2025年就业与劳动力关键趋势报告

KEYTRENDSIN

EMPLOYMENTANDLABOUR

Resultsfromthe2ndmonitoring

exerciseoftheprioritiesofthe5thUfMMinisterialDeclarationonEmploymentandLabour-Crosscountryreport

10September2025

ThisreportwaspreparedforETFbyPPMI(partofVeriangroup).

Editors:thereportwasreviewedandeditedbytheETF,withAbdelazizJaouani,SeniorHumancapitalDevelopmentSpecialistasmaineditor,andwithcontributionsfromMihayloMilovanovitch,SabinaNari.

ThecontentsofthereportarethesoleresponsibilityoftheETFanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheEUinstitutions.

©EuropeanTrainingFoundation,2025

Exceptotherwisenoted,thereuseofthisdocumentisauthorisedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0international(CCBY4.0)licence

(https://creativecommons

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Pleasecitethispublicationas:EuropeanTrainingFoundation(2025),

Resultsfromthe2ndmonitoringexerciseoftheprioritiesofthe5thUfMMinisterialDeclarationonEmploymentandLabour.Crosscountryreport.Turin,Italy.

KEYTRENDSINEMPLOYMENTANDLABOUR|02

PREFACE

Thisreportpresentsthefindingsofthecross-countrymonitoringexerciseoftheprioritiesofthe5th

UnionfortheMediterranean(UfM)MinisterialDeclarationonEmploymentandLabourconductedas

partofitsimplementation.TheUfMMinisterialDeclarationwasadoptedinMarrakechinMay2022

1.

ItconsolidatesdataprovidedbyUfMMemberStates(UfMMS)participatingvoluntarilytothemonitoringprocess,andofferinganoverviewofemploymentpolicytrends,progress,andgoodpractices.

Themonitoringexercisebuildsonthe2021pilotmonitoringexerciseresults.TherevisedUfM

MonitoringFramework2022–2025incorporateslessonslearnedfromtheinitialexerciseandrespondstotheevolvingneedsofUfMMSaswellasfocusedprioritiesofthe2022UfMMinisterialDeclaration.ThisincludesthereorganisationoftheUfMMonitoringFrameworkfromfourintothreepillarsinline

withthelatestMinisterialDeclaration:

Pillar1:Moreandbetterjobs–promotingemploymentcreationandentrepreneurship:

•Dimension1:SocialEconomy

•Dimension2:Entrepreneurshipprogrammes

•Dimension3:InformalEconomy

Pillar2:Inclusivelabourmarkets–improvingaccesstoemploymentforworkers,particularlyvulnerablegroups:

•Dimension1:YouthParticipationintheLabourMarket

•Dimension2:Women’sParticipationintheLabourMarket

•Dimension3:Migrants’ParticipationintheLabourMarket

Pillar3:Skillsandlifelonglearning–strengtheningworkforcepreparednessandadaptability:

•Dimension1:Access,Participation,andOpportunitiesforLifelongLearning

•Dimension2:QualityofLifelongLearning

•Dimension3:SystemOrganisation

Themonitoringprocessisdesignedasavoluntaryandparticipatoryinitiative,asstatedintheUfM

MinisterialDeclaration,fosteringacultureofpeerlearning,policydialogue,andcollaborationamongUfMMS.Intotal,thirteencountriesjoinedtheprocesstodate,includingAlgeria,Belgium,France,

Greece,Israel,Malta,Montenegro,Morocco,Palestine,Portugal,Spain,Tunisia(non-participatinginthisround),andTürkiye.Belgiumjoinedin2024andIsraelin2025bothcountriesforpillar2only.Fortheelevencountriesthatparticipatedinthe2021pilot,thesecondexercisefocusedonupdates,

impactofpolicymeasuresimplementationandtargetedsupportforfocalpointsofvolunteeringUfMMS.

TheprocessiscoordinatedbytheUfMSecretariatandtheEuropeanCommission'sDirectorate-

GeneralforEmployment,SocialAffairsandInclusion(DGEMPL)withtheexpertiseandtechnical

coordinationoftheEuropeanTrainingFoundation(ETF).TheETFprovidesexpertiseandsupportindatacollection,analysis,andreporting,ensuringmethodologicalconsistencyacrossparticipating

countries.The2024–2025exercisealsobenefitsfromanimproveddatavisualisationdashboard

(operatedthoughPowerBi),allowingformoreaccessibletrackingofpolicytrendsandimplementationacrossUfMMS.

Aspartoftheparticipatoryprocess,allstepshavebeendiscussedandagreeduponwithvolunteeringcountries,includingtheapproach,themonitoringframework,theindicators,andthereportingtools

andformat.Thecurrentmonitoringroundwasofficiallylaunchedin2024.Nationalcontact

15thUfMMinisterialonEmploymentandLabour

KEYTRENDSINEMPLOYMENTANDLABOUR|03

KEYTRENDSINEMPLOYMENTANDLABOUR|04

persons/focalpointsfromtheUfMMSwhovolunteeredinthispilotmonitoringprocessprovided

relevantdatabetweenOctober2024andMarch2025,followingconsultationswithotherrelevant

ministriesandstakeholdersaccordingtotheneeds.Themonitoringprocessinvolvedcontinuous

feedback,incorporatingstructuredreportingtemplates,coachingsessions,andtargetedsupportto

enhancenationaldatacollectioncapacities.In2025,theprocessalsoincludedadedicatedsession

andpeerlearningexchangewithCEDEFOP,tolookintomonitoringmechanismsputinplaceinEU

UfMMS.UpdatesregardingtheprogresswiththemonitoringprocessweresharedbyETFduringtheUfMRegionalPlatformonEmploymentandLabour(RPEL)meetings,includingtheCommunityof

Practice(CoP)onmonitoringmeetings(Rome,November2024andThessaloniki,January2025).Thepreliminarydraftofthe2025cross-countryreporthasbeenalsopresentedtoanddiscussedwith

volunteeringUfMMSpriortotheUfMRPELandtherelatedback-to-backmeetingoftheCoPinPorto,inMay2025.

Whilethefindingsofthismonitoringexercisearenotintendedasapolicyassessment,theyservetohighlightkeytrendsandidentifypriorityactionsandtoprovidevaluableinsightsintoemploymentandlabourmarketdynamicsinkeypriorityareaslinkedtoemploymentandlabour.Thereport,upon

requestofthevolunteeringcountries,doesnotprovidecomparisonsduetothedifferentcountry

contexts,itprovidesthoughindicativereferencestointernationaldataandbenchmarking.Thefinal

findingsofthissecondmonitoringroundwillbepresentedatthe6thUfMMinisterialMeetingon

EmploymentandLabourandpolicyconferencethatwilltakeplaceinMalta(on13-14October2025),informingregionalpolicydiscussionsandsupportingfuturestrategicinitiatives.

Themainsourcesofinformationforthiscross-countryreportarethenationalmonitoringreportsand

datasubmissionsprovidedbythevolunteeringUfMMemberStates,complementedwithