《航海英语二三副》-Unit 9 International Maritime Conventions

Lesson1SOLASConventionWhatisSOLAS?TheInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea(SOLAS)isanimportantinternationaltreatyconcerningthesafetyofmerchantships.ItensuresthatshipsregisteredbysignatoryStatescomplywithminimumsafetystandardsinconstruction,equipmentandoperationofships.WhatisthemainobjectiveoftheSOLASConvention?TheSOLASConventionaimstospecifyminimumstandardsfortheconstruction,equipmentandoperationofships,compatiblewiththeirsafety.FlagStatesareresponsibleforensuringthatshipsundertheirflagcomplywithitsrequirements,andanumberofcertificatesareprescribedintheConventionasproofthatthishasbeendone.ControlprovisionsalsoallowContractingGovernmentstoinspectshipsofotherContractingStatesiftherearecleargroundsforbelievingthattheshipanditsequipmentdonotsubstantiallycomplywiththerequirementsoftheConvention.ThisprocedureisknownasPortStateControl.HowwasSOLASadopted?ThefirstversionofSOLASwasadoptedin1914inresponsetothesinkingoftheWhiteStarLinerTitanic.Itprescribednewinternationalrequirementsdealingwithsafetyofnavigationforallmerchantshipswhichincludesthenumberoflifeboatsandotheremergencyequipmentalongwithsafetyproceduresandcontinuousradiowatches.However,the1914treatyneverenteredintoforceduetotheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWar.Furtherrevisionswereadoptedin1929and1948.The1960Conventionwasadoptedon17June1960andenteredintoforceon26May1965.ItwasthefourthSOLASConventionandwasthefirstmajorachievementfortheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO).Itrepresentedaconsiderablestepforwardinmodernizingregulationsandkeepingupwithtechnicaldevelopmentsintheshippingindustry.TheSOLAS1974,asamended,enteredintoforceon25May1980.TheConventionistheversioncurrentlyinforceanditisunlikelytobereplacedbyanewinstrumentbecauseofthenewtacitamendmentprocedurethatisincludedinArticleVIII.Still,thesaidConventionhasbeenupdatedandamendedonnumerousoccasions,includingthe1978and1988Protocols.WhatarethegeneralprovisionsoftheSOLASConvention?ThecurrentSOLASConventionconsistsofnine(9)Articlessettingoutthegeneralobligations,amendmentprocedures,followedbyanAnnexdividedintofourteen(14)Chapters:ChapterI–GeneralProvisionsChapterII–1–Construction-SubdivisionandStability,MachineryandElectricalInstallationsChapterII–2–FireProtection,FireDetectionandFireExtinctionChapterIII–Life-savingAppliancesandArrangementsChapterIV–RadiocommunicationsChapterV–SafetyofNavigationChapterVI–CarriageofCargoesChapterVII–CarriageofDangerousGoodsChapterVIII–NuclearShipsChapterXI-1–SpecialMeasurestoEnhanceMaritimeSafetyChapterXI-2–SpecialMeasurestoEnhanceMaritimeSecurityChapterXII–AdditionalSafetyMeasuresforBulkCarriersChapterXIII–VerificationofComplianceChapterXIV–SafetyMeasuresforShipsOperatinginPolarWatersArethereexceptionstotheapplicabilityoftheSOLASConvention?TheSOLASConvention,unlessexpresslyprovidedotherwise,donotapplytothefollowing:a.Shipsofwarandtroopshipsb.Cargoshipsoflessthan500grosstonnagec.Shipsnotpropelledbymechanicalmeansd.Woodenshipsofprimitivebuilte.Pleasureyachtsnotengagedintradef.FishingvesselsExceptasexpresslyprovidedinChapterV,nothinghereinshallapplytoshipssolelynavigatingtheGreatLakesofNorthAmericaandtheRiverSt.LawrenceasfareastasastraightlinedrawnfromCapdesRosierstoWestPoint,AnticostiIslandand,onthenorthsideofAnticostiIsland,the63rdMeridian.除第V章另有明文规定外，本规则不适用于专门航行于北美洲五大湖和航行于圣劳伦斯河东至罗歌尔角与安提科斯提岛西点间所绘的直线以及在安提科斯提岛北面水域至西经63°线的船舶。WhatarethesurveysconductedundertheSOLASConvention?Theinspectionandsurveyofshipsiscarriedoutbyofficersofthecountryinwhichtheshipisregistered.Apassengershipshallbesubjectedtothefollowingsurveys:a.Asurveybeforetheshipisputinservice;b.Aperiodicalsurveyonceeverytwelvemonths;andc.Additionalsurveys,astheoccasionarises.Inthecaseofcargoships,aftertheinitialsurvey,theshipissubjecttoasubsequentsurvey:a.Everytwoyearsinrespectoflife-savingappliancesandotherequipment;b.Onceeveryyearinrespectofradioinstallation;andc.Inrespectofhull,machineryandequipment,atsuchintervalsastheAdministrationmayconsidernecessarytoensurethattheship’sconditionissatisfactory.Othersurveysinclude:a.Surveysoflife-savingappliancesandotherequipmentofcargoships;b.Surveysofradioandradarinstallationsofcargoships;andc.Surveysofhull,machineryandequipmentofcargoships.Afteranysurveyoftheship,nochangeshallbemadeinthestructuralarrangements,machinery,equipment,etc.,coveredbythesurvey,withoutthesanctionoftheAdministration.WhatarethecertificatesissuedundertheSOLASConventionandtheirvalidity?a.PassengerShipSafetyCertificate–12monthsb.CargoShipSafetyConstructionCertificate–5yearsc.CargoShipSafetyEquipmentCertificate–5yearsd.ExemptionCertificate-shallnotbevalidlongerthantheperiodofthecertificatestowhichitreferse.CargoShipSafetyRadioCertificate–5yearsLesson2STCWConventionWhatisSTCW?InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforSeafarers,1978isacomprehensivesetofinternationalregulationsintendedtoensurethatthehigheststandardsofseafarercompetencearemaintainedglobally.TheSTCWsetsminimumqualificationstandardsformasters,officersandwatchpersonnelonseagoingmerchantshipsandlargeyachts.STCWwasadoptedin1978byconferenceattheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationinLondon,andenteredintoforcein1984.Subsequentconventionswereheldin1991,1994,1995,1997&2010toupdate&revisethecode.Theamendedcode(STCW95orSTCW2010)isnamedfortheyearthatitwasacceptedbytheIMOandit'ssignatorycountries.TheSTCW2010enteredintoforceon1January2012.WhatisthemainobjectiveoftheSOLASConvention?ThemainpurposeoftheConventionistopromotesafetyoflifeandpropertyatseaandtheprotectionofthemarineenvironmentbyestablishingincommonagreementinternationalstandardsoftraining,certificationandwatchkeepingforseafarers.TheBackgroundofSTCWConventionformulationPriorto1978,Standardswhichwereestablishedbyindividualgovernmentsdifferedsignificantlyeventhoughthemerchantfleetsoperatedinthesamewatersandports.In1960ThediplomaticConferenceoftheStatePartiestotheSOLASConventionadoptedaresolutiononeducationandtrainingforseafarers.In1964IMOMaritimeSecurityCommitteeandtheBoardofDirectorsofILOjointlyestablishedacommitteeforseafarers'training,draftingthe"1964Guidelines"fortrainingseafarerstousenavigationalAIDS,life-savingequipment,fire-fightingequipment,etc.In1971theSTCWSub-committeewasurgently

