医学院校研究生英语视听说（第四版）课件 unit 9 Section A Mass Media

医学院校硕士研究生英语

视听说(第四版）首都医科大学应用语言学系EnglishforGraduateStudentsinMedicalUniversitiesDepartmentofAppliedLinguisticsCapitalMedicalUniversityUnit9Section AMass MediaOutlineBrainstormingPairWorkMonologue

PassageCompoundDictationCultureLinkBrainstorming1.LCD2.cyberspace3.GPS4.browser5.ringtone6.blog7.firewall8.virus9.spam10.iPodBrainstorming11.surfing12.MP313.PDA14.download15.hacker16.ADSL17.polyphonic18.texting19.bluetooth20.playstationPairWork1.Thecomputer.Withthedawningoftheinformationage,thecomputerprovestobemoreusefulthanever.Oureverydaylifeiscloselylinkedtoit.PairWork2.First,themassmediakeepuswellinformedofthethingshappeningintheworldwhichwouldotherwiseremainunknown.Second,themassmediapersuadeusmostlythroughadvertisements.Aswecansee,newspapers,magazinesandTVarefilledwithallkindsofcolorful,persuasiveadvertisementswhichtemptustobuytheirproducts.Third,themassmediagiveusentertainment.Televisionandradiobroadcastingprovideuswithalargevarietyofprogramseveryday.Films,books,magazines,etc.giveusdailyamusement.Inaword,themassmediawillbeallthemoreimportantinthefutureandtheirfunctionswillbeenormouslyexpanded.PairWork3.Similarities:IfwecompareradiowithTV,thenobviouslytheybothhavechannels,whileonehasstationsandtheotherhaschannelsbuttheyarethesamethingjustwithdifferentnames.Theyarebothatypeofmediathatrelaysinformationtothepublic.Differences:open-ended.Monologue1.T2.T3.T4.T5.FPassagePassage1I.Thetruestatementsare1,3and5.2.ThenewspaperindustryhasrealizedtheimpactoftheInternetonitsbusiness.Theydecidedthatitshouldtakeitscorecontent,coreproduct,whichisthenews,andpriceitatzero.4.Incontrasttothecompetitors’digitalcontent-firstmentality,theOrangeCounty.Registerisfocusingonacentralcontent-firstmentality.PassagePassage1II.1.switchedfromanalogtodigital2.easiertonavigate3.advertisingsales4.contracts;expanding5.tookover;populatePassagePassage21.B2.C3.B4.A5.CCompoundDictation1.MorseCode2.wirelesstechnologies3.whowouldown,controlandregulatethenewtechnology4.thefastestgrowingandmostusedtechnology5.Soapoperas,storyhours,sitcoms,andcommercialsCulturalLinkHowtoDetectBiasintheNewsAtonetimeorotherweallcomplainabout“biasinthenews.”Thefactis,despitethejournalisticidealof“objectivity”,everynewsstoryisinfluencedbytheattitudesandbackgroundofitsinterviewers,writers,photographersandeditors.Notallbiasisdeliberate.Butyoucanbecomeamoreawarenewsreaderorviewerbywatchingforthefollowingjournalistictechniquesthatallowbiasto“creepin”tothenews.CulturalLinkBiasthroughselectionandomissionAneditorcanexpressabiasbychoosingtouseornottouseaspecificnewsitem.Withinagivenstory,somedetailscanbeignored,andothersincluded,togivereadersorviewersadifferentopinionabouttheeventsreported.If,duringaspeech,afewpeopleboo,thereactioncanbedescribedas“remarksgreetedbyjeers”ortheycanbeignoredas“ahandfulofdissidents”.Biasthroughomissionisdifficulttodetect.Onlybycomparingnewsreportsfromawidevarietyofoutletscanthisformofbiasbeobserved.CulturalLinkBiasthroughplacementReadersofpapersjudgefirstpagestoriestobemoresignificantthanthoseburiedintheback.Televisionandradionewscastsrunthemostimportantstoriesfirstandleavethelesssignificantforlater.Whereastoryisplaced,therefore,influenceswhatareaderorviewerthinksaboutitsimportance.CulturalLinkBiasbyheadlineManypeoplereadonlytheheadlinesofanewsitem.Mostpeoplescannearlyalltheheadlinesinanewspaper.Headlinesarethemost-readpartofapaper.Theycansummarizeaswellaspresentcarefullyhiddenbiasandprejudices.Theycanconveyexcitementwherelittleexists.Theycanexpressapprovalorcondemnation.CulturalLinkBiasbyphotos,captionsandcameraanglesSomepicturesflatteraperson,othersmakethepersonlookunpleasant.Apapercanchoosephotostoinfluenceopinionabout,forexample,acandidateforelection.Ontelevision,thechoiceofwhichvisualimagestodisplayisextremelyimportant.Thecaptionsnewspapersrunbelowphotosarealsopotentialsourcesofbias.CulturalLinkBiasthroughtheuseofnamesandtitlesNewsmediaoftenuselabelsandtitlestodescribepeople,places,andevents.Apersoncanbecalledan“ex-con”orbereferredtoassomeonewho“servedtimetwentyyearsagoforaminoroffense”.Whetherapersonisdescribedasa“terrorist”ora“freedomfighter”isaclearindicationofeditorialbias.CulturalLinkBiasthroughstatisticsandcrowdcountsTomakeadisasterseemmorespectacular(andthereforeworthyofreadingabout),numberscanbeinflated.“Ahundredinjuredinaircrash”canbethesameas“onlyminorinjuriesinaircrash”,reflectingtheopinionofthepersondoingthecounting.CulturalLinkBiasbysourcecontrolTodetectbias,alwaysconsiderwherethenewsitem“comesfrom”.Istheinformationsuppliedbyareporter,aneyewitness,policeorfireofficials,executives,orelectedorappointedgovernmentofficials?Eachmayhaveaparticularbiasthatisintroducedintothestory.Companiesandpublicrelationsdirectorssupplynewsoutletswithpuffpiecesthroughnewsreleases,photosorvideos.Oftennewsoutletsdependonpseudo-events(demonstrations,sit-ins,ribboncuttings,speechesandceremonies)thattakeplacemainlytogainnewscoverage.CulturalLinkBiasthroughwordchoiceandtoneShowingthesamekindofbiasthatappearsinheadlines,theuseofpositiveornegativewordsorwordswithaparticularconnotationcanstronglyinfluencethereaderorviewer.Unit9SectionBPsychologicalDiseasesOutlineWordBuildingPowerWatchingandDoingWordBuildingPoweranorexia厌食，食欲缺乏anxietydisorder焦虑症:一组以焦虑和逃避行为为主的精神障碍anxiolytic抗焦虑药dysphoria烦躁不安，坐立不安，不适

hypochondriasis疑病:一种躯体化精神障碍，特征是把人体正常的感觉和轻微异常当作严重病变hypomania轻躁症mooddisorder心理障碍:一类精神障碍，基本特征为心境紊乱，表现为躁狂或轻躁抑郁综合征

WordBuildingPowerphobia恐怖症post-traumaticstressdisorder创伤后精神紧张，创伤后精神障碍projection推诿:一种潜意识防御机制，将自己不能接受的观点、思想、感情和冲动归结到他人psychoanalysis精神分析法

psychotherapy心理疗法schizophrenia精神分裂症sedative镇静药somatoformdisorders躯体化障碍:一类精神障碍，病因无法用单纯某个因素，如某一种全身性疾病、药物、心理障碍进行解释

WatchingandDoingBackgroundInformationaboutPsychologicaldiseasesDepression:Depressionisacommonmentaldisorderwhichinvolvesadepressedmoodorlossofpleasureorinterestinactivitiesforlongperiodsoftime.Othersymptomsarealsopresent,whichmayinclude:poorconcentration;feelingsofexcessiveguiltorlowself-worth;hopelessnessaboutthefuture;thoughtsaboutdyingorsuicide;disruptedsleep;changesinappetiteorweightandfeelingverytiredorlowinenergy.Depressionisdifferentfromregularmoodchangesandfeelingsabouteverydaylife.Itcanaffectallaspectsoflife,includingrelationshipswithfamily,friendsandcommunity.Itcanresultfromorleadtoproblemsatschoolandatwork.WatchingandDoingDepressionresultsfromacomplexinteractionofsocial,psychological,andbiologicalfactors.Peoplewhohavegonethroughadverselifeevents(unemployment,bereavement,traumaticevents)aremorelikelytodevelopdepression.Depressioncan,inturn,leadtomorestressanddysfunctionandworsentheaffectedperson’slifesituationandthedepressionitself.Thereareeffectivetreatmentsfordepression.Theseincludepsychologicaltreatmentandmedications.Psychologicaltreatmentscanteachnewwaysofthinking,copingorrelatingtoothers.Theymayincludetalktherapywithprofessionalsandsupervisedlaytherapists.Effectivepsychologicaltreatmentsfordepressioninclude:behavioralactivation;cognitivebehavioraltherapy;interpersonalpsychotherapy;problem-solvingtherapy.Antidepressantmedicationsincludeselectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitors(SSRIs),suchasfluoxetine.WatchingandDoingAnxietyDisorder:Thereareseveraltypesofanxietydisorders,includinggeneralizedanxietydisorder,panicdisorder,socialanxietydisorder,andvariousphobia-relateddisorders.Generalizedanxietydisorder(GAD)usuallyinvolvesapersistentfeelingofanxietyordread,whichcaninterferewithdailylife.Itisnotthesameasoccasionallyworryingaboutthingsorexperiencinganxietyduetostressfullifeevents.PeoplelivingwithGADexperiencefrequentanxietyformonths,ifnotyears.SymptomsofGADinclude:feelingrestless,wound-up,oron-edge;beingeasilyfatigued;havingdifficultyconcentrating;beingirritable;havingheadaches,muscleaches,stomachaches,orunexplainedpains;difficultycontrollingfeelingsofworry;havingsleepproblems,suchasdifficultyfallingorstayingasleep.WatchingandDoingPeoplewithpanicdisorderhavefrequentandunexpectedpanicattacks.Panicattacksaresuddenperiodsofintensefear,discomfort,orsenseoflosingcontrolevenwhenthereisnocleardangerortrigger.Duringapanicattack,apersonmayexperience:poundingorracingheart;sweating;tremblingortingling;chestpain;feelingsofimpendingdoom;feelingsofbeingoutofcontrol.Socialanxietydisorderisanintense,persistentfearofbeingwatchedandjudgedbyothers.Forpeoplewithsocialanxietydisorder,thefearofsocialsituationsmayfeelsointensethatitseemsbeyondtheircontrol.Peoplewithsocialanxietydisordermayexperience:blushing,sweating,ortrembling;poundingorracingheart;stomachaches;rigidbodypostureorspeakingwithanoverlysoftvoice;difficultymakingeyecontactorbeingaroundpeopletheydon’tknow;feelingsofself-consciousnessorfearthatpeoplewilljudgethemnegatively.WatchingandDoingAphobiaisanintensefearof—oraversionto—specificobjectsorsituations.Althoughitcanberealistictobeanxiousinsomecircumstances,thefearpeoplewithphobiasfeelisoutofproportiontotheactualdangercausedbythesituationorobject.Someexamplesofspecificphobiasincludethefearof:flying;heights;specificanimals,suchasspiders,dogs,orsnakes;receivinginjections;blood.WatchingandDoingAnxietydisordersaregenerallytreatedwithpsychotherapy,medication,orboth.Cognitivebehavioraltherapy(CBT)isanexampleofonetypeofpsychotherapythatcanhelppeoplewithanxietydisorders.Itteachespeopledifferentwaysofthinking,behaving,andreactingtosituationstohelpyoufeellessanxiousandfearful.ExposuretherapyisaCBTmethodthatisusedtotreatanxietydisorders.Exposuretherapyfocusesonconfrontingthefearsunderlyingananxietydisordertohelppeopleengageinactivitiestheyhavebeenavoiding.Exposuretherapyissometimesusedalongwithrelaxationexercises.Anothertreatmentoptionforsomeanxietydisordersisacceptanceandcommitmenttherapy(ACT).ACTtakesadifferentapproachthanCBTtonegativethoughts.Itusesstrategiessuchasmindfulnessandgoalsettingtoreducediscomfortandanxiety.Medicationdoesnotcureanxietydisordersbutcanhelprelievesymptoms.Themostcommonclassesofmedicationsusedtocombatanxietydisordersareantidepressants,anti-anxietymedications(suchasbenzodiazepines),andbeta-blockers.WatchingandDoingPost-traumaticStressDisorder:Post-traumaticstressdisorder(PTSD)isamentalhealthconditionthat’striggeredbyaterrifyingevent—eitherexperiencingitorwitnessingit.Symptomsmayincludeflashbacks,nightmaresandsevereanxiety,aswellasuncontrollablethoughtsabouttheevent.Mostpeoplewhogothroughtraumaticeventsmayhavetemporarydifficultyadjustingandcoping,butwithtimeandgoodself-care,theyusuallygetbetter.Ifthesymptomsgetworse,lastformonthsorevenyears,andinterferewithyourday-to-dayfunctioning,youmayhavePTSD.Post-traumaticstressdisordersymptomsmaystartwithinonemonthofatraumaticevent,butsometimessymptomsmaynotappearuntilyearsaftertheevent.PTSDsymptomsaregenerallygroupedintofourtypes:intrusivememories,avoidance,negativechangesinthinkingandmood,andchangesinphysicalandemotionalreactions.ThemostcommoneventsleadingtothedevelopmentofPTSDinclude:combatexposure;childhoodphysicalabuse;sexualviolence;physicalassault;beingthreatenedwithaweapon;anaccident.WatchingandDoingAftersurvivingatraumaticevent,manypeoplehavePTSD-likesymptomsatfirst,suchasbeingunabletostopthinkingaboutwhat’shappened.Fear,anxiety,anger,depression,guilt—allarecommonreactionstotrauma.However,themajorityofpeopleexposedtotraumadonotdeveloplong-termpost-traumaticstressdisorder.GettingtimelyhelpandsupportmaypreventnormalstressreactionsfromgettingworseanddevelopingintoPTSD.Thismaymeanturningtofamilyandfriendswhowilllistenandoffercomfort.Itmayalsomeanseekingoutamentalhealthprofessionalforabriefcourseoftherapy.WatchingandDoingI.Exercise11.False.

Itmaystartasnormalgriefafteramajoreventinlife,oritmaystartwithoutanyapparentreason.2.True.3.True.Byaskingtwosimplequestions,wecanidentifypeoplewhomaybeatriskofhavingdepression.First,overthelasttwoweekshowoftenhaveyoufeltdepressed,feltdownorhopeless?Andsecond,inthelasttwoweeks,howoftenhaveyouhadverylittleinterestorpleasureindoingthingsthatyouusedtoenjoy?4.False.

Typicallyittakessixweekstohavetheirfulleffect.5.True.WatchingandDoingExercise23-5-2-6-1-4Exercise31.Idon’thaveexperiencewithdepressionmyself,butIhaveaclosefriendwhoadmittedthathesufferedfromdepression.

Hehasafamilyhistoryandisfamiliarwiththesymptoms.Hetoldmethatit’sOKduringdaytimewhenworkoccupiedhismind,butwhenathomealoneduringnighttime,hecouldn’thelpcryingandhavingbadthought.Fortunately,heisfullyawareofthesituationandislookingforprofessionalhelp.2.Besidesmedicaltreatments,regularexerciseisreallyhelpfulforcheeringoneup.Italsohelpsbuildaroutineforapersontostickto.Meditationisagoodchoicesinceitcanmakeonefeelcalmandremainpeaceful.Stayawayfromalcoholorstrongcaffeinecanalsopreventfromemotionalturmoil.WatchingandDoing3.Iwilltellhim/herthatI’malwaysthereforhim/hertotalkaboutanythinganytime.Depressionisnotasignofweakness,andwecanneverblameourselvesforhavingit.Ifhe/shecanresponseactively,Iwillprobablyalsosuggestprofessionalhelpsuchaspsychotherapy.4.Asafamilyorafriend,Iwillfirstexpressmyloveandsupport,andshowthathe/sheisnotalone.Seekingprofessionalhelpisthepriority,soIwillsupporthim/hercontinuingtherapy,orinfindingthebestmedications.Iwillalsosuggestotheralternativessuchasexercise,creativeactivities,etc.5.FirstofallIwilllearntorecognizethewarningsigns,becausethebadthoughtsmayappearanytime.ThenIwillbefamiliarwithalltheoptionsfromsuicideorganizations,suchassuicidehotlineorinformationofInternationalAssociationforSuicidePrevention.Lastly,Iwillbepreparedforemergencies,includinghowtocontactemergencyroom.WatchingandDoingII.Exercise11.overwhelmed

