《汽车专业英语》课件

汽车专业英语

第三版CHAPTER

1OverviewofAutomobile

第一章汽车概述1-1．OverviewofAutomotiveStructure 汽车结构概述1-2．PassengerCarTypes 乘用车类型1-3．CommercialVehicleTypes 商用车类型1-4．SPVTypes=Special-purposeVehicleTypes 专用汽车类型1-5．CareersintheAutomotiveIndustry 汽车行业中的工作机会1-1．OverviewofAutomotiveStructure

汽车结构概述1—Radiator散热器，(俗称)水箱2—Engine发动机3—Clutch离合器4—Transmission变速器5—Parkingbrake驻车制动器，手制动器6—Driveshaft传动轴7—Frame车架8—Rear-axle后轴，(俗称)后桥Reardrivingaxle后驱动桥9—Rearsuspension后悬架

10—Tire*(US)轮胎Tyre*(GB)轮胎11—Fueltank燃油箱12—Brakepipe制动管13—Frontsuspension前悬架

14—Steeringlinkage转向传动机构Tiebar（转向系）横拉杆15—Steeringgear转向器*：“(US)”表示美式英语；“(GB)”表示英式英语。

阅读材料Car乘用车A

car(orautomobile)isawheeled

motorvehicleusedfor

transportation.Mostdefinitionsof

car

saytheyrunprimarilyonroads,seatonetoeightpeople,havefour

tires,andmainlytransportpeopleratherthangoods.Carscameintoglobaluseduringthe20thcentury,and

developedeconomies

dependonthem.

乘用车(或汽车)是用于交通的轮式机动车辆。关于乘用车多数的定义是它们主要行驶在公路上、能坐一至八人，用四个车轮并主要用于载人而不是运货。在20世纪，乘用车进入全球使用并使得经济得以发展。Carshavecontrolsfordriving,parking,passengercomfortandsafety,andcontrollingavarietyoflights.Overthedecades,additionalfeaturesandcontrolshavebeenaddedtovehicles,makingthemprogressivelymorecomplex.Examplesincluderearreversingcameras,airconditioning,navigationsystems,andincarentertainment.

乘用车有用于驾驶、驻车、乘客舒适和安全的控制装置，并对多种灯光进行控制。几十年来，对汽车不断增加的辅助设备和控制装置，使得乘用车日益复杂。例如包括倒车摄像头、空调、导航系统以及车内娱乐设施。1-2．PassengerCarTypes

乘用车类型Passengercar乘用车（书面用语）1—Saloon，Sedan，Salooncar乘用车，*(俗称)轿车

Fourdoorcar4门轿车2—Compactcar紧凑型乘用车3—Hatchback，Hatchbackcar舱背式乘用车，舱背式轿车4—CRV=crossover(vehicle)交叉型车5—Stationwagon，WG=Wagon，Estate旅行车6—Pullmansaloon高级乘用车，高级轿车7—Coupe，2-doorsedan小型乘用车，双门乘用车，双门轿车8—RV=Recreationalvehicle休闲车SUV=Sportutilityvehicle运动型多用途车，多用途跑车 9—MPV=Multipurposepassengervehicle多用途乘用车APV=Allpurposevehicle多功能车10—Convertible(saloon，car)*，Cabriolet活顶乘用车，敞篷车11—Sportcar，Sport运动型车，跑车12—Race[Racing]car赛车*：“（）”中所示的是词义可省略部分、说明或语境。例如：“Convertible(saloon，car)”表示此词条可分别写作以下三条英文词条：Convertible，Convertiblesaloon，Convertiblecar。*“

(俗称)轿车”

中“

(俗称)”

是说明。以下各节也同此。阅读材料ImprovementsinPassengerCars乘用车的改进Today'ssedansareverydifferentfromthemodels15yearsago.Theoldoneshadmanualdoorlocksandwindows,noairconditioningandbasicaudiosystems.Inonlytenyears’time,ordinarypassengercarshavegainedbasicconveniencefeatures,advancedenginetechnologiesandsafetyfeatures.

现在的轿车和15年前的大不一样。过去的车需要人手动锁门和关窗，车里没有空调和基本的音响系统。在仅仅十年的时间里，普通的乘用车里有了基本的便利特性、先进的发动机技术和安全装置。Despitetheaddedweightofnewsafetyandconveniencefeatures,today'smidsizecarsoutperformtheirpredecessors.Enginesaregettinglargerandhavealsogottenmoreefficient.

