医学院校研究生英语视听说（第四版）课件 unit 7 Section A Money

医学院校硕士研究生英语

视听说(第四版）首都医科大学应用语言学系EnglishforGraduateStudentsinMedicalUniversitiesDepartmentofAppliedLinguisticsCapitalMedicalUniversityUnit7SectionAMoneyOutlineBrainstormingMonologuePassageCultureLinkBrainstorming

Exercise11.pound2.dollar3.yuan4.yen5.euro6.ruble…BrainstormingExercise21.C2.B3.C4.A5.B6.CBrainstorming1.Moneytalks.有钱能讲话。2.Moneyanswersallthings.金钱是万能的。3.Moneyistherootofallevil.金钱是万恶之源。4.Moneyisthesinewsofwar.无钱莫打仗。5.Moneymakesthemarego.钱可通神。6.Moneydoesn’tgrowontrees.钱不是从天上掉下来。7.Moneycanmoveeventhegods.有钱能使鬼推磨。8.Moneyburnsaholeinhispocket.钱到袋里留不住。9.Moneycanbuythedevilhimself.有钱能使鬼推磨。10.Moneyborrowedissoonsorrowed.债台高筑，愁上头。Brainstorming11.Moneyisthekeythatopensalldoors.金钱是打开一切门户的钥匙。12.Moneyisoftenlostforwantofmoney.往往由于缺乏金钱而丧失金钱。13.Moneybegets(orbreedsorgets)money.钱产生钱。14.Moneyissomething,butnoteverything.金钱能买到东西但不是万能的。15.Moneyisagoodservant,butabadmaster.金钱是好的仆役、坏的主人。Brainstorming16.Moneyoftenunmakesthemenwhomakeit.为富不仁。17.Moneyspentonthebrainisneverspentinvain.智力投资决非虚掷。18.Moneycalls,butdoesnotstay:Itisroundandrollsaway.金钱会上门，但不会留下来：因为是圆的，所以会滚开。19.Moneyisneithergoodnorbad,butalldependsonwhatuseismadeofit.金钱本身无好坏，要看怎样利用它。20.Moneyisabottomlesssea,inwhichhonor,conscience,andtruthmaybedrowned.金钱是无底洞，荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。MonologueMonologue1Exercise11.B2.A3.D4.CMonologueMonologue1Exercise21.T2.F3.T4.T5.TMonologueMonologue2Exercise11.ThePeople’sBankofChina(PBOC).2.TomarktheBeijingOlympicGames.3.ThePBOCistoissueatotalof6millionnewnotes.4.148.5millimeterslongand72millimeterswide.5.140millimeterslongand70millimeterswide.MonologueMonologue2Exercise21.Bird’sNest2.venue3.Seal4.backdrop5.landmarks6.discus-thrower7.Arabicnumeral8.Tibetan9.watermarks10.counterfeitingPassageExercise11.T2.T3.T4.F5.FPassageExercise21.index2.subjective3.well-being4.jobsecurity5.tops6.desirable7.preservation8.avoidance9.opted10.confidentialCulturalLinkUnit7SectionBKidneyDiseasesOutlineWordBuildingPowerWatchingandDoingWordBuildingPowernephric肾的，关于或属于肾的nephritogenic致肾炎的nephrography肾X线造影术nephrologist肾病学家nephrocalcinosis肾钙质沉着(calcinosis:钙质沉着，石灰沉着病，以钙盐沉积在组织内为特征的各种病理状况。calcio-:钙)

nephritis肾炎nephrogram肾X线照片nephrologic肾的，肾病学的nephrology肾病学WordBuildingPowernephron肾单位，指由一个肾小体及相连于其上的一条肾小管所构成的肾的功能单位。人的一个肾约有100万个肾单位。nephrosis肾变病renovascular肾血管的，与肾的血管有关的urinoma尿性囊肿urodynia排尿痛urography尿路造影术uronephrosis肾积水

renography肾造影术urinologist泌尿科学家;泌尿科医师urinothorax尿胸urodynamics尿动力学urohematonephrosis肾积尿urononcometry一日尿量测定法WatchingandDoingBackgroundInformationabout

