedwithmagicalproperties.Version:在萨满教的信仰中，土地充满了神奇的属性。Thisisthetransliterationannotation.Itreferstoadditionalexplanatorynotesaftertransliteration.“Shaman”isthetransliterationof“萨满”.Inordertobemorefaithfultotheoriginalmeaning,“教”shouldbeannotated.Example17:Ittakesonly