除了新的安全和便利装置增加车的重量外，现在的中级乘用车胜过了以前的中级乘用车。发动机功率变大了，同时也更有效了。Performanceisn'ttheonlyareawheremidsizecarsareimproving.Safetyfeatureslikesidecurtainairbags,antilockbrakesandelectronicstabilitysystemsareinstalledinthecars.Electronicstabilitysystemsapplyindividualbrakeswhenavehiclebeginstoskid,inordertokeepitundercontrol.Themajorityofbest-sellingsedanshavepowerwindowsanddoorlocks,aDVDplayerandairconditioning.Luxurycarsaretypicallybuiltwithhigherstandardsthanmidsizecars,includingthegapbetweenpanelsintheinterior.

中级乘用车不仅改进了性能，安全装置如侧方窗帘式安全气囊、防抱死制动系统和电子稳定系统都装配在车上。当车辆出现滑动时，为了保持对汽车的控制，电子稳定系统实施单独制动。大多数畅销车都有电动车窗、门锁、DVD播放器和空调。豪华轿车在典型结构方面的标准比中级乘用车更高，其中包括内饰板件间隙方面。1-3．CommercialVehicleTypes

商用车类型A1，A2，A3，A4，A5．TRK=trk=Truck；Motortruck(US)货车，载货汽车Lorry(GB)货车，载货汽车Goodsvehicle货车，载货汽车A1．Deliveryvan[wagon]厢式送货汽车A2．High-bedflatbedtruck高台平地板货车A3．Roadtrain，Trucktrain[trailer]全挂车列车，牵引杆挂车列车A4．Largecapacityroadtrain大吨位汽车列车A5．Semitrailertrain[truck]半挂货运列车A6．Tourbus旅游客车B．LT=*Light(duty)truck，Lightlorry轻型货车(目前产量最大的轻型货车是双排“皮卡”类）B1．Panelvan整体式箱式货车B2．Platformtruck平台货车B3．Double-cablow-bedtruck低地板双排座驾驶室货车Multipurposegoodsvehicle多用途货车（在设计和结构上主要用于载运货物，但在驾驶员后有固定或折叠式座椅，可运载三个以上的乘客的货车）B2、B3．PU=Pickup，Pick-up(truck)，Pickupcar客货两用车，皮卡，B4．Cabandchassis一类底盘，带驾驶室的底盘C．Systemofwheels(货车)轮式C1．2/4=4wheel×2drivewheel4×2驱动C2．6×2×4=6wheel×2drivewheel×4steeredwheel6×2驱动×4轮转向C3．6×4=6wheel×4drivewheel6×4驱动C4．8×6×4=8wheel×6drivewheel×4steeredwheel8×6驱动×4轮转向D．Overviewofbustypes客车类型概述D1．Microbus微型客车(按欧盟标准:19座左右、总质量4.5T右)D2．Minibus小型客车(按我国标准:含驾驶座不多于17座:按欧盟标准:25座左右、总质量7.5T左右)D3．Midi-bus中型客车(按欧盟:35座左右、总质量12.5T左右)Citybus市区客车D4．Articulatedbus铰接客车D5．Tourbus旅游客车Intercitybus，Interurbanbus，Long-distancebus长途客车*“Light(duty)truck”表示可写成两条同义词：Lighttruck，Lightdutytruck，本书均如此。阅读材料DefinitionofaCommercialMotorVehicle商用车的定义Acommercialmotorvehiclecanbedefinedas:商用车可定义为：Vehiclewithagrossvehicleweightratingorgrosscombinationweightratingof26,001ormorepounds车辆最大允许总质量或车辆总质量为26001磅或者更多。Vehicledesignedtotransport16ormorepassengers,includingthedriver所设计的车辆能运送16位或更多的乘客，其中包括司机。Vehicledesignedtotransport11ormorepassengers,includingthedriver,andusedtotransportstudentsundertheageoftwenty-oneyearsoldtoandfromschool所设计的车辆能运送11位或更多的乘客，包括司机，并且用来运送21岁以下的学生往返学校。Vehicleofanysizeandusedinthetransportationofhazardousmaterialswhichisrequiredtobeplacarded任何型号的车辆用于运送危险原料。所运送的原料名称需要告示在车辆外部。Thetermcommercialmotorvehiclewillnotinclude:商用车不包括：Emergencyvehicleswhichareassignedorregisteredtoafiredepartmentorfireserviceorganizationwhendrivenbyfireservicepersonnelinpursuitoffireservicepurposes.由消防队员驾驶用于灭火任务的消防车辆。消防车辆是被指派或在消防队或消防机构注册登记的。Recreationalvehicles用于娱乐的车辆。Militaryvehicleswhendrivenbynon-civilianmilitarypersonnelinpursuitofmilitarypurposes由军人驾驶用于军用目的的军用车辆。Vehiclesusedexclusivelyforagricultureandfarming专门用于农业和耕作的车辆。1-4．SPVTypes=Special-purposeVehicleTypes