establishedbytheMaritimeSecurityCommittee

duetothefrequentoccurrenceofmajoraccidentsandtheirserioussocialimpact.In1978theIMOhostedthelargestdiplomaticConferenceinitshistory,attendedbyrepresentativesfrom72MemberStates.OnJuly7,1978,theConferenceadoptedthe1978InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforSeafarers(STCW78),whichcameintoforceonApril28,1984.Majorchangesof1995amendmentsThe1995amendmentsenteredintoforceon1February1997.Oneofthemajorfeaturesoftherevisionwasthedivisionofthetechnicalannexintoregulations,dividedintoChaptersasbefore,andanewSTCWCode,towhichmanytechnicalregulationsweretransferred.Dividingtheregulationsupinthiswaymakesadministrationeasieranditalsomakesthetaskofrevisingandupdatingthemmoresimple.AnothermajorchangewastherequirementforPartiestotheConventionarerequiredtoprovidedetailedinformationtoIMOconcerningadministrativemeasurestakentoensurecompliancewiththeConvention.UnderChapterI,regulationI/7oftherevisedConvention,PartiesarerequiredtoprovidedetailedinformationtoIMOconcerningadministrativemeasurestakentoensurecompliancewiththeConvention,educationandtrainingcourses,certificationproceduresandotherfactorsrelevanttoimplementation.TheSTCWConvention&Code2010ManilaAmendmentsTheManilaamendmentstotheSTCWConventionandCodewereadoptedon25June2010,markingamajorrevisionoftheSTCWConventionandCode.The2010amendmentsaresettoenterintoforceon1January2012underthetacitacceptanceprocedureandareaimedatbringingtheConventionandCodeuptodatewithdevelopmentssincetheywereinitiallyadoptedandtoenablethemtoaddressissuesthatareanticipatedtoemergeintheforeseeablefuture.KeynewtrainingrequirementsChangestoCompetenceTablesLeadershipandTeamworkTrainingRecordBooksMandatorySecurityTrainingRefresherTrainingTankerTrainingNewSeafarerGradesandCertificationMedicalStandardsPreventionofUnsafeAlcoholUseChangestoMinimumRestHoursLayoutofSTCWExceptfortheArticles,theSTCW78wasamendedbythe1995Amendment,aswellasthe2010Amendment,theprovisionsofAnnexandGeneralAssemblyResolutionswereredrafted,andmorespecificrules(STCWCode)correspondingtotheConventionandprovisionsofAnnexwereadded.TheArticles,AnnexandSTCWCodeareindependentandinterrelated.1.ArticlesTheArticleoutlinesthelegalresponsibilitiesaPartyhastomeet.TheamendedSTCW78Conventioncontains17articles,whichincludesgeneralobligationsundertheConvention,definitions,scopeofapplication,communicationofinformation,othertreatiesandinterpretation,certificates,transitionalprovisions,dispensation,equivalents,control,promotionoftechnicalco-operation,amendments,signature,ratification,acceptance,approvalandaccession,entryintoforce,denunciation,depositandregistration,languages,etc.2.AnnexTheAnnexgivestechnicaldetailsonhowthelegalresponsibilitiesreferredtointhearticlesshouldbemet.TheannextotheSTCWConventionasamendedin1995consistsofeightchapters.3.STCWCodeTheConventioncontainsbasicrequirementswhicharethenenlargeduponandexplainedintheSTCWCode,whichincludetwoParts.PartAoftheSTCWCodeismandatory.Theminimumstandardsofcompetencerequiredforseagoingpersonnelaregivenindetailinaseriesoftables.ItcorrespondstoeachchapteroftheAnnextotheConvention.TheregulationsintheannexshouldbereadinconjunctionwiththerelevantsectionoftheSTCWCodePartA.PartBoftheSTCWCodeistherecommendedguidance.ItcontainsrecommendedguidancewhichisintendedtohelpPartiesimplementtheConvention.ItalsocorrespondstothevariouschaptersoftheAnnexoftheConventionandprovidessupplementaryexplanationsoftheprovisionsandcontentguidanceoftheConvention.Althoughitisnotmandatory,thisguidanceconformstothegeneralprinciplesofmaritimetrafficsafetyandpollutionpreventionandechoesotherinternationalconventions.OverviewthecontentofSTCWCodeTheAnnexofSTCW,sameasthecorrespondingCode(PartAandPartB),includeseightchapters.Thecontentsofeachchapteraresummarizedasfollows:ChapterVIIIoftheSTCWAnnex,andtheassociatedsectionsoftheSTCWCode,areaconsolidationofmaterialrelatingtowatchkeepingarrangements.TheprimaryfocusoftheSTCWconventionistoensurethataneffectivewatchismaintainedonallseagoingships,byqualifiedandfitpersonnelunderallcircumstances.ChapterI:Generalprovisions,including15Regulations;ChapterII:Masteranddeckdepartment,including5Regulations;ChapterIII:Enginedepartment,including7Regulations;ChapterIV:Radiocommunicationandradiopersonnel,including2Regulations;ChapterV:Specialtrainingrequirementsforpersonneloncertaintypesofships,including3Regulations;ChapterVI:Emergency,occupationalsafety,security,medicalcareandsurvivalfunctions,including6Regulations;ChapterVII:Alternativecertification,including3Regulations;ChapterVIII:Watchkeeping,including2Regulations;Regulationsaffectingwatch-keepingpersonnelonlyThefollowingregulationsapplytoofficersandratingswhoarepartofanavigational,engineroomorradiowatchorwhosedutiesinvolveddesignatedsafety,preventionandsecurityduties.Thereweremajorchangesintheamended2010STCWtotryandaddresstheproblemoffatiguewithwatch-keepersandharmonisewiththeprovisionsoftheMaritimeLabourConvention2006(MLC).1.Minimumhoursofrestforwatchpersonnel2.Watch-keepingprinciplesandarrangementsTheSTCWConventioncontainsguidanceforwatch-keepingpersonnelonhowtokeepasafewatchatalltimes,whetheratseaorinport.ThecompleteguidelinescanbefoundinsectionA-VIII/2oftheconvention.Themaster,chiefengineerandallwatch-keepingpersonnel(navigation,propulsionandradio)arerequiredtoperformtheirdutiesaccordingtotheseprinciplesandguidelines.aminimumof10hoursofrestinany24-hourperiod;and77hoursinany7-dayperiod.Thehoursofrestmaybedividedintonomorethantwoperiods,oneofwhichshallbeatleast6hoursinlength,andtheintervalsbetweenconsecutiveperiodsofrestshallnotexceed14hours.TheSTCWCode,incombinationwiththeISMCode,prescribesstandardsandrequirementsforwatchkeepingundervariouscircumstances.Thecontentincludes:SectionA-VIII/1FitnessforDutySectionA-VIII/2WatchkeepingArrangementsandPrinciplestobeObserved Part1Certification; Part2Voyageplanning; Part3Watchkeepingprinciplesingeneral Part4Watchkeepingatsea Part4-1Principlestobeobservedinkeepinganavigationalwatch Part4-2Principlestobeobservedinkeepinganengineeringwatch Part4-3Principlestobeobservedinkeepingaradiowatch Part5Watchkeepinginport Part5-1Takingoverthedeckwatch Part5-2Takingovertheengineeringwatch Part5-3–Performingthedeckwatch Part5-4–Performingtheengineeringwatch Part5-5–Watchinportonshipscarryinghazardouscargo Part5-6–CargowatchCHAPTERVIIIStandardsregardingwatchkeepingLesson

