病理学专业英语词汇手册

病理学专业英语词汇手册细胞结构与功能相关词汇CellularStructuresandFunctionsNucleus（细胞核）:Thecontrolcenterofthecell,containinggeneticmaterial(DNA).Mitochondria（线粒体）:Powerhouseofthecell,generatingATPthroughoxidativephosphorylation.Ribosomes（核糖体）:Molecularmachinessynthesizingproteins.EndoplasmicReticulum（内质网）:Rough(withribosomes)orsmooth(lackingribosomes),involvedinproteinandlipidsynthesis.GolgiApparatus（高尔基体）:Modifies,packages,andsortsproteinsandlipidsforsecretion.Lysosomes（溶酶体）:Containdigestiveenzymestobreakdownwastematerials.Peroxisomes（过氧化物酶体）:Metabolizefattyacidsanddetoxifyharmfulsubstances.Cytoskeleton（细胞骨架）:Networkofproteinfilamentssupportingcellshapeandmovement.Microtubules（微管）:Hollowtubesformingstructuralsupportandfacilitatingtransport.Microfilaments（微丝）:Thinfilamentsinvolvedinmusclecontractionandcellmotility.IntermediateFilaments（中间纤维）:Providemechanicalstrengthtocells.CellMembrane（细胞膜）:Lipidbilayercontrolling物质exchangebetweenthecellanditsenvironment.CellAdhesionMolecules（CAMs）:Proteinsmediatingcell-cellorcell-matrixinteractions.GapJunctions（间隙连接）:Channelsallowingdirectcommunicationbetweenadjacentcells.ExtracellularMatrix（细胞外基质）:Networkofmacromoleculesprovidingstructuralandbiochemicalsupport.组织学技术相关词汇HistologicalTechniquesHistology（组织学）:Studyoftissuestructureusingmicroscopy.LightMicroscopy（光学显微镜）:Visualizestissuesatcellularresolutionusingvisiblelight.ElectronMicroscopy（电子显微镜）:High-resolutionimagingusingbeamsofelectrons.TransmissionElectronMicroscopy（透射电子显微镜）:Observesthintissuesectionsatnanometerscale.ScanningElectronMicroscopy（扫描电子显微镜）:Produces3Dimagesofsurfacestructures.Immunohistochemistry（免疫组化）:Usesantibodiestodetectspecificantigensintissuesections.InSituHybridization（原位杂交）:DetectsRNAorDNAsequenceswithinintacttissues.FluorescenceMicroscopy（荧光显微镜）:Visualizesfluorescentlylabeledstructures.ConfocalMicroscopy（共聚焦显微镜）:Provideshigh-resolution3Dimagesofthickspecimens.HematoxylinandEosinStaining（苏木精-伊红染色）:Common染色methoddifferentiatingcellnucleiandcytoplasm.SpecialStains（特殊染色）:Targetspecificcellularcomponents(e.g.,Gramstainforbacteria).TissueFixation（组织固定）:Preservestissuestructureusingformalinorethanol.ParaffinEmbedding（石蜡包埋）:Preparestissuesforsectioning.DehydrationandClearing（脱水和透明）:Removeswaterandreplacesitwithclearingagents.Sectioning（切片）:Slicingtissuesintothinsectionsforanalysis.Mounting（封片）:Adheringslidestoprotectspecimens.病理诊断相关词汇PathologicalDiagnosticsBiopsy（活组织检查）:Removaloftissueformicroscopicexamination.FineNeedleAspiration（细针穿刺）:Cytologicaldiagnosisusingthinneedles.CoreNeedleBiopsy（粗针穿刺）:Tissuediagnosiswithlargerneedles.NeedleBiopsy（穿刺活检）:Minimallyinvasivesamplingofmasses.EndoscopicBiopsy（内窥镜活检）:Tissuesamplingviaendoscopicinstruments.OpenBiopsy（切开活检）:Surgicalremovaloftissuefordefinitivediagnosis.Histopathology（组织病理学）:Studyoftissuechangesunderpathology.Cytology（细胞学）:Analysisofindividualcellsforabnormalities.Dysplasia（不典型增生）:Precancerouscellularchanges.Hyperplasia（增生）:Increasedcellnumberwithoutatypia.Hypertrophy（肥大）:Enlargedcellsduetoincreasedfunction.Atrophy（萎缩）:Reducedcellsizeornumber.Necrosis（坏死）:Celldeathduetoinjuryordisease.Apoptosis（程序性细胞死亡）:Controlledcelldeathinphysiologicalprocesses.Metaplasia（化生）:Conversionofonecelltypetoanother.Dysmetaplasia（异型化生）:Abnormaltissuetransformation.Inflammation（炎症）:Immuneresponsetotissueinjury.Edema（水肿）:Excessfluidaccumulationintissues.Fibrosis（纤维化）:Excessivecollagendeposition.Granuloma（肉芽肿）:Immuneaggregatesinresponsetopathogens.Abscess（脓肿）:Localizedinfectionwithpusformation.Tumor（肿瘤）:Neoplasticgrowthofcells.BenignTumor（良性肿瘤）:Non-invasive,self-limitinggrowth.MalignantTumor（恶性肿瘤）:Invasive,metastaticgrowth.Sarcoma（肉瘤）:Malignanttumorofconnectivetissue.Carcinoma（癌）:Malignanttumorofepithelialcells.Adenoma（腺瘤）:Benignepithelialtumor.Adenocarcinoma（腺癌）:Carcinomaarisingfromglandularepithelium.SquamousCellCarcinoma（鳞状细胞癌）:Carcinomaofsquamousepithelium.BasalCellCarcinoma（基底细胞癌）:Slow-growingcarcinomaofskin.Melanoma（黑色素瘤）:Aggressivetumorfrommelanocytes.Leukemia（白血病）:Cancerofblood-formingcells.Lymphoma（淋巴瘤）:Tumoroflymphocytes.Myeloma（骨髓瘤）:Malignantplasmacelltumor.Metastasis（转移）:Spreadofcancertodistantsites.LymphaticSpread（淋巴转移）:Cancerspreadingvialymphaticvessels.HematogenousSpread（血行转移）:Cancerspreadingviabloodstream.DirectExtension（直接蔓延）:Tumorinvadingadjacenttissues.PerineuralSpread（神经扩散）:Canceralongnervefibers.Micrometastasis（微小转移）:Small,undetectablemetastaticfoci.Macrometastasis（转移瘤）:Visible,largermetastaticlesions.Staging（分期）:Classificationofcancerbasedonextent.TNMSystem（TNM分期系统）:Tumorsize,Nodeinvolvement,Metastasis.Grading（分级）:Tumoraggressivenessbasedoncellularityanddifferentiation.Well-Differentiated（高分化）:Resemblesnormaltissue.ModeratelyDifferentiated（中分化）:Partialresemblancetonormaltissue.PoorlyDifferentiated（低分化）:Minimalresemblancetonormaltissue.Anaplasia（未分化）:Highlyaggressive,abnormalcells.Pleomorphism（异型性）:Variationincellsizeandshape.MitoticFigures（有丝分裂象）:Celldivisionindicatorsintumors.SynchronousMetastasis（同期转移）:Multiplemetastasesdevelopingsimultaneously.MetachronousMetastasis（异期转移）:Metastasesappearingatdifferenttimes.分子病理学相关词汇MolecularPathologyGenomics（基因组学）:Studyofanorganism'sentiregeneticmaterial.Proteomics（蛋白质组学）:Analysisofproteinsincellsortissues.Metabolomics（代谢组学）:Studyofsmallmoleculesinbiologicalsystems.Next-GenerationSequencing（高通量测序）:High-throughputDNA/RNAsequencing.PolymeraseChainReaction（PCR）:AmplificationofspecificDNAsequences.FluorescenceInSituHybridization（FISH）:VisualizesspecificDNA/RNAsequences.ChromosomalAbnormalities（染色体异常）:Numericalorstructuralchromosomalchanges.Translocations（易位）:Rearrangementofchromosomesegments.Amplifications（扩增）:Increasedcopiesofspecificgenes.Deletions（缺失）:Lossofgeneticmaterial.PointMutations（点突变）:Singlenucleotidechanges.MissenseMutation（错义突变）:Aminoacidsubstitution.NonsenseMutation（无义突变）:Prematurestopcodon.SilentMutation（沉默突变）:Nucleotidechangewithoutproteineffect.GermlineMutation（胚系突变）:Inheritedgeneticalterations.SomaticMutation（体细胞突变）:Acquiredmutationsinnon-reproductivecells.DriverMutation（驱动突变）:Contributestotumordevelopment.PassengerMutation（乘客突变）:Randommutationwithoutfunctionalimpact.Biomarker（生物标志物）:Indicatorofbiologicalstateorresponsetotreatment.TherapeuticTarget（治疗靶点）:Molecularabnormalitytargetedbytherapy.ImmunohistochemicalMarkers（免疫组化标志物）:Antibodiesdetectingproteins(e.g.,p53,HER2).MolecularTesting（分子检测）:Geneticanalysisfordiagnosticorprognosticpurposes.FusionGene（融合基因）:Genesabnormallyjoinedincancer.GeneExpressionProfiling（基因表达谱）:AnalysisofmRNAabundance.Microarray（微阵列）:High-throughputgeneexpressionanalysis.Next-GenerationSequencing（NGS）:High-resolutiongeneticprofiling.CancerGenomics（肿瘤基因组学）:Studyofcancer-relatedgeneticchanges.CancerProteomics（肿瘤蛋白质组学）:Analysisofproteinalterationsincancer.LiquidBiopsy（液体活检）:DetectionofcirculatingtumorDNA/RNAorcells.Cell-FreeDNA（游离DNA）:DNAreleasedintobloodfromcancercells.CirculatingTumorDNA（ctDNA）:Geneticmaterialshedbytumors.CirculatingTumorCells（CTCs）:Tumorcellscirculatinginblood.TumorMicroenvironment（肿瘤微环境）:Cellularcomponentssupportingtumorgrowth.ImmuneCheckpointInhibitors（免疫检查点抑制剂）:Drugsblockingimmunesuppression.TargetedTherapy（靶向治疗）:Drugstargetingspecificmolecularabnormalities.Immunotherapy（免疫治疗）:Modulatingimmuneresponseagainstcancer.PersonalizedMedicine（精准医疗）:Tailoredtreatmentbasedonmolecularprofile.MolecularClassification（分子分类）:Tumorsubclassificationbasedongenetics.ClonalEvolution（克隆进化）:Accumulationofmutationsincancerprogression.SomaticHypermutation（体细胞高突变）:IncreasedmutationrateinBcells.MicrosatelliteInstability（微卫星不稳定性）:RepetitiveDNAsequencealterations.CopyNumberVariation（拷贝数变异）:Abnormalgenedosage.ChromosomalInstability（染色体不稳定性）:Frequentchromosomalabnormalities.EpigeneticChanges（表观遗传改变）:GeneexpressionchangeswithoutDNAsequencealteration.DNAMethylation（DNA甲基化）:ModificationofDNAaffectinggeneexpression.HistoneModification（组蛋白修饰）:Changesinhistoneproteinsinfluencingchromatinstructure.Hypermethylation（高甲基化）:ExcessiveDNAmethylationsilencinggenes.Hypomethylation（低甲基化）:ReducedDNAmethylationactivatinggenes.HistoneAcetylation（组蛋白乙酰化）:Increasinggeneexpression.HistoneDeacetylation（组蛋白去乙酰化）:Decreasinggeneexpression.EpigeneticSilencing（表观遗传沉默）:Geneinactivationwithoutmutation.Methylation-SpecificPCR（甲基化特异性PCR）:DetectsDNAmethylationpatterns.BisulfiteSequencing（亚硫酸氢盐测序）:DNAmethylationanalysis.ChromatinImmunoprecipitation（染色质免疫沉淀）:Assessesprotein-DNAinteractions.HistoneChIP-Seq（组蛋白ChIP测序）:Analyzeshistonemodifications.CRISPR-Cas9（基因编辑技术）:EditingDNAsequenceswithprecision.GeneTherapy（基因治疗）:Modifyinggenestotreatdiseases.SyntheticBiology（合成生物学）:Designingbiologicalsystemsfortherapeuticuse.BiomarkerValidation（生物标志物验证）:Confirmingbiomarkerreliability.ClinicalTrial（临床试验）:Testingnewtreatmentsinhumans.PhaseITrial（I期临床试验）:Safetyanddosageassessment.PhaseIITrial（II期临床试验）:Efficacyandsideeffects.PhaseIIITrial（III期临床试验）:Large-scaleefficacyandcomparison.PhaseIVTrial（IV期临床试验）:Post-marketsurveillance.AdverseEvent（不良事件）:Unwantedmedicaloccurrenceduringtreatment.DrugResistance（药物耐药）:Reducedtreatmenteffectiveness.MetastasisSuppression（转移抑制）:Preventingcancerspread.PersonalizedRiskAssessment（精准风险评估）:Genetic-basedriskprediction.TumorHeterogeneity（肿瘤异质性）:Geneticdiversitywithinatumor.ClonalSelectionTheory（克隆选择学说）:Howcancersevolvefromsinglemutations.DriverMutationsinCancer（驱动突变）:Mutationsdrivingtumorgrowth.PassengerMutationsinCancer（乘客突变）:Randommutationswithoutfunctionalrole.SomaticMutations（体细胞突变）:Acquiredmutationsinnon-reproductivecells.GermlineMutations（胚