专用汽车类型SPV=special-purposevehicle专用汽车1—Refusetruck，Garbagetruck垃圾车2—Foodtruck食品车3—Staketruck，Box-staketruck仓栅式汽车4—Tanker，Tanktruck罐式车5—Vantruck，Box-typetruck厢式货车6—Wreckertruck，Breakdownlorry救援车，道路清障车7—Snowremover，Snowsweeper除雪车8—Schoolbus校车，学生客车9—Readymix(truck)，Concretemixer混凝土搅拌运输车10—Mobilehome宿营车，旅居车11—Cranetruck，Cranemobile汽车起重机12—Ambulance(car，van)，Motorambulance救护车13—Containerplatformvehicle，Containercar集装箱运输车14—Crane[Lift]truck(美)起重举升汽车

Truckwithcrane随车起重运输车，随车吊15—Liftingworkplatformvehicle升降台汽车16—Sweeper(truck)，Road[street]sweeper扫路车 17—Streetcleaningsprinkler清洗洒水车18—Fire-extinguishingvehicle消防车19—Carrepairengineeringvehicle汽车修理工程车阅读材料WhatisaSpecialPurposeVehicle?什么是专用车辆？TherearethreekindsofSPVs:typeP(plant),typeT(truck)andtypeO(overmass).

专用车辆有三种类型：P型（重型机械型）、T型（货车型）和O型（超质量型）。TypeP(plant)isaspecialpurposevehicle.Itisprimarilyforoffroaduse,foruseonaroadrelatedareaoronanareaofroadthatisunderconstructionorrepair.Examplesincludeagriculturaltractors,self-propelledharvesters,bulldozers,backhoes,gradersandfront-endloaders.P型（重型机械）是专用车辆，主要用于非道路作业，以及和道路有关或道路的某个区域进行施工或修理。这类的专用车包括农业拖拉机、机动式收割机、推土机、锄耕机、分类机和前端装载机。TypeT(truck)isusedonroadsandhasnoaxleoraxlegrouploadedinexcessofthemasslimits.TheseSPVsarebuiltonatruckchassisandincludecherrypickersandmountedconcretepumps.T型（货车）用于道路上。这类车轴载重或轴组载荷在质量限制内。这类专用汽车建在货车底盘上，包括载人平台和安在车上的混凝土泵。TypeO(overmass)isaspecialpurposevehicleonatruckchassisthatisusedonroadsandhasanyaxleoraxlegroupinexcessofthemasslimits.Examplesincludemobilecranesandwell-boringplantO型（超质量型）是建造在货车底盘上的专用车辆。这类车的轴载重或轴组载荷超过质量限制。如吊车和钻井车。1-5．CareersintheAutomotiveIndustry

汽车行业中的工作机会Automotiveservicetechnicianscanenjoycareersinmanydifferentautomotivebusinesses.汽车维护技师在汽车业中能享有许多不同汽车业务工作机会。Aservicetechniciancheckingforanoiseofavehicleinanew-vehicledealershipservicedepartment.新车特约维修站的一位维护技师在检查车辆噪声。Mostdealershipshandleoneormorebrandsofvehicle,andthetechnicianemployedatdealershipsusuallyhastomeetminimumtrainingstandards.Thetrainingisusuallyprovidedatnocostonlineoratregionaltrainingcenters.Thedealerusuallypaystheservicetechnicianfortheday(s)spentintrainingaswellasprovidesorpaysfortransportation,meals,andlodging.Mostdealershipsofferinhouseon-linetrainingwithminimumoff-sitetraining.经营一或多个品牌车的经销商以及经销商雇用的技术人员都必须达到基本的培训标准。这类培训一般是免费网上或区域培训中心提供。经销商通常要付给服务技术人员在培训期间的报酬以及提供或支付交通、食餐和住宿费用。大多数经销商采用一种简单的培训方式也就是提供内部在线培训。阅读材料NEWVEHICLEDEALERSHIPS新车经销商

CHAPTER2Engine

第二章发动机2-1．StructureSchematicofEngine 发动机结构示意图2-2．Four-StrokeEngineOperations 四冲程发动机工作原理2-3．StructureofEngine 发动机的结构2-4．CrankShaftandConnectingRod、ValveTrain 曲轴连杆机构、配气机构2-5．CoolingSystemandLubricationSystem 冷却系统和润滑系统