3MARPOLConventionWhatisMARPOL?TheInternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips(MARPOL)isthemaininternationalconventioncoveringpreventionofpollutionofthemarineenvironmentbyshipsfromoperationaloraccidentalcauses.WhatisthemainobjectiveoftheMARPOLConvention?TheConventionincludesregulationsaimedatpreventingandminimizingpollutionfromships-bothaccidentalpollutionandthatfromroutineoperations-andcurrentlyincludessixtechnicalAnnexes.SpecialAreaswithstrictcontrolsonoperationaldischargesareincludedinmostAnnexes.TheMARPOLConventionwasadoptedon2November1973atIMO.TheProtocolof1978wasadoptedinresponsetoaspateoftankeraccidentsin1976-1977.Asthe1973MARPOLConventionhadnotyetenteredintoforce,the1978MARPOLProtocolabsorbedtheparentConvention.Thecombinedinstrumententeredintoforceon2October1983.In1997,aProtocolwasadoptedtoamendtheConventionandanewAnnexVIwasaddedwhichenteredintoforceon19May2005.MARPOLhasbeenupdatedbyamendmentsthroughtheyears.MARPOLisdividedintoAnnexesaccordingtovariouscategoriesofpollutants,eachofwhichdealswiththeregulationofaparticulargroupofshipemissions.AnnexTitleEntryintoforceAnnexIPreventionofpollutionbyoil&oilywater2October1983AnnexIIControlofpollutionbynoxiousliquidsubstancesinbulk2October1983AnnexIIIPreventionofpollutionbyharmfulsubstancescarriedbyseainpackagedform1July1992AnnexIVPollutionbysewagefromships27September2003AnnexVPollutionbygarbagefromships31December1988AnnexVIPreventionofairpollutionfromships19May2005ProvisionsofMARPOLConventionCoverspreventionofpollutionbyoilfromoperationalmeasuresaswellasfromaccidentaldischarges;the1992amendmentstoAnnexImadeitmandatoryfornewoiltankerstohavedoublehullsandbroughtinaphase-inscheduleforexistingtankerstofitdoublehulls,whichwassubsequentlyrevisedin2001and2003AnnexIRegulationsforthePreventionofPollutionbyOilDetailsthedischargecriteriaandmeasuresforthecontrolofpollutionbynoxiousliquidsubstancescarriedinbulk;some250substanceswereevaluatedandincludedinthelistappendedtotheConvention;thedischargeoftheirresiduesisallowedonlytoreceptionfacilitiesuntilcertainconcentrationsandconditions(whichvarywiththecategoryofsubstances)arecompliedwith.Inanycase,nodischargeofresiduescontainingnoxioussubstancesispermittedwithin12milesofthenearestland.