kidney

diseasesas

Kidneys:Location,AnatomyandFunction:Thekidneysaretwobean-shapedorgans,eachaboutthesizeofafist.Theyarelocatedjustbelowtheribcage,oneoneachsideofyourspine.Healthykidneysfilteraboutahalfcupofbloodeveryminute,removingwastesandextrawatertomakeurine.Theurineflowsfromthekidneystothebladderthroughtwothintubesofmusclecalledureters,oneoneachsideofyourbladder.Yourbladderstoresurine.Yourkidneys,ureters,andbladderarepartofyoururinarytract.WatchingandDoingEachofyourkidneysismadeupofaboutamillionfilteringunitscallednephrons.Eachnephronincludesafilter,calledtheglomerulus,andatubule.Thenephronsworkthroughatwo-stepprocess:theglomerulusfiltersyourblood,andthetubulereturnsneededsubstancestoyourbloodandremoveswastes.Asbloodflowsintoeachnephron,itentersaclusteroftinybloodvessels—theglomerulus.Thethinwallsoftheglomerulusallowsmallermolecules,wastes,andfluid—mostlywater—topassintothetubule.Largermolecules,suchasproteinsandbloodcells,stayinthebloodvessel.Abloodvesselrunsalongsidethetubule.Asthefilteredfluidmovesalongthetubule,thebloodvesselreabsorbsalmostallofthewater,alongwithmineralsandnutrientsyourbodyneeds.Thetubulehelpsremoveexcessacidfromtheblood.Theremainingfluidandwastesinthetubulebecomeurine.WatchingandDoingOurkidneysremovewastesandextrafluidfromyourbody.Yourkidneysalsoremoveacidthatisproducedbythecellsofyourbodyandmaintainahealthybalanceofwater,salts,andminerals—suchassodium,calcium,phosphorus,andpotassium—inyourblood.Withoutthisbalance,nerves,muscles,andothertissuesinyourbodymaynotworknormally.Yourkidneysalsomakehormonesthathelpcontrolyourbloodpressure,makeredbloodcells,andkeepyourbonesstrongandhealthy.WatchingandDoingBackgroundInformationabout

kidney

diseasesasKidneystonesKidneystones(alsocalledrenalcalculi,nephrolithiasisorurolithiasis)areharddepositsmadeofmineralsandsaltsthatforminsideyourkidneys.Diet,excessbodyweight,somemedicalconditions,andcertainsupplementsandmedicationsareamongthemanycausesofkidneystones.Kidneystonescanaffectanypartofyoururinarytract—fromyourkidneystoyourbladder.Often,stonesformwhentheurinebecomesconcentrated,allowingmineralstocrystallizeandsticktogether.WatchingandDoingAkidneystoneusuallywillnotcausesymptomsuntilitmovesaroundwithinthekidneyorpassesintooneoftheureters.Theuretersarethetubesthatconnectthekidneysandbladder.WatchingandDoingIfakidneystonebecomeslodgedintheureters,itmayblocktheflowofurineandcausethekidneytoswellandtheuretertospasm,whichcanbeverypainful.Atthatpoint,youmayexperiencethesesymptoms:

Severe,sharppaininthesideandback,belowtheribs

Painthatradiatestothelowerabdomenandgroin

Painthatcomesinwavesandfluctuatesinintensity

Painorburningsensationwhileurinating

Othersignsandsymptomsmayinclude:

Pink,redorbrownurine

Cloudyorfoul-smellingurine

Apersistentneedtourinate,urinatingmoreoftenthanusualorurinatinginsmallamounts

Nauseaandvomiting

Feverandchillsifaninfectionispresent

WatchingandDoingPaincausedbyakidneystonemaychange—forinstance,shiftingtoadifferentlocationorincreasinginintensity—asthestonemovesthroughyoururinarytract.Thetreatmentforkidneystonesissimilarinchildrenandadults.Youmaybeaskedtodrinkalotofwater.Doctorstrytoletthestonepasswithoutsurgery.Youmayalsogetmedicationtohelpmakeyoururinelessacid.Butifitistoolarge,orifitblockstheflowofurine,orifthereisasignofinfection,itisremovedwithsurgery.Shock-wavelithotripsyisanoninvasiveprocedurethatuseshigh-energysoundwavestoblastthestonesintofragmentsthatarethenmoreeasilypassedoutintheurine.Inureteroscopy,anendoscopeisinsertedthroughtheuretertoretrieveorobliteratethestone.Rarely,forverylargeorcomplicatedstones,doctorswillusepercutaneousnephrolithotomy/nephrolithotripsy.WatchingandDoingChronicKidneyDiseaseChronickidneydisease,alsocalledchronickidneyfailure,involvesagraduallossofkidneyfunction.Yourkidneysfilterwastesandexcessfluidsfromyourblood,whicharethenremovedinyoururine.Advancedchronickidneydiseasecancausedangerouslevelsoffluid,electrolytesandwastestobuildupinyourbody.WatchingandDoingIntheearlystagesofchronickidneydisease,youmighthavefewsignsorsymptoms.Youmightnotrealizethatyouhavekidneydiseaseuntiltheconditionisadvanced.Signsandsymptomsofchronickidneydiseasedevelopovertimeifkidneydamageprogressesslowly.Lossofkidneyfunctioncancauseabuildupoffluidorbodywasteorelectrolyteproblems.Dependingonhowsevereitis,lossofkidneyfunctioncancause:

Nausea

Vomiting

Lossofappetite

Fatigueandweakness

Sleepproblems

Urinatingmoreorless

Decreasedmentalsharpness

Musclecramps

Swellingoffeetandankles

Dry,itchyskin

Highbloodpressure(hypertension)that’sdifficulttocontrol

Shortnessofbreath,iffluidbuildsupinthelungs

Chestpain,iffluidbuildsuparoundtheliningoftheheart

WatchingandDoingSignsandsymptomsofkidneydiseaseareoftennonspecific.Thismeanstheycanalsobecausedbyotherillnesses.Becauseyourkidneysareabletomakeupforlostfunction,youmightnotdevelopsignsandsymptomsuntilirreversibledamagehasoccurred.Treatmentforchronickidneydiseasefocusesonslowingtheprogressionofkidneydamage,usuallybycontrollingthecause.But,evencontrollingthecausemightnotkeepkidneydamagefromprogressing.Chronickidneydiseasecanprogresstoend-stagekidneyfailure,whichisfatalwithoutartificialfiltering(dialysis)orakidneytransplant.WatchingandDoingUrinaryTractInfectionAurinarytractinfection(alsocalleda“UTI”)iswhathappenswhenbacteria(germs)getintotheurinarysystemandmultiply.Theresultisredness,swelling,andpain.Iftheinfectionisnottreatedpromptly,thebacteriacantraveluptothekidneysandcauseamoreserioustypeofinfection,calledpyelonephritis.Anyonecangetaone,butsomepeoplearemorelikelythanothers.WomengetUTIsmuchmoreoftenthanmen.Thismaybebecausewomenhaveashorterurethra,whichmaymakeiteasierforbacteriatoreachthebladder.Peoplewithdiabetesmayhavechangesintheirbody’sdefensesystem,makingiteasiertogeturinaryinfections.Peoplewithblockagesintheirurinarytract,suchasakidneystone,aremorelikelytogetUTIs.AnenlargedprostateglandinamancanalsoblocktheflowofurineandcauseaUTI.Peoplewhohaveacatheter(tube)placedintheirbladderforalongtimearemorepronetoUTIs.Thisisbecausebacteriaonthecathetercaninfectthebladder.WatchingandDoingSomepeopledonotfeelanysymptoms.However,mostpeoplewillhaveoneormoreofthefollowing:

anurgentneedtourinate,oftenwithonlyafewdropsofurinetopass

aburningfeelingduringurination

anachingfeeling,pressure,orpaininthelowerabdomen(stomach)

cloudyorblood-tingedurine

strongodortotheurineIftheinfectionspreadstothekidneysandbecomesmoreserious,youmayalsohave:

paininthelowerback

feverandchills

nauseaandvomitingUTIsaretreatedwith“antibiotics.”Antibioticsaremedicinesthatdestroybacteria

andstopitfromgrowing.Youmaybetoldtotaketheantibioticsforoneortwoweeks.Thishelpsmakesuretheinfectionhasbeencured.Youmayalsobeaskedtodrinkplentyofwater.WatchingandDoingI.Exercise11.B2.F3.D4.E5.C6.AExercise23-6-2-7-5-1-8-4WatchingandDoingExercise31.

Thekidneysbalancetheamountoffluidinyourbody,detectwasteinyourblood,andknowwhentoreleasetheVitamins,minerals,andhormonesyouneed.Bloodenterseachkidneythrougharteriesthatbranchandbranch,untiltheyformtinyvesselsthatentwinewithnephronsthatuseglomerulusandtubuleforfiltration.Theglomerulusallowscertainingredients,suchasVitaminsandminerals,topassintothetubule.Thetubulesthenredirectotherwasteproductsasurineoutofthekidneysandthroughureters.Uretersemptytheircontentsintothebladdertobedischarged.WatchingandDoingExercise32.Ifthekidneydetectstoomuchofwaterinyourblood,itsendstheextraliquidtothebladdertoberemoved.Ontheotherhand,lowwaterlevelsinthebloodpromptthekidneytoreleasesomebackintothebloodstream.3.ThekidneysalsoactivateVitaminDtosecreteahormonecalledreninthatraisesbloodpressure,andanotherhormonecallederythropoietin,whichincreasesredbloodcellproduction.WatchingandDoingII.Exercise11,2,3,5,7Exercise21.False.