2-1．StructureSchematicofEngine 发动机结构示意图(a)GasolineEngine汽油机；(b)DieselEngine柴油机1—Timingbelt正时带2—Camshaft*,CamShaft凸轮轴3—Distributor分电器4—Aircleaner空气滤清器5—Throttlebody节气门体6—Ignitionswitch点火开关7—Sparkplug火花塞8—Ignitioncoil点火线圈9—Starter起动器，起动机10—Intakevalve进气气门11—Battery蓄电池12—Flywheel飞轮13—Oilpan油底壳，机油盘14—Oil机油15—Crankshaft*，Crankshaft曲轴16—Connectingrod，Con**rod连杆17—Piston活塞18—Waterjacket（冷却系）水套19—ExhaustValve排气门20—Injector喷油器21—Camshaft凸轮轴22—Timinggear正时齿轮*：由于常用，词条变为单词，这种情况在常见汽车英语中较多。**：由于常用，单词被简化运用，这种情况在某些汽车英语特定词条中有。Weallknowtheengineistheheartoftheautomobile.Whatisthecoreoftheengine?Yes,it’sthecylinder.Mostcarshavemorethanonecylinder(four,sixandeightcylindersarecommon).Inamulti-cylinderengine,thecylindersusuallyarearrangedinoneofthreeways:inline,Vorflat.Inaninlineengine,thecylindersarearrangedinalineinasinglebank.Theinlinearrangementisthesimplestandmostcommononeandhasmanyadvantages.First,theenginehasagoodstabilityandmorepower.Second,thestructuresofthecylinderblockandthecrankshaftareverysimpleandtheyshareonlyonecylinderhead.Thecosttomanufactureandinstallisless.Becauseoftheseadvantages,BMWandalsomanyAmericancarmanufacturersliketousetheinlinecylinderengine.Thiskindofengineiswidelyusedinthecarsmadeinhome.我们都知道发动机是汽车的心脏。那发动机的核心又是什么？对，是气缸。大多数汽车的发动机不止一个气缸（四缸、六缸、八缸的较为常见）。在多缸发动机中，气缸的排列通常是以下面三种方式之一：直列式、V列式和水平式。在直列式发动机中，各气缸在一个机体中排成一直列。直列式发动机是最简单最常用的。它有很多优点：第一，直列发动机稳定性高，动力更强。第二，缸体和曲轴结构十分简单，而且使用一个气缸盖。制造和安装成本较低。正是这些优点，宝马和许多美国的汽车制造商喜欢使用直列发动机。直列发动机在国产车中应用也十分广泛。阅读材料TheInlineEngine直列式发动机

2-2．Four-StrokeEngineOperations 四冲程发动机工作原理(A)．Intake[Suction，Induction]stroke进气行程

Theintakevalveisopenedwhiletheexhaustvalveisclosed.进气门开启而排气门关闭。(B)．Compressionstroke[travel]压缩行程

Boththeintakeandexhaustvalvesareclosed.进气门和排气门均关闭。(C)．Expansion[Power]stroke膨胀[作功]行程

Boththeintakeandexhaustvalvesareclosed.进气门和排气门均关闭。(D)．Exhauststroke排气行程

Theintakevalveisclosedwhiletheexhaustvalveisopened.进气门关闭而排气门开启。Airandfuel空气和燃油Combustionchamber燃烧室Exhaustvalve=EV排气门Intakevalve=IV进气门Piston活塞Sparkplug火花塞Strokereferstopistonmovement.Astrokeoccurswhenthepistonmovesfromoneextremepositiontotheotherextremepositioninsidetheenginecylinder.ThehighestpositionthatthepistonreachesinsidethecylinderiscalledTDC(topdeadcenter).Similarly,thelowestpositionthatthepistonreachesinsidethecylinderiscalledBDC(bottomdeadcenter).SowecanalsosayastrokeispistonmovementfromTDCtoBDCorviceversa.Duringtheinductionstroke,thevolumeofair/fuelmixturetofillasinglecylinderissweptbythepiston;thisvolumeiscalledthesweptvolume.Duringthecompressionstroke,thesweptvolumeiscompressedintoasmallspaceabovethepiston.Andatthistime,thepistonreachesthetopofthecylinder.Thespaceiscalledastheclearancevolume.Theclearancevolumeandthesweptvolumedeterminethecompressionratio.行程指的是活塞的运动。活塞在气缸里从一头运行到另一头完成一次行程。活塞运行到的最高点叫上止点。同样，活塞运行到的最低点叫下止点。因此我们也可以说一次行程就是活塞从上止点到下止点或从下止点到上止点的运行过程。在进气行程中，活塞扫过的气缸里燃油混合气的容积叫作工作容积。在压缩行程中，活塞到达上止点时，活塞顶面上方气缸工作容积被压缩后形成的容积称为燃烧室容积。燃烧室容积和气缸工作容积决定压缩比。阅读材料MainTerms主要术语2-3．StructureofEngine

发动机的结构EngineExplodedView发动机分解图Camshaftpulley

凸轮轴带轮Crankshafttimingbeltpulley

曲轴正时带轮Cylinderblock

缸体，气缸体Cylinderhead

气缸盖Cylinderheadcover

气缸盖罩Cylinderheadcovergasket

气缸盖罩衬垫Distributor

分电器，分配器Drainbolt

放油螺栓(常用：drainplug放油塞，放泄塞[龙头])Drainboltgasket

放油螺栓垫片Exhaustmanifold

排气歧管Exhaustmanifoldgasket

排气歧管衬垫Headgasket

气缸盖衬垫Intakemanifold

进气歧管Intakemanifoldgasket

进气歧管衬垫Oilfilter

机油滤清器Oilpan

油底壳Oilpangasket

油底衬垫O-ring

O形圈Rubbergrommet

橡胶护孔圈Waterpump

水泵Waterpumpgasket

水泵衬垫阅读材料CylinderHead气缸盖

Thecylinderheadfastenstothetopoftheblock,justasaroofofahouse.Theundersideformsthecombustionchamberwiththetopofthepiston.Thecylinderheadcarriesthevalves,andithasportstoallowair,fuel,andexhaustmovethroughtheengine.Likethecylinderblock,theheadismadefromeithercastironoraluminumalloy.

气缸盖固定在缸体的上部，就像房子的房顶一样。缸盖的下部和活塞的顶部组成了燃烧室。缸盖上有气门，还有让空气、燃油以及废气进出的进排气口。和气缸体一样，缸盖也是有铸铁或铝合金铸造的。Thecylinderheadisattachedtotheblockwithhigh-tensilesteelstuds.Thejointbetweentheblockandtheheadmustbegas-tightsothatnoneoftheburningmixturecanescape.Thus,agasketisused.Headgasketsaremadeofthinsheetsofsoftmetalorofasbestosandmetal.Gasketsarealsousedtosealjointsbetweenotherparts,suchasbetweentheoilpan,manifolds,orwaterpumpandtheblock.

气缸盖使用高强度的钢制螺栓和缸体固定在一起。缸体和缸盖之间必须密封紧密，这样燃烧的混合气才不会逸出。因此，密封垫是必需的。缸盖衬垫是用软金属片或石棉和金属片制成的。衬垫也用在其他零件之间，比如：油底壳、歧管或水泵与缸体的密封上。

2-4．CrankShaftandConnectingRod、ValveTrain

曲轴连杆机构、配气机构1—Crankshaftpulley曲轴带轮2—Crankshafttimingbeltpulley曲轴正时带轮3—Crankshaftsprocket曲轴链轮4—Crankshaft曲轴5—Crankshaftupperbearing曲轴上轴承6—Connectingrodtopbearing连杆上轴承7—Connectingrod连杆8—Connectingrodlowerbearing连杆下轴承9—Pistonpinretainingring活塞销挡圈10—Pistonpin活塞销11—*RING,CMPRNUPR=Compressionupperring第一道气环，上压缩环topcompressionring第一道气环，上压缩环12—*RING,CMPRNLWR=Compressionlowerring第二道气环，下压缩环13—Oilring油环14—Piston活塞15—Connectingrodbolt连杆螺栓16—Flywheel飞轮17—Ringofcrankshaftpositionsensor曲轴位置传感器圈18—Connectingrodlowerbearing连杆下轴承19—Connectingrodbearingcap连杆轴承盖20—Connectingrodnut连杆螺母21—Crankshaftthrusthalfring曲轴止推半环22—Crankshaftlowerbearing曲轴下轴承*：这种大写缩略式词条是某些配件目录(如GM)上用法。阅读材料EngineConstruction发动机结构Modernenginesaredesignedtomeettheperformanceandfuelefficiencydemandsofthepublic.Mostaremadeoflightweight,nonironmaterials(forexample,aluminum,magnesium,fiber-reinforcedplastics);andwithfewerandsmallerfastenerstoholdthingstogether.Fewerfastenersaremadepossibleduetojointdesignsthatoptimizeloadingpatterns.Eachenginetypehasitsowndistinctpersonality,basedonconstructionmaterials,castingconfigurations,anddesign.现代发动机的设计要适应公众对性能和燃油效率的要求。大多数用轻质、无铁材料(例如：铝、镁、纤维增强塑料)制造；并用较少，较小的紧固件进行组合。紧固件的减少在于对载荷进行优化的连接方案。各类型发动机都有自己特有的特性，这种特性是基于材料结构，铸件结构及设计。