AnnexII

RegulationsfortheControlof

PollutionbyNoxiousLiquidSubstancesinBulk

Containsgeneralrequirementsfortheissuingofdetailedstandardsonpacking,marking,labelling,documentation,stowage,quantitylimitations,exceptionsandnotifications.ForthepurposeofthisAnnex,“harmfulsubstances”arethosesubstanceswhichareidentifiedasmarinepollutantsintheInternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCode(IMDGCode)orwhichmeetthecriteriaintheAppendixofAnnexIII.AnnexIIIPreventionofPollutionbyHarmfulSubstancesCarriedbySeainPackagedFormContainsrequirementstocontrolpollutionoftheseabysewage;thedischargeofsewageintotheseaisprohibited,exceptwhentheshiphasinoperationanapprovedsewagetreatmentplantorwhentheshipisdischargingcomminutedanddisinfectedsewageusinganapprovedsystematadistanceofmorethanthreenauticalmilesfromthenearestland;sewagewhichisnotcomminutedordisinfectedhastobedischargedatadistanceofmorethan12nauticalmilesfromthenearestland.AnnexIVPreventionofPollutionbySewagefromShipsDealswithdifferenttypesofgarbageandspecifiesthedistancesfromlandandthemannerinwhichtheymaybedisposedof;themostimportantfeatureoftheAnnexisthecompletebanimposedonthedisposalintotheseaofallformsofplastics.AnnexVPreventionofPollutionbyGarbagefromShipsSetslimitsonsulphuroxideandnitrogenoxideemissionsfromshipexhaustsandprohibitsdeliberateemissionsofozonedepletingsubstances;designatedemissioncontrolareassetmorestringentstandardsforSOx,NOxandparticulatematter.Achapteradoptedin2011coversmandatorytechnicalandoperationalenergyefficiencymeasuresaimedatreducinggreenhousegasemissionsfromships.AnnexVIPreventionofAirPollutionfromShipsAnnex

IChapter5Regulation37ShipboardoilpollutionemergencyplanAlloiltankersabove150GTandothershipsabove400GTarerequiredtocarryanoilpreventionplanapprovedbyMaritimeadministrations.toprovideguidancetotheMasterandofficersonboardtheshipwithrespecttothestepstobetakenwhenanoilpollutionincidenthasoccurredorislikelytooccur.containallinformationandoperationalinstructionsasrequiredbythe“GuidelinesforthedevelopmentoftheShipboardOilPollutionEmergencyPlan”asdevelopedbytheOrganization(IMO)andpublishedunderMEPC/Circ.256.appendicescontainnames,telephone,telexnumbers,etc.,ofallcontactsreferencedintheSOPEP,aswellasotherreferencematerial.Lesson