Calciumoxalateisthemostcommontypeofcrystaltoformadetectablestone.2.True.3.True.4.False.

Thepulsescreatevibrationsinsidethestoneitselfandsmallbubblesjostleit.5.False.

Eventhoughcalciumisoftenfoundinstones,calciuminfoodsandbeveragescanactuallyhelpbybindingtooxalateinthedigestivetractbeforeitcanbeabsorbedandreachthekidneys.WatchingandDoingExercise31.Urinecontainscalcium,sodium,potassium,oxalate,uricacid,andphosphate.Ifthelevelsoftheseparticlesgettoohigh,orifurinebecomestooacidic,theycanclumptogetherandcrystallize.Thecrystalscangraduallygrowtoformadetectablestone.Kidneystonescanforminthekidneys,ureters,bladder,orurethra.2.Whenakidneystartstomove,bloodintheurinecanbenoticed,accompaniedbysymptomsofpain,nausea,vomiting,andaburningsensationwhileurinating.3.Extracorporealshockwavelithotripsy,whichpulverizesthekidneystoneswithsoundwaves.WatchingandDoingExercise34.Therearethreetreatmentsmentioned.Oneistouseastentplacedintheuretertoexpandit.Anotheristouseopticalfibersthatdeliverlaserpulsestobreakupthestone.Theotheristosurgicallyremovethestonesthroughanincisioninthepatient’sbackorgroin.5.Becausewatercandilutethecalciumoxalateand

othercompoundsthateventually

buildupintostones.

WatchingandDoingIII.Exercise11.False.

Withchronickidneydisease,there’slessactivatedVitaminD,solesscalciumisabsorbedintotheblood,whichresultsinhypocalcemia—lowcalciumlevels.2.False.

Whenthekidneysstartsensingalower-than-normalamountoffluidgettingfiltered,theyrespondbyreleasingthehormonerenintoincreasethebloodpressure.3.True.4.False.IrreversiblekidneydamagemighthappenwithaGFRbelow60

ml/min/1.73m2.5.True.WatchingandDoingExercise21.urea2.centralnervous

3.tremor4.inflammation

5.crystals6.potassium

7.weakandbrittle

8.AnemiaWatchingandDoingExercise31.Azotemiacancausegeneralsymptomslikenauseaandalossofappetite.2.Inadditiontogettingridofwaste,thekidneysplayanimportantroleinelectrolytebalanceandcalciumlevelsbalance.3.ThekidneyhelpstoactivateVitaminDwhichhelpstoincreaseabsorptionofcalciumfromthediet.4.Thedoctorscanlookatchangesintheglomerularfiltrationrate(GFR)overtimetodiagnoseCKD.Toconfirmthediagnosis,akidneybiopsycanbedonetolookforchangeslikeglomerulosclerosis.5.Inseveresituations,dialysisorakidneytransplantmightbeneeded.WatchingandDoingIV.Exercise11.urethra2.bacteria3.irritation,urinate4.recurrent5.antibioticExercise21.Infectionsthatoccurintheupperurinarytractusuallyaffectthekidney.2.Infectionthataffectsthebladderistermedcystitis.3.Peoplewithdiabetesandspinalcordinjuryareatahigherriskofgettingtheinfection.4.Thesignandsymptomsofupperurinarytractinfectionsmayincludenauseaandvomiting,highfever,paininthebackorside.5.Anultrasoundexaminationcanbeappliedtocheckproblemswiththekidneyandbladder.WatchingandDoingExercise31.AmajorfactorthatcontributestotheprevalenceofUTIsinwomenistheiranatomy.Womentendtohaveashorterurethrathanmen,whichallowsittobeclosertotheanusandareeasilyaffectedbybacteria.Otherriskfactorsincludepregnancy,menopause,sexualactivity,typesofbirthcontrol(suchasdiaphragmsorspermicidalagents),abnormalitiesorblockagesintheurinarytract,orasuppressedimmunesystem.2.Bacteriafirstcauseinfectionintheurethraalsoknownasurethritis,