2-5．CoolingSystemandLubricationSystem

冷却系统和润滑系统Liquidcoolingsystem液冷系统Overheatsteam过热蒸汽fromheater来自取暖器(加热器)1—shield

护罩2—crossflowradiator横流式散热器3—electricfan电风扇4—beltpulley带轮5—waterpump，coolantpump水泵6—cylinderblockjacket气缸体水套7—waterpassageofcylinderhead气缸盖水道8—jacketbleedinghose水套排气软管9—throttlehothose节流热管10—reservoirtankhose膨胀箱软管11—expansiontank,reservoirtank*

膨胀箱12—reservoirtankcap膨胀箱盖13—outlethose出水软管14—radiatorbleedinghose散热器排气软管15—inlethose进水软管16—thermalswitchofelectricfan电风扇温控开关*直译是“贮液箱”，但为统一，仍可译为“膨胀箱”。

阅读材料EngineLubricationSystem发动机润滑系统Theenginehasmanymovingparts.Thepurposeofthelubricationsystemistosupplylubricant,theoiltoallthemovingpartsoftheengine.Atthesametime,thesystemseparatestheirsurfaces,reducefrictionandactasacoolantanddetergent.发动机有许多可运动的零件。润滑系的作用就是为这些运动零件提供润滑剂、机油。同时，润滑剂使两个运动的零件表面分离开来，减少它们之间的摩擦并作为冷却液和清洁剂。Thelubricationsystemincludesthefollowingparts:theoilpan,oilpump,mainoilgalleries,oilfilters,oilpressurereliefvalves,oilcoolerandoilsensors.Thepurposeoftheoilpanistoholdtheexcessoilduringoperationandnon-runningconditions.Theoilpumpistodeliveringanadequatevolumeofoilaroundtheengineatasuitablepressure.Theoilpumpoperatesallthetimewhentheengineisrunning.Oilfilterisusedtofilterandcleanthedirtparticlesgettingintotheoilwhentheengineruns.Apressureregulatorvalveisusedtokeepthepressurewithintheoilsystemataconstantmaximumvalue.Theoilcoolerhelpstokeeptheoilcool.Oilpressuresensorsareusedtoindicatetherightamountofpressureoftheoilsystem.润滑系由以下几部分组成：油底壳、机油泵、主油道、机油滤清器、机油限压阀、机油冷却器和机油传感器。油底壳的作用是在发动机运转和非运转情况下储存额外的机油。机油泵的作用是在适当的压力下给发动机运送适量的润滑油。发动机运转时机油泵也同时在工作。机油滤清器用来滤除和清洁发动机运转时带进机油的尘埃和杂质。调压阀用来保持润滑系中最大的压力保持不变。机油冷却器使得机油冷却。油压传感器用来显示润滑系的适量的压力。CHAPTER3EnginePerformance

第三章发动机性能3-1．EFISystem 电控燃油喷射系统3-2．ElectronicDieselcontrol(EDC)System 柴油机电控系统3-3.EmissionsControl 排放物控制3-4．SparkPlug 火花塞3-5．IntakeandExhaustSystems 进排气系统

