【《仿生纳米载药系统的简介及应用研究国内外文献综述》1900字】

仿生纳米载药系统的简介及应用研究国内外文献综述最传统的癌症治疗包括化疗、放疗和手术，由于它们作用效果不具有特异性，使得患者可能会遭受严重的副作用，且达不到理想的治疗结果。随着纳米材料和纳米技术的发展，各种纳米材料被制造成空心或多孔结构，以装载和递送药物、治疗性放射性同位素和其他治疗药物到达目标位置。ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[19-21]已经有许多报道显示，与原始的治疗药物相比，纳米载体给药系统表现出无可比拟的优势。例如，纳米载体具有较高的承载能力和对药物的充分保护，避免了不必要的药物损失和副作用。此外，许多传统药物治疗的效率可以在药物传递系统的帮助下显著提高。ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Parhi</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>46</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[22,23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>46</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620746084">46</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parhi,P.</author><author>Mohanty,C.</author><author>Sahoo,S.K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nanotechnology-basedcombinationaldrugdelivery:anemergingapproachforcancertherapy</title><secondary-title>DrugDiscoveryToday</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>DrugDiscoveryToday</full-title></periodical><pages>1044-1052</pages><volume>17</volume><number>17-18</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Yang</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>45</RecNum><record><rec-number>45</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620746077">45</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yang,P.</author><author>Gai,S.</author><author>Lin,J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Functionalizedmesoporoussilicamaterialsforcontrolleddrugdelivery</title><secondary-title>ChemicalSocietyReviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalSocietyReviews</full-title></periodical><volume>41</volume><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[22,23]与此同时，其他治疗癌症的新疗法也被开发出来，包括光热疗法、光动力疗法、基因疗法和免疫疗法等，这些疗法均有可能改善治疗结果。ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[24,25]其中，PTT通过将光能转化为热能来触发癌细胞的死亡。ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Melo-Diogo</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>47</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>47</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620746088">47</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Melo-Diogo,DDe</author><author>Pais-Silva,C.</author><author>Dias,D.R.</author><author>Moreira,A.F.</author><author>Correia,I.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>StrategiestoImproveCancerPhotothermalTherapyMediatedbyNanomaterials</title><secondary-title>AdvancedHealthcareMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedHealthcareMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>1700073</pages><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[3]PTT具有精确靶向肿瘤、可调节照射剂量和无创治疗等优势，近年来在生物学领域受到了广泛关注。ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Liu</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>69</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[26]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>69</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620747636">69</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liu,Y.</author><author>Bhattarai,P.</author><author>Dai,Z.</author><author>Chen,X.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Photothermaltherapyandphotoacousticimagingviananotheranosticsinfightingcancer</title><secondary-title>ChemicalSocietyReviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalSocietyReviews</full-title></periodical><volume>48</volume><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[26]一些光热纳米制剂，如具有各种纳米结构的金、碳纳米材料、铜基纳米晶体、硫化物纳米片和金属氧化物纳米颗粒，已被报道具有优异的杀死癌细胞的光热效应。ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Chen</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>42</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[27]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>42</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620746056">42</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chen,Y.</author><author>Wu,Y.</author><author>Sun,B.</author><author>Liu,S.</author><author>Liu,H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Two‐DimensionalNanomaterialsforCancerNanotheranostics</title><secondary-title>Small</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Small</full-title></periodical><pages>1603446</pages><volume>13</volume><number>10</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[27]最近，为了进一步提高治疗效果，几种不同的治疗方法被联合起来用于协同治疗癌症。ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Cheng</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>70</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[28]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>70</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620747903">70</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cheng,L.</author><author>Wang,C.</author><author>Feng,L.</author><author>Kai,Y.</author><author>Zhuang,L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Functionalnanomaterialsforphototherapiesofcancer</title><secondary-title>ChineseJournalofClinicalOncology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChineseJournalofClinicalOncology</full-title></periodical><pages>10869-10939</pages><volume>114</volume><number>21</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[28]光热剂本身是不够的，因为激光强度不可避免地会随深度而衰减。因此光热消融与化疗一体化的研究已成为一个热点领域。