2025光伏技术洞察报告：太阳能技术趋势 Advances in photovoltaics Technology trends for solar energy

Advancesinphotovoltaics

TechnologytrendsforsolarenergyJuly2025

Incollaborationwith

ADVANCESINPHOTOVOLTAICSTECHNOLOGYINSIGHTREPORT

Contents

Listoftablesandfigures

03

Listofabbreviations

05

Listofcountriesandworldregions

05

Executivesummary

06

Glossary

09

1.Introduction11

1.1Policycontext 11

1.2Marketsituation 14

1.3Technologiesforphotovoltaics 15

1.4Aboutthisreport 16

2.Technologytrendsinphotovoltaics22

2.1Generaltechnologytrends 22

2.2Specifictechnologies 27

3.Originsofinnovation41

3.1Regionaltrends 41

3.2Topapplicants 43

3.3FocusonEuropeanstartupsanduniversities 50

4.Conclusionsandoutlook55

5.Bibliography56

5.1Listofscholarlysources(articles,chapters) 56

5.2Othersources(reports,policybriefs) 56

6.Annex/Methodology58

6.1Usingpatentinformation 58

6.2MethodologyofthisEPOtechnologyinsightreport 58

6.3Patentretrieval 58

6.4Datasourcesandtoolsused 59

6.5Notesonthelimitsofthestudy 60

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Executivesummary

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1.Introduction

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2.

Trends|

3.Origins|4.Conclusions

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Annex

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ADVANCESINPHOTOVOLTAICSTECHNOLOGYINSIGHTREPORT

Listoftablesandfigures

Tables

Table2:Shareoftechnicalsub-areasinphotovoltaicsinpercent(IPF-based,period:1990-2023) 27

Table1:Topfivetechnologiesatthebeginningofeachdecadeintheperiod1990-2023

(IPF-based;cumulativeshareofIPFs) 27

Table3:Developmentofspecifictechnologies(IPFs,1990-2023) 28

Table4:Revealedtechnologyadvantage(RTA)relatedtothephotovoltaictechnologiescovered

inthisinsightreport:top5sub-fields(IPF-based) 43

Table5:Top20applicantsinphotovoltaics(internationalpatentfamilies;period:1990-2023) 44

Table6:Listoftopapplicantsatthebeginningofthe1990s,andinthelastdecade(IPF-based) 46

Table7:Patentingactivityofstartupsanduniversitiesbytechnologicalsub-areas

(numberofEPpatentapplications,period:2010-2023) 52

Figures

FigureE.1:Numberofinventionsinthefieldofphotovoltaics,perearliestpublicationyearoftheinvention 07

FigureE.2:GeographicaloriginofEuropeanpatentapplicationsfiledbystartupsandbyuniversities

(BasedonEPpatentapplications;period:2010-2023) 08

Figure1:Acartographyoftechnologiesusedforthisreport 17

Figure2:Numberofinventionsinphotovoltaics,basedonthecompositedataset 22

Figure3:Normaliseddataforpatentfamiliesinphotovoltaicsandinalltechnologyfields

(referenceyear:1990) 24

Figure4PatentapplicationrouteschosenforIPFsinphotovoltaics,perearliestpublicationyear.

Theinformationispresentedasperpatentapplicationroutes 25

Figure5:Numberofnationalpatentfamiliesinthefieldofphotovoltaics,withabreakdownofpatent

applicationroutes(period:1990-2023) 26

Figure6:Developmentoftechnologiesrelatedtophotovoltaicmaterials

(numberofIPFsvs.nationalpatentfamilies,1990-2023) 31

Figure7:Developmentoftechnologiesrelatedtophotovoltaicdevices

(numberofIPFsvs.nationalpatentfamily,1990-2023) 33

Figure8:Developmentoftechnologiesrelatedtothemanagementofphotovoltaicdevices

(numberofIPFsvs.nationalpatentfamilies,1990-2023) 35

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ADVANCESINPHOTOVOLTAICSTECHNOLOGYINSIGHTREPORT

Figure9:Developmentoftechnologiesrelatedtotheapplicationofphotovoltaics

(numberofIPFsvs.nationalpatentfamilies,1990-2023) 37

Figure10:Percentageoftopapplicantcountriesinphotovoltaicsintheperiod1990-2023 41

Figure11:Geographicaloriginofpatentapplicantsintheareaofphotovoltaics 42

Figure12:Developmentofpatentactivityofthetop20applicantsinthereportingperiod,(1990-2023;IPF-based) 45

Figure13:Mostactiveapplicantsinthefoursub-areasofphotovoltaicsunderconsiderationinthisinsightreport

(numberofinternationalpatentfamilies;period:1990-2023) 48

Figure14:PatentingactivitiesofEuropeanstartupsanduniversitiesinphotovoltaics,brokendownaccordingtothe

sub-areasphotovoltaicmaterials,photovoltaicdevices,devicemanagementandapplicationareas

(numberofEPpatentapplications,period:2010-2023) 51

Figure15:GeographicaloriginofEuropeanpatentapplicationsfiledbystartupsandbyuniversities

(numberofEPpatentapplications,2010-2023) 54

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Executivesummary

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1.Introduction

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2.

Trends|

3.Origins|4.Conclusions

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Annex

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ADVANCESINPHOTOVOLTAICSTECHNOLOGYINSIGHTREPORT

Listofabbreviations

AI

Artificialintelligence

CAGR

Compoundannualgrowthrate

IPF

Internationalpatentfamilies

EPC

EuropeanPatentConvention

EPO

EuropeanPatentOffice

OPV

Organicphotovoltaics

PCT

PatentCooperationTreaty

PSC

Perovskitesolarcells

PV

R&D

RTA

SDG

WTO

UNCTAD

UNEP

Photovoltaics

Researchanddevelopment

RevealedtechnologyadvantageSustainableDevelopmentGoalsWorldTradeOrganization

UNTradeandDevelopment

UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

Listofcountriesandworldregions

ATAustria

ALAlbania

BEBelgium

BeneluxBelgium,theNetherlandsandLuxembourg

CACanada

CHSwitzerland

CNPeople’sRepublicofChinaDEGermany

ESSpain

EUEuropeanUnion

EuropeEuropeisreferredtointhisreportasthe

39MemberStatesoftheEuropeanPatentConvention(EPC)

EurasiaRussianFederation;andformerSovietUnionFIFinland

FRFrance

INIndiaISIceland

JPJapan

KRRepublicofKorea

LILiechtenstein

MCMonaco

MEMontenegro

MKNorthMacedonia

NONorway

OtherEuropeancountrieswhicharenot

EuropeEPCmemberstates

RoW

RS

SA

SE

SM

TR

UK

US

TW

RestofworldSerbia

SaudiArabia

Sweden

SanMarino

Türkiye

UnitedKingdom

UnitedStates

ChineseTaipei

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ADVANCESINPHOTOVOLTAICSTECHNOLOGYINSIGHTREPORT

Executivesummary

Photovoltaicsisthebranchoftechnologythatdeals

withusingsolarcellstoconvertsunlightintoelectricity.Itplaysavitalroleintodayseconomyandenables

cleanerandrenewableenergyproduction,reducesthedependenceonfossilfuelsandcontributestoglobal

effortstocombatclimatechange.Photovoltaicsalso

makesanimportantcontributiontoenergysecurity,

lowerselectricitycostsinthelongtermandcreatesjobsinmanufacturing,installationandmaintenance.

Astheefficiencyofsolarpanelsimprovesandcosts

continuetodecline,photovoltaicsarebecomingmoreaccessibleworldwideinindustrialisedanddeveloping

regionsalike.Lookingahead,advancementsinmaterials,storageintegrationandsmartgridtechnologiesare

expectedtofurtherenhancephotovoltaicsystems,

makingsolarenergyacornerstoneofsustainable,

decentralisedandresilientglobalenergyinfrastructure.

Withthat,photovoltaicshelpstoachieveseveralUNs

SustainableDevelopmentGoals(UNSDGs),namely

SDG7(Affordableandcleanenergy),SDG9(Industry,

Innovation,TechnologyandInfrastructure),SDG11

(Sustainablecitiesandcommunities),andSDG13(Climateaction).