系突变）:Inheritedgeneticalterations.MolecularDiagnosis（分子诊断）:Usingbiomarkersfordiseasedetection.TherapeuticGenomics（治疗基因组学）:Applyinggenomicstotreatmentdecisions.CancerPredisposition（癌症易感性）:Increasedriskduetogeneticfactors.GeneticTesting（基因检测）:Identifyinginheritedcancerrisks.HereditaryCancerSyndromes（遗传性癌症综合征）:Increasedcancerriskduetofamilyhistory.BRCA1/BRCA2（BRCA1/BRCA2基因）:Mutationslinkedtohereditarybreast/ovariancancer.Li-FraumeniSyndrome（Li-Fraumeni综合征）:IncreasedriskofmultiplecancersduetoTP53mutations.TurcotSyndrome（Turcot综合征）:ColorectalandbraintumorslinkedtoAPCmutations.FanconiAnemia（范可尼贫血）:Increasedriskofbonemarrowfailureandcancer.Ataxia-Telangiectasia（共济失调-毛细血管扩张症）:Immunedefectsandcancerpredisposition.HereditaryNon-PolyposisColorectalCancer（遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌）:HNPCCorLynchsyndrome.MolecularClassificationofTumors（肿瘤分子分类）:Subclassifyingtumorsbasedongenetics.CancerStaging（癌症分期）:AssessingcancerspreadusingTNMsystem.CancerGrading（癌症分级）:Evaluatingtumoraggressiveness.CancerPrognosis（癌症预后）:Predictingdiseaseoutcome.CancerTreatment（癌症治疗）:Combiningsurgery,radiation,andchemotherapy.TargetedDrugTherapy（靶向药物治疗）:Drugstargetingspecificcancermutations.CancerImmunotherapy（癌症免疫治疗）:Boostingimmuneresponseagainstcancer.Immunocytology（免疫细胞学）:Studyofimmunecellsincancer.CancerVaccines（癌症疫苗）:Stimulatingimmuneresponsetotumors.CancerTheranostics（癌症治疗诊断）:Combiningtherapyanddiagnostics.CancerMetabolism（癌症代谢）:Abnormalmetabolicpathwaysincancer.WarburgEffect（有氧糖酵解）:Cancercells'preferenceforglycolysis.CancerEpigenetics（癌症表观遗传学）:Epigeneticchangesincancer.CancerStemCells（癌症干细胞）:Cellsfuelingtumorgrowthandrecurrence.CancerMetastasis（癌症转移）:Spreadofcancertodistantorgans.CancerAngiogenesis（癌症血管生成）:Formationofnewbloodvesselsintumors.CancerInvasion（癌症侵袭）:Tumorpenetrationintosurroundingtissues.CancerCellAdhesion（癌细胞粘附）:Changesincell-to-cellbindingincancer.CancerCellMotility（癌细胞运动）:Increasedcellmigrationincancer.CancerCellApoptosis（癌细胞凋亡）:Resistancetoprogrammedcelldeath.CancerCellCycle（癌细胞周期）:Dysregulationofcelldivision.CancerCellProliferation（癌细胞增殖）:Uncontrolledcellgrowth.CancerCellSurvival（癌细胞存活）:Resistancetostresssignals.CancerCellDeath（癌细胞死亡）:Mechanismsofcancercelldeath.CancerCellMetabolism（癌细胞代谢）:Alteredenergymetabolismincancer.CancerCellSignaling（癌细胞信号传导）:Abnormalcommunicationincancercells.CancerCellEpigenetics（癌细胞表观遗传学）:Epigeneticregulationincancercells.CancerCellGenomics（癌细胞基因组学）:Geneticanalysisofcancercells.CancerCellProteomics（癌细胞蛋白质组学）:Proteinprofilingincancercells.CancerCellViability（癌细胞活力）:Assessingcellsurvival.CancerCellSensitivity（癌细胞敏感性）:Responsetotreatments.CancerCellResistance（癌细胞耐药性）:Resistancetotherapies.CancerCellPlasticity（癌细胞可塑性）:Abilitytotransitionbetweenstates.CancerCellHeterogeneity（癌细胞异质性）:Geneticdiversityintumors.CancerCellEvolution（癌细胞进化）:Accumulationofmutations.CancerCellMetastasis（癌细胞转移）:Spreadofcancercells.CancerCellTherapy（癌细胞治疗）:Targetingcancercellsspecifically.CancerCellImaging（癌细胞成像）:Visualizingcancercellsnon-invasively.CancerCellCulture（癌细胞培养）:Growingcancercellsinvitro.CancerCellMechanisms（癌细胞机制）:Underlyingprocessesincancercells.CancerCellResearch