4MLCConventionWhatisMLC?MaritimeLabourConvention,knownas“MLC,2006”isaninternationalagreementoftheInternationalLabourOrganisation(‘ILO’)whichsetsoutseafarers’rightstodecentconditionsofwork.Itissometimescalledtheseafarers’BillofRights.AsofAugust2021,theconventionhasbeenratifiedby97statesrepresentingover91percentofglobalshipping.WhatisthemainobjectiveoftheMLCConvention?ThisConventionshowshowtripartitedialogueandinternationalcooperationcancombineconstructivelyforthemostglobalizedofindustriestoconcretelyaddressthechallengestosecuringdecentworkingandlivingconditionsforseafarers,whilesimultaneouslyhelpingtoensurefaircompetitionforshipownersTheconventionconsistsofthesixteenarticlescontaininggeneralprovisionsaswellastheCode.TheCodeconsistsoffiveTitlesinwhichspecificprovisionsaregroupedbystandard:ContentandorganizationofMLCConventionTitle1:MinimumrequirementsforseafarerstoworkonashipTitle2:ConditionsofemploymentTitle3:Accommodation,recreationalfacilities,foodandcateringTitle4:Healthprotection,medicalcare,welfareandsocialsecurityprotectionTitle5:ComplianceandenforcementForEachTitle,therearegeneralRegulations,whicharefurtherspecifiedinmandatoryStandards(listA)aswellasGuidelines(ListB).RegulationsandStandardsshouldinprinciplebeimplementedfully,butacountrycanimplementa"substantiallyequivalent"regulation,whichitshoulddeclareuponratification.Minimumagerequirements:theminimumageis16years(18fornightworkandworkinhazardousareas).Medicalfitness:workersshouldbemedicallyfitforthedutiestheyareperforming.CountriesshouldissuemedicalcertificatesasdefinedintheSTCW(oruseasimilarstandard).Training:Seafarersshouldbetrainedfortheirdutiesaswellashavehadapersonalsafetytraining.Recruitment/placementserviceslocatedinmemberstatesorforshipsflyingtheflagofmemberstatesshouldhave(amongothers)properplacementprocedures,registration,complaintproceduresandcompensationiftherecruitmentfails.Title1:MinimumrequirementsforseafarerstoworkonashipContracts:thecontractshouldbeclear,legallyenforceableandincorporatecollectivebargainingagreements(ifexistent).Payments:Wagesshouldbepaidatleasteverymonth,andshouldbetransferableregularlytofamilyifsodesired.Resthours:resthoursshouldbeimplementedinnationallegislation.Themaximumhoursofworkinthatlegislationshouldnotexceed14hoursinany24-hourperiodand72hoursinanyseven-dayperiod,or:atleasttenhoursofrestinany24-hourperiodand77hours(rest)inanyseven-dayperiod.Furthermore,thedailyhoursofrestmaynotbedividedintomorethantwoperiodsand,atleastsixhoursofrestshouldbegivenconsecutivelyinoneofthosetwoperiods.Leave:Seafarershavearighttoannualleaveaswellasshoreleave.Repatriation:Returningtotheircountryofresidenceshouldbefree.Loss:Ifashipislostorfoundered,theseafarershavearighttoanunemploymentpayments.Manning:Everyshipshouldhaveasufficientmanninglevel.Developmentandopportunities:Everyseafarerhasarighttobepromotedduringhiscareerexceptincaseswherethereisaviolationofastatuteorcodeofconduct,whichinevitablyhinderssuchpromotion.Also,skilldevelopmentandemploymentopportunitiesshouldbemadeavailableforeachandeveryseafarer.

Title2:EmploymentconditionsAccommodation:Accommodationforlivingand/orworkingshouldbe"promotingtheseafarers'healthandwell-being".Detailedprovisions(inrulesandguidelines)giveminimumrequirementsforvarioustypesofrooms(messrooms,recreationalrooms,dormsetc.).Foodandcatering:Bothfoodqualityandquantity,includingwatershouldberegulatedintheflagstate.Furthermore,cooksshouldhavepropertraining.Title3:Accommodation,recreationalfacilities,foodandcateringMedicalcare