Photovoltaicsalreadyrepresentanimportantmarket

whichwasvaluedatUSD96.5billionin2023andis

projectedtoreachUSD155.5billionby2028,growingatacompoundannualgrowthrate(CAGR)of10%duringtheforecastperiod.1

Thistechnologyinsightreportpresentstechnology

trendsinthefieldofphotovoltaicsoverthespanof

fivedecades.Tothisend,itcloselymonitorspatenting

activitiesacrossmorethan30technologiesinfour

sub-areasinthefield.DrawingonthelatestpatentdataandleveragingtheexpertiseoftheEuropeanPatent

Office(EPO)andoftheEuropeanInnovationCouncil(EIC),thistechnologyinsightreportdeliversacomprehensiveoverviewtoinformdecision-makingprocessesinboth

theprivateandpublicsectors.

1Basedonthereport“PhotovoltaicMarketbyComponent

(Modules,Inverters,BOS),Material(Silicon,Compounds),

InstallationType(GroundMounted,BIPV,FloatingPV),Application(Residential,Commercial&Industrial,Utilities),CellTypeand

RegionGlobalForecastto2028”byMarketsandMarkets.

TheEPOtechnologyinsightreportonadvancesinphotovoltaicsinbrief:

Thisreportpresentsdetailedanalysesofmore

than30technologiesrelatedtophotovoltaic

materials,photovoltaicdevices,themanagementofthesedevicesandapplicationareas

Thesetechnologiesgrewseventeen-foldinthe

pastthreedecades,withatotalof340000

inventionsincluding70000internationalpatentfamiliesidentifiedduringtheperiod1974-2023

Mostofthetopapplicantsrelatedtointernationalpatentfamilies,asastandardindicatorfor

inventionswithaninternationalfocusand

confirmedpotential,werecompanieslocatedinJapan,followedbytheUnitedStates,R.Korea,

GermanyandFrance.LeadingChineseinnovatorsdidnotfeatureinthislistduetotheirprimary

focusondomesticpatentapplications.

Inthepast15years,patentingactivitiesshiftedsubstantiallytowardsprotectioninChina.

Whileitsroleinphotovoltaicsproductionis

relativelymarginalatthemoment,Europeshowsspecialisationadvantagesintechnologiesrelatedtothedeploymentofphotovoltaicenergy,suchasagrivoltaicsandtheinstallationofsolarpanelsonrooftopsandbuildings.

Europeanuniversitieshaveconsistently

demonstratedasubstantiallevelofinventiveactivityinthefield,andtherehasbeenarecentandsignificantincreaseinthenumberof

inventionsbyEuropeanstartups.

Inventiveactivityinphotovoltaicsisever-growing

Thetechnologiesinthefieldofphotovoltaicsconsideredinthisreporthaveseensignificantgrowthinthepast

threedecades,withatotalof340000inventions,

including70000internationalpatentfamilies(IPFs)

identifiedduringtheperiodfrom1974to2023.Overthepastthreedecades,thenumberofinventionsgrewmorethanseventeen-fold(seeFigureE.1).

Thisreportexaminesarangeofmorethan30

technologiesinfoursub-areasofphotovoltaics:

photovoltaicmaterials,photovoltaicdevices,the

managementofthesedevices,andapplicationareas.

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3.Origins|4.Conclusions

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ADVANCESINPHOTOVOLTAICSTECHNOLOGYINSIGHTREPORT

Thefocuswassetoninternationalpatentfamiliesasa

standardindicatorforinventionswithinternationalfocusandconfirmedpotential.Devicetechnologiesplayeda

keyroleintheperiod1990-2023,accountingforupto78%ofallinventions.Inrecentyears,theroleoftheothersub-areashassteadilygrown.Atthebeginningofthisdecade,48%ofallinventionswererelatedtodevicetechnologies,followedbyapplications(25%),photovoltaicmaterials

(17%)anddevicemanagement(10%).

P.R.Chinaasthecurrenthotspotofphotovoltaicspatenting

PatentingactivitieshaveshiftedsubstantiallytowardsChinainthepast15years,reflectingthatcountrys

increasingleadershipinphotovoltaicsmanufacturinganddeployment.WhilethenumberofIPFshasbeen

decliningsince2012,thenumberofpatentapplicationsfiledonlyinChinahasbeenincreasingmassively,withnearlysix-foldgrowthfrom2010to2022.Chinaalonerepresented80%ofallnewinventionsinphotovoltaicsin2022.

WhenconsideringIPFsonly,thetop20applicantsintheperiod1990-2023arecompanieslocatedinJapan(13

applicants),followedbytheUnitedStates(3),R.Korea(2),GermanyandFrance(oneeach).LeadingChinese

innovatorssuchastheChineseAcademyofScienceandStateGridCorporationdonotfeatureinthislistduetotheirprimaryfocusondomesticpatentapplications.