例如，GoelS等构建了用于光热和光动力治疗的纳米药物系统ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Goel</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>74</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[29]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>74</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620753012">74</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Goel,S.</author><author>Ferreira,C.A.</author><author>Chen,F.</author><author>Ellison,P.A.</author><author>Siamof,C.M.</author><author>Barnhar,T.E.</author><author>Cai,W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ActivatableHybridNanotheranosticsforTetramodalImagingandSynergisticPhotothermal/PhotodynamicTherapy</title><secondary-title>other</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>other</full-title></periodical><volume>30</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]；Wang等人利用黑磷纳米片ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>75</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[30]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>75</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620753046">75</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang</author><author>Huimeng</author><author>Zhong</author><author>Lin</author><author>Liu</author><author>Yang</author><author>Xu</author><author>Xin</author><author>Xing</author><author>Chao</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ablackphosphorusnanosheet-basedsiRNAdeliverysystemforsynergisticphotothermalandgenetherapy</title><secondary-title>ChemicalCommunications</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalCommunications</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[30]开发了组合基因和光热疗法。光热疗法的关键是设计和合成具有高效光热效应和高载药能力的光热剂。ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[31-34]到目前为止，利用纳米材料构建肿瘤治疗的多功能纳米系统及其应用在临床得到了广泛的关注ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jia</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>61</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[35]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>61</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620746798">61</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jia,X.</author><author>Cai,X.</author><author>Chen,Y.</author><author>Wang,S.</author><author>Xu,H.</author><author>Zhang,K.</author><author>Ma,M.</author><author>Wu,H.</author><author>Shi,J.</author><author>Chen,H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Perfluoropentane-encapsulatedhollowmesoporousprussianbluenanocubesforactivatedultrasoundimagingandphotothermaltherapyofcancer</title><secondary-title>AcsApplMaterInterfaces</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AcsApplMaterInterfaces</full-title></periodical><pages>4579-4588</pages><volume>7</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[35]。在这些纳米材料中，普鲁士蓝(PB)纳米粒子因其具有强烈的蓝色、磁性、优异的光热转换性、良好的生物相容性和优良的稳定性等独特特性，已获得美国食品药品管理局的批准，在生物医学领域得到了广泛的应用ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xiaojun</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>77</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[36,37]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>77</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620753517">77</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xiaojun</author><author>Cai</author><author>Wei</author><author>Gao</author><author>Ming</author><author>Ma</author><author>Meiying</author><author>Wu</author><author>Linlin</author><author>Zhang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nanoparticles:APrussianBlue-BasedCore-ShellHollow-StructuredMesoporousNanoparticleasaSmartTheranosticAgentwithUltrahighpH-ResponsiveLongitudinalRelaxivity(Adv.Mater.41/2015)</title><secondary-title>AdvancedMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedMaterials</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>78</RecNum><record><rec-number>78</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620753596">78</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title>NewfacesofporousPrussianblue:interfacialassemblyofintegratedhetero-structuresforsensingapplications</title><secondary-title>ChemicalSocietyReviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalSocietyReviews</full-title></periodical><pages>7997-8018</pages><volume>44</volume><number>22</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[36,37]。例如，Zhou和同事报道了高度分散的普鲁士蓝透明质酸纳米立方体，它实现了癌症治疗和双模态TI/PA成像ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhou</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>79</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[38]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>79</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620753708">79</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhou,B.</author><author>Jiang,B.P.</author><author>Sun,W.</author><author>Wei,F.M.</author><author>He,Y.</author><author>Liang,H.</author><author>Shen,X.C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Water-DispersiblePrussianBlueHyaluronicAcidNanocubeswithNear-InfraredPhotoinducedSingletOxygenProductionandPhotothermalActivitiesforCancerTheranostics</title><secondary-title>AcsApplMaterInterfaces</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AcsApplMaterInterfaces</full-title></periodical><pages>acsami.8b01387</pages><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[38]的光热活性。不同形状和大小的中空介孔PB纳米粒子(HMPBNPs)，可用于负载不同溶解度的药物。同时，具有较高光热转换性能的PB可用于肿瘤光热治疗。与贵金属光敏剂(如金)相比，PB更便宜、更容易合成；此外，PB在紫外-可见光谱中的吸收能力强于碳光敏剂(如石墨烯)。相对于金属和非金属复合光敏剂，PB在放射性暴露治疗也表现出较高的生物安全性。ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Shokouhimehr</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>80</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[39]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>80</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620754786">80</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shokouhimehr,M.</author><author>Soehnlen,E.S.</author><author>Hao,J.</author><author>Griswold,M.</author><author>Flask,C.</author><author>Fan,X.</author><author>BaSilion,J.P.</author><author>BaSu,S.</author><author>Huang,S.D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>DualpurposePrussianbluenanoparticlesforcellularimaginganddrugdelivery:anewgenerationofT1-weightedMRIcontrastandsmallmoleculedeliveryagents</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>5251-5259</pages><volume>20</volume><number>25</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[39]空心普鲁士纳米粒子由于具有将大量客体分子包裹在其空核域内的潜力而引起了广泛的关注。ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[35,40-45]近年来，通常采用在PVP存在下利用自腐蚀反应的方法制备空心普鲁士蓝纳米立方体，但这种方法使得空心球的尺寸、厚度等参数难以控制。此外，通过上述合成策略很难实现空心PB纳米颗粒的大规模生产。Lu等提出了用Fe2O3纳米球取代FeCl3提供Fe3+离子的设计路线。在优化的酸性溶液中，Fe2O3纳米球释放的Fe3+离子将与[Fe(CN)6]4反应，并在界面周围原位生成PB壳层；因此，去除Fe2O纳米球后，很容易得到空心PB(HPB)纳米球。HPB纳米球具有多孔的外壳和空心的腔体，适合于药物的负载。同时，PB壳在近红外激光照射下的局部热可以同时调控药物的释放，从而协同作用导致癌细胞凋亡。ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[46]然而，PBNPs作为化学药物载体，其主要挑战是延长体循环时间以减少药物用量，最大限度地发挥其疗效。同时，先天免疫系统和适应性免疫系统可以将基于PBNPs的纳米复合物作为入侵者进行清除，并通过网状内皮系统或单核吞噬细胞系统将其清除出血液循环。此外，在PBNPs表面形成的“蛋白coronas”可以阻断PBNPs与生物系统的相互作用位点，最终导致这些纳米粒子ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wansong</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>57</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[40]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>57</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620746690">57</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wansong</author><author>Chen</author><author>Ke</author><author>Zeng</author><author>Hong</author><author>Liu</author><author>Jiang</author><author>Ouyang</author><author>Liqiang</author><author>Wang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>CellMembraneCamouflagedHollowPrussianBlueNanoparticlesforSynergisticPhotothermal-/ChemotherapyofCancer</title><secondary-title>AdvancedFunctionalMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedFunctionalMaterials</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[40]的清除。因此，较短的血液滞留时间大大降低了PBNPs的抗肿瘤疗效。为了解决这一问题，Liu等通过在在PBNPs表面覆盖红细胞膜被来改善药物在肿瘤部位ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ren</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>82</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[47]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>82</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620755435">82</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ren,X.</author><author>Zheng,R.</author><author>Fang,X.</author><author>Wang,X.</author><author>Zhang,X.</author><author>Yang,W.</author><author>Sha,X.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Redbloodcellmembranecamouflagedmagneticnanoclustersforimaging-guidedphotothermaltherapy</title><secondary-title>Biomaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biomaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>13-24</pages><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[47]的积累。由于红细胞膜表面的CD47是体内网状内皮系统的一种自我识别蛋白ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Rao</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>83</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[48,49]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>83</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620755489">83</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rao,L.</author><author>Xu,J.H.</author><author>Cai,B.</author><author>Liu,H.</author><author>Li,M.</author><author>Jia,Y.</author><author>Xiao,L.</author><author>Guo,S.S.</author><author>Liu,W.</author><author>Zhao,X.Z.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Syntheticnanoparticlescamouflagedwithbiomimeticerythrocytemembranesforreducedreticuloendothelialsystemuptake</title><secondary-title>Nanotechnology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nanotechnology</full-title></periodical><pages>085106</pages><volume>27</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>85</RecNum><record><rec-number>85</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620755749">85</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title>RedBloodCellMembraneasaBiomimeticNanocoatingforProlongedCirculationTimeandReducedAcceleratedBloodClearance</title><secondary-title>Small</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Small</full-title></periodical><pages>6225-6236</pages><volume>11</volume><number>46</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[48,49]，因此经红细胞膜包裹的纳米材料能够提高免疫逃逸能力，延长循环ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>85</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[49]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>85</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0ez9xx2s1rzpt5e0wda5ftat255d2p29ert2"timestamp="1620755749">85</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title>RedBloodCellMembraneasaBiomimeticNanocoatingforProlongedCirculationTimeandReducedAcceleratedBloodClearance</title><secondary-title>Small</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Small</full-title></periodical><pages>6225-6236</pages><volume>11</volume><number>46</n