2.sweating

3.exposure,evidence-based4.controlledbreathing

5.self-careExercise21.A2.B3.D4.B

5.DWatchingandDoingExercise31.Therearemanytypesofanxiety,includingspecificphobiasuchassocialphobia,panicdisorder,generalizedanxietydisorder,etc.Somemightbemanageable,likeacrophobia,orafearofheights,becauseyoucansimplyavoidallplaces.Butotherslikepanicdisorderorsocialphobiacannotbeavoidedeasily.Theyallcauseexcessworrythattroublesdailyactivities.2.Thenarratorissufferingfromgeneralizedanxietydisorder.Heworriesaboutthingsthatcan’tbecontrolledsuchastraffic.Healsocarestoomuchaboutotherpeoplejudginghim.Whenhegetsdelayoftheschedule,hefeelsfrustrated.Becauseoftheemotionalunstableness,thenarratorfacesproblemsdealingwithrelationships.Itmakeshimexhaustedandsad.WatchingandDoing3.Apartfrommentalstress,peoplewithanxietydisorderswillexperiencephysicalsymptomsaswell,suchasshortnessofbreath,racingheartandsweating.Someevengetheadachesorhighbloodpressure.4.Fortreatmentplanofanxietydisorders,thereareseveraloptions.First,peoplecanchooseevidence-basedtreatmentsthatcantreatanytypeofanxietydisorder,includingcognitivebehavioraltherapy,orCBT,exposuretherapy,andacceptanceandcommitmenttherapy,orACT.TherearehelpfulmedicationsknownasSSRIsandSNRIs.Relaxationtechniques,controlledbreathing,andmeditationareeffectiveaswell.Finally,socialsupport,stressmanagement,andself-caretechniquescanbeapplied.5.Forthenarrator,heworkedwithagreatcounselorfortherapiesandtookmedicationlikeanSSRI.Hetriedexerciselikeyoga.Withthosehelp,hecanmanagethestressbyslowingdownbreathing,andtakingcareofreasonabletasks.WatchingandDoingIII.Exercise11,2,3,5,6,7Exercise23-7-5-1-4-6-2WatchingandDoingExercise31.PeoplewithPTSDmayexperiencefourmajortypesofsymptoms.Firstisintrusivethoughts,likedreamsandflashbacks;nextisavoidingremindersortriggersofthetrauma;thenisnegativethoughtsandfeelings,likefear,angerandguilt;lastoneis“reactive”symptomslikeirritabilityanddifficultysleeping.2.Geneticbackgroundcanbeonecause.TheextremestressthepersonisfacingcanalsotriggerPTSD.Therearemanyotherriskfactorssuchasmentalillnessesorlackofemotionalsupport.WatchingandDoing3.AmajorchallengeofcopingwithPTSDissensitivitytotriggers,physicalandemotionalstimulithatthebrainassociateswiththeoriginaltrauma.Thesecanbeeverydaysensationsthataren’tinherentlydangerousbutpromptpowerfulphysicalandemotionalreactions.4.WhenpeopletrytoavoidPTSDtriggers,theymayfeelalonebecausenoonecanunderstandtheirsituations.Itmayseemliketherestofworldismovingonbuttheyaretheonlyonesthatgotstuckinthepast.5.Thereareseveraloptions.Thefirststepistogetanevaluationfromamentalhealthprofessional.Psychotherapycanhelppeopleunderstandtheirtriggers.Medicationisalsocontributingtoone’smanagementofthesymptoms.Besides,self-carepractic