Europeanstartupsanduniversitiesarefuellinginnovation

Whilemostoftodaysproductionofphotovoltaic

panelsistakingplaceinP.R.China,Europemaintainsaspecialisationadvantageintechnologiesrelated

tothedeploymentofphotovoltaicenergy.Examplesincludeagrivoltaicsthesimultaneoususeoflandforphotovoltaicsandagricultureandtheinstallationofphotovoltaicsonrooftops,carportsorbuildings.

FigureE.1:

Numberofinventionsinthefieldofphotovoltaics,perearliestpublicationyearoftheinvention

25000

patentfamilies

cs:Numberof

20000

15000

10000

Internationalpatentfamiliesare

relatedtoinventionsforwhichpatentapplicationshavebeenfiledforat

leasttwodifferentcountries.By

contrast,nationalpatentfamilies

relatetoinventionsforwhichpatentapplicationshaveonlybeenfiledin

onecountry.Thischarthighlights

nationalpatentfamilieswithonly

Chinesepatentapplicationsandutilitymodels(turquoiseline),illustratingthesubstantialshiftinpatentingactivitytowardsChinaoverthepast15years.

Photovoltai

5000

0

2022

2020

2018

2016

2014

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

1978

1976

1974

Earliestpublicationyear

•Internationalpatentfamilies•Allpatentfamilies-Chinesenationalpatentfamilies

Source:EPO

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ADVANCESINPHOTOVOLTAICS

TECHNOLOGYINSIGHTREPORT

Europeanuniversitieshaveconsistentlydemonstratedasubstantiallevelofinventiveactivity,withastrong

focusonphotovoltaicdevicesandmaterials.ThemostextensiveinventiveactivityofuniversitiesisfoundintheUnitedKingdom,followedbyFrance,Switzerlandand

Germany.Whenlookingatregionsratherthancountries,severalregionalhotspotsofacademicinventiveactivitystandout,inparticular:inthesouthofEngland,BelgiumandthesouthoftheNetherlands,theParisarea,the

Lausannearea,theUpperRhineregionandMadridarea(seeFigureE.2,bluecircles).

StartupsinEuropemainlyfocusontechnologiesrelatedtophotovoltaicdevices,followedbyphotovoltaicmaterialsandapplications,witharecentsignificantincreasein

thenumberofinventions.ThehighestinventiveactivityofstartupswasfoundinGermany,France,SwitzerlandandSweden.RegionalhotspotsarefoundinthesouthofEngland,BelgiumandthesouthoftheNetherlands,theUpperRhineregion,theZurichregion,theLakeGenevaregion,thesouth-eastofFrance,theDresdenareaandintheStockholmarea(FigureE.2,orangecircles).

FigureE.2:

GeographicaloriginofEuropeanpatentapplicationsfiledbystartupsandbyuniversities

(BasedonEPpatentapplications;period:2010-2023)

Universities

Startups

1 5 15 30 6075

SourceEPO/©2025Mapbox©OpenStreetMap

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ADVANCESINPHOTOVOLTAICSTECHNOLOGYINSIGHTREPORT

Glossary

Agrivoltaics

Simultaneoususeoflandforphotovoltaicsandagriculture

DOCDB

TheEPO’smasterdocumentationdatabasewithworldwidecoverage.Itcontains

bibliographicdata,abstracts,citationsandDOCDBsimplepatentfamilyinformation.

DOCDBsimplefamily

Asetofpatentdocumentsrelatingtopatentapplicationsclaimingpriorityoverthe

sameearlierapplications.ThetechnicalcontentcoveredbythepatentapplicationsinaDOCDBsimplepatentfamilyisconsideredtobeidentical.

Europeanpatent

TheEuropeanpatentsystemmakesitpossibletoobtainEuropeanpatentsvalidinupto39contractingstatestotheEuropeanPatentConvention(EPC)onthebasisofasingleapplication.AEuropeanpatenthasthesamelegaleffectsasanationalpatentineachcountryforwhichitisgranted.Asof2023,itisalsopossibletorequestunitaryeffectforagrantedEuropeanpatent.

EuropeanPatentConvention(EPC)

InternationaltreatysignedbythememberstatesoftheEuropeanPatentOrganisation.TheEPCestablishesasingleapplicationprocedureforobtainingpatentprotectioninEurope.