3-1．EFISystem 电控燃油喷射系统A.SFI=sequentialfuelinjection顺序多点燃油喷射MotronicM3.82EFIsystemdiagramM3.82喷射/点火协同管理系统图(Motronic：博世公司自创词)Multipointfuelinjectionsystem多点燃油喷射系统B.Componentslocationdiagram零部件位置图1—Fuelpump燃油泵Electricfuelpump电动燃油泵2—Fuelfilter燃油滤清器3—Canister-purgevalve炭罐清除阀EVAPcanisterpurgevalve(蒸发排放物)*炭罐清除阀CANPsolenoidvalve=canisterpurgesolenoidvalve炭罐清除电磁阀4—(Carbon)*Canister炭罐EVAPcanister=evaporative-emission(s)canister蒸发排放物炭罐(SAE**推荐用语)Charcoal(carbon)*canister活性炭罐5—Dualsparkignitioncoil双火花点火线圈6—Camshaftphasesensor凸轮轴相位传感器(德国汽车业界用语)，=CMP=camshaftpositionsensor凸轮轴位置传感器(SAE**推荐用语)Hallsensor霍尔传感器(大众公司用语)7—Injector喷油器8—Fuelpressureregulator燃油压力调节器9—Throttlecontroldevice节气门控制装置Throttlecontrolwiththrottlepositionsensor带节气门位置传感器的节气门控制装置10—Hot-filmair-massmeter热膜式质量空气流量计11—Lambdaoxygensensor氧[拉姆达（λ过量空气系数）]传感器(德国汽车业界用语)Oxygensensor氧传感器(SAE**推荐用语)Upstreamoxygensensor上游氧传感器12—Coolanttemperaturesensor冷却液温度传感器13—Knocksensor爆燃传感器14—Engine-speedsensor发动机转速传感器(德国汽车业界用语)CKPS=crankshaftpositionsensor曲轴位置传感器15—Intaketemperaturesensor进气温度传感器16—ECU=enginecontrolunit发动机控制模块(德国汽车业界用语)ECM=enginecontrolmodule发动机控制模块(SAE**推荐用语。与PCM相似，但适用后驱发动机)17—Sensors传感器*：实际上国内外常出现的语言简洁应用倾向；**：SAE=SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers(美)汽车工程学会。此词习惯上已专指美国汽车工程学会，其他国家

用“SAE”时都要附加国别或其他标记，如：中国汽车工程学会=SAE-China。阅读材料EFIsystem电控燃油喷射系统TheEFIsystemusesvarioussensorstodetecttheoperatingconditionsoftheengineandthevehicle.Inaccordancewiththesignalsfromthesesensors,theECUcalculatestheoptimalfuelinjectionvolumeandoperatestheinjectorsinordertoinjectthepropervolumeoffuel.Duringordinarydriving,theengineECUdeterminesthefuelinjectionvolumeforachievingthetheoreticalair-fuelratio,inordertoensuretheproperpower,fuelconsumption,andexhaustemissionlevelssimultaneously.电控燃油喷射系统通过各种传感器检测发动机和汽车的工作状况油。在平常行驶中，发动机控制单元通过控制燃油喷射量，得到理论空燃比，以保证发动的动力性、燃油消耗和废气排放同时保持在适宜的水平。Atothertimes,suchasduringwarm-up,acceleration,deceleration,orhigh-loaddrivingconditions,theengineECUdetectthoseconditionswiththevarioussensorsandthencorrectsthefuelinjectionvolumeinordertoensureanoptimalair-fuelmixtureatalltimes.在暖机、加速、减速、高负荷运转等其他工况下，发动机控制单元通过各种传感器确定相应工况，及时修正喷油量，以始终保证最佳的空气燃油混合气。