EuropeanPatentOffice(EPO)

ExecutivearmoftheEuropeanPatentOrganisation.EuropeanpatentsaregrantedbytheEuropeanPatentOfficeinacentralised,cost-effectiveandtime-savingprocedureconductedinoneoftheofficiallanguagesoftheEPO(English,FrenchorGerman).EveryEuropeanpatentapplicationundergoessubstantiveexaminationbeforeaEuropean

patentisgrantedtomakesurethatinventionsforwhichpatentprotectionissoughtmeetallofthelegalrequirementssetoutintheEuropeanPatentConvention.

Espacenet

FreeonlinepatentsearchingservicedevelopedbytheEPO.Itincludesinformationonover160millionpatentdocumentsfrommorethan100patentofficesonallcontinents.Espacenetisavailableat

.

Feed-intariff

Governmentpolicyguaranteeingrenewableenergyproducersafixedpaymentforeachunitofelectricityfeedintothepowergrid.

Internationalpatentapplication

PatentapplicationfiledunderthePatentCooperationTreaty(PCT).Aninternationalpatentapplicationmayresultinpatentprotectioninmorethan150countries.

InternationalPatentClassification(IPC)

TheInternationalPatentClassificationsystemisahierarchicalpatentclassificationsystemusedbytheEPOandmorethan100patentofficesworldwide.Itbreaks

technologiesdownintoeightsectionswithseveralhierarchicalsub-levels.TheIPCsystemhasapproximately75000subdivisionsandisupdatedonanannualbasis.

Internationalpatentfamily(IPF)

Asetofapplicationsforthesameinventionthatincludesapublishedinternationalpatentapplication,apublishedpatentapplicationataregionalpatentoffice,or

publishedpatentapplicationsattwoormorenationalpatentoffices.

Invention

Apracticalsolutiontoa(technical)problem.Theinventionmaybeanewproduct,

processorapparatusoranynewusethereof.TobepatentableundertheEuropean

patentsystem,aninventionmustbetechnical,novel,involveaninventivestep(i.e.it

mustnotbeobvioustothosehavingordinaryskillinthetechnicalareaoftheinvention),andbeconsideredassusceptibleofindustrialapplication.

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ADVANCESINPHOTOVOLTAICSTECHNOLOGYINSIGHTREPORT

Nationalpatentfamily

Asetofapplicationsforthesameinventionthatconsistsofpublishedpatentapplicationsatasinglenationalpatentoffice.

Patent

Legaltitlegivingthepatentowner(s)theright,foralimitedperiodoftime(usually20yearsasofthedateoffilingthepatentapplication),toexcludeothersfromusingtheprotectedinventioninacommercialcontextwithoutpermissioninthosecountriesforwhichthepatenthasbeengranted.Theprotectedinventionisdefinedbytheclaimsofthepatent.

Patentapplication

RequestforpatentprotectionforaninventionfiledwiththeEPOorotherpatentoffice.

Patentclassificationsystem

Thesetofpatentclassificationsymbolsassignedtocategorisethetechnicalsubject-

matterofapatentorutilitymodel.Therearevariouspatentclassificationsystemsusedtodaybynational,regionalandinternationalpatentoffices.

Patentfamily

Asetofpatentdocumentscoveringthesameorsimilartechnicalcontent,dependingonthepatentfamilydefinition.

PATSTAT

PATSTATisagroupofdatabasesthatcontainbibliographical,proceduralandother

contextinformationonmillionsofpatentsandutilitymodelsfromnumerous

industrialisedanddevelopingcountries.ItisbuiltfromtheEPO’sdatabasesofworldwidepatentdata.

PatentCooperationTreaty(PCT)

Aninternationaltreatyprovidingforaunifiedprocedureforfilingpatentapplications

toprotectinventionsinitscontractingstates.UnderthePCT,asingleinternational

applicationcanbefiledforpatentprotectioninuptomorethan150countries.The

PCTprovidesforacentralisedprocedureforfilingthepatentapplicationwherebythe

substantiveexaminationandthegrantofthepatentlieswiththecompetentnationalorregionalpatentoffice(s).

Photovoltaics

Technologiesrelatedtotheconversionoflightintoelectricityusingthephotovoltaiceffect

Priority

Inventionscanbeprotectedbypatentsandutilitymodelsinmorethanonecountry.Foraperiodof12monthsfromthedateoffilinganapplicationforapatentinamember

stateoftheParisConvention,theapplicantortheirsuccessorcanclaimarightofpriorityfromthatapplicationforanysubsequentlyfiledpatentapplicationthatconcernsthe

sameinvention.Iftherequirementsarefulfilled,thedateoftheearlierapplication

countsasthedateoffilingofthelaterapplicationforthepurposesofexaminingnoveltyandinventivestep.

TOPConpassivation

TunnelOxidePassivatedContactpassivation.Atechniqueusedtoimprovetheefficiencyandperformanceofphotovoltaicdevicesbyreducingundesiredelectronicsurface

effects.

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ADVANCESINPHOTOVOLTAICSTECHNOLOGYINSIGHTREPORT

1.Introduction

Thefieldofphotovoltaicshasundergoneremarkable

growthandtransformationoverthepastdecades,

drivenbyglobaltrendstowardsustainabilityand

securityofenergysupply,improvedtechnologiesand

fallingcostsofproduction.Whilstphotovoltaicswere

consideredanicheforalongtime,thefieldhasbecomeacornerstoneofrenewableenergystrategiesworldwideprovidingaffordable,de-fossilisedandscalable

electricityforalllocationsandsystemsizes(Massonetal.,2024).

Amajorfactorinthisdevelopmenthasbeentherapid

improvementandcommercialisationofsilicon-based

solarcells.Crystallinesilicon,mainlyintheformof

monocrystallinecells,remainsthedominantphotovoltaicmaterialduetoitsdurability,efficiency,andfalling

productioncosts.Breakthroughsinmanufacturing

processes,suchastheuseofpassivatedemitterandrearcelltechnologyand,morerecently,passivatedcontactssuchastheso-calledTOPConpassivationtechnology,

havehelpedtoincreasetheefficiencyofphotovoltaic

modulestoover20%.Furthermore,economiesofscaleinproduction,particularlyincountriessuchasChina,havedrasticallyreducedthepriceofphotovoltaicmodules

(FraunhoferInstituteforSolarEnergySystemsandPSEProjectsGmbH,2025;InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,2024).

Inanothersignificantareaofdevelopment,materialstechnologieshaveattractedincreasingattention.

Thin-filmphotovoltaiccells,suchasthosebasedon

cadmiumtelluride(CdTe),copperindiumgalliumselenide(CIGS)andorganicphotovoltaicsofferadvantagesin

termsofflexibilityanduseofmaterials,whichallow

themtofindnichesinspecificareas.Morerecently,

next-generationphotovoltaiccellsofferingtransparentandprintableconfigurations,includinginorganic-organichybridperovskitesolarcells,haveshownpromising

characteristicsinthelaboratoryenvironmentandpre-

commercialmanufacturing,withtheirhighconversionefficiencyandlowermanufacturingcomplexity.Tandemstructurescombiningperovskiteswithsiliconare

underindustrialdevelopment,offeringmoduleswith

efficienciesinexcessof30%whichmaybesuccessfulonthemarket(NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory,2025;Tankoetal.,2025).

New,advancedmaterialsarenottheonlydriversof

adoption.Therearediverseusecasesforphotovoltaicsduetoitsintegrabilityintoagriculture,buildingsor

internet-of-thingsdevices.Theavailabilityofdigitalandenergystoragetechnologieshasalsocontributedto

thedynamicprogressofphotovoltaics.Smartinverters,performancemonitoringtechnologiesandAI-driven

maintenancetoolshaveincreasedthereliabilityand

efficiencyofphotovoltaicsystems.Combinedwithfallingbatteryprices,solutionsthatintegratephotovoltaic

deviceswithenergystoragemakereliableoff-grid

andhybridsystemspossible,furtherextendingthe

applicabilityofphotovoltaicsbeyondtraditionalutility-scaleorrooftopinstallations.

1.1Policycontext

Thecomplexcombinationofsupportivepolicy

frameworksatthenationallevel,internationalclimatecommitmentsandincreasingenergydemandhas

significantlyaccelerateddevelopmentofphotovoltaics(InternationalEnergyAgency,2023;RenewableEnergyPolicyNetworkforthe21stCentury,2023).

Amongthesefactors,internationalagreementsand

supportpolicymechanismshaveplayeda