3-2．ElectronicDieselcontrol(EDC)System

柴油机电控系统CAN=Controllerareanetwork控制器局域网A—Fuelsupply[feed]system供油系统1—Fueltank燃油箱2—Fuelfilter燃油滤清器3—Fuelsupply[feed]pump燃油供给泵4—Pressurelimitersensor压力限制器5—Fuelcooler燃油冷却器B—Highpressuresystem高压系统6—UI=unitinjector泵喷嘴7—Fueltemperaturesensor燃油温度传感器8—ECU=electroniccontrolunit电控单元9—APPS=acceleratorpedalpositionsensor加速踏板位置传感器10—VSS=vehiclespeedsensor车速传感器11—Brakelightswitch制动灯开关12—Ambience-air-temperaturesensor环境温度传感器13—CMP=camshaftpositionsensor凸轮轴位置传感器14—IATS=intake-air-temperaturesensor进气温度传感器15—Boost-pressuresensor增压压力传感器16—Throttle节气门17—MAFM=massairflowmeter质量型空气流量计18—Engine-coolanttemperaturesensor发动机冷却液温度传感器19—CKPS=crankshaftpositionsensor曲轴位置传感器D—Other其他Instrumentpanelwithfuelgaugeetc.带燃油表等的仪表板21—Glowplugcontrolmodule电热塞控制模块22—Glowplug电热塞23—Clutchpedalswitch离合器踏板开关24—Cruisesystemswitch(cruisecontrol)巡航系统开关(巡航控制)25—A/Ccompressorwithcontrolmodule带控制模块的空调压缩机26—A/Ccompressorcontrolmodule空调压缩机控制模块27—Glowplugandstarterswitch(ignition-keylock)电热塞和起动机开关(点火开关)28—Diagnosis[Diagnostic]interface诊断接口29—Battery蓄电池30—Exhaust-gasturbocharger废气涡轮增压器31—Exhaustgasrecirculationcooler排气再循环冷却器32—Exhaustgasrecirculationactuator排气再循环执行器33—Boost-pressureactuator增压压力执行器34—Vacuumpump真空泵35—CAN*=controllerareanetwork控制器局域网*：原图中是CNA，是错的。在翻译英语汽车资料会遇此情况，此时将正确的列出，并注明原稿可能有错。阅读材料DieselFuelInjection柴油喷射Alldieselenginesdrawaironly,pasttheintakevalveintothecylinder.Ahigh-pressurefuel-injectionsysteminjectsfuelintothecylinder.Theamountoffuelinjectedisvariedtosuittheloadontheengine,andtocontrolenginespeed.Intakeairvolumedoesnotchange.所有的柴油发动机只吸入空气，空气通过进气门进入气缸。高压燃油喷射系统把燃油喷射到气缸。喷入的燃油量因发动机的工作状况而不同，并且要控制发动机的转速。吸入的空气量不变。Inabasicdieselfuelsystem,afueltankholdsthedieselfuel.Aliftpumptakesfuelfromthetank.Itkeepstheinjectionpumpfulloffuel.Asedimenterremovesanywater,andlargerparticlesinthefuel.Afuelfilterremovesminuteparticles.Aninjectionpumpdeliversfuelunderveryhighpressuretotheinjectors.Itmustsendthecorrectamountoffuel,anditmustsenditatthecorrecttimeintheenginecycle.Aninjector,ateachcylinder,spraysfuelintoeachcombustionchamber.Leak-offpipestakefuelusedforcooling,andforlubrication,fromtheinjectionpumpandinjectorsbacktothetank.Agovernorcontrolsenginespeed.Andacontrolleveronthegovernorisconnectedtotheacceleratorpedal.在一个基本的柴油机燃油系统里，燃油箱储存柴油。供油泵从油箱里吸油，保持喷油泵里燃油充足。沉淀器去掉燃油里的水分和较大的顆粒。燃油滤清器滤去细小的顆粒。喷油泵提供给喷油器高压燃油。喷油泵必须在发动机运转时适时地喷入最佳油量。每个气缸里的喷油器把燃油喷射到相应的燃烧室。起冷却和润滑的燃油从喷油泵和喷油器里经回油管流回油箱。调速器控制发动机的转速。调速器上的一个控制杆和加速踏板连接。

3-3.EmissionsControl 排放物控制Thischartshowshowdifficultitistocontrolexhaustemissions.NoticethatNOXandCO2arehighwhentheHCsarelow.该图显示控制排气排放物的困难。注意，当NOX和CO2高时，HC低。Theefficiencyofacatalyticconverterisatitshighestlevelwhenthereisastoichiometricmixture.在理论混合气时，催化转化器效率在最高水平。Converterefficiency催化转化器效率Stoichiometricpoint(gasoline)理论配比点(汽油)stoichiometricmixture理论配比混合气，理论混合气Air-fuelratio空燃比Air-fuelmixture空气燃油混合气Richmixture浓混合气Leanmixture稀混合气concentration(%)浓度(百分比)HC/NOxconcentration(ppm)HC/NOx浓度(百万分率)AnEGRsystemwithadeltapressurefeedbacksensor.带压力反馈传感器的EGR系统Differentialpressuretransducer压差传感器 Downstreamhose下游软管Dutycycleoutput占空比输出EGR(exhaust-gasrecirculation)valveEGR[排气再循环]阀EVR[EGRvacuumregulator]EGR真空度调节器Exhaustgas排气Intakevacuum进气真空Meteringorifice计量孔PCM动力系控制模块Pressuresignalinput压力信号输出Upstreamhose上游软管阅读材料Emission

controls排放控制Theemissioncontrolsontoday’scarsandtrucksareanintegralpartoftheengineandenginecontrolsystem.Perhapsitisbettertosaythattheelectroniccontrolsystemsarereallyemissioncontrolsystems.Thedrivetohavecleanerandmorefuel-efficientvehicleshasledtomanyofthecontrolsystemsnowinplace.Thesesystemshavealsocontributedtosignificantincreasesinpowerandreliabilityandimproveddriveability.现在小车与货车的排放控制装置是发动机和发动机电子控制系统的一个整体部分。

也许电子控制系统其实是一个对排放进行控制的系统。能开上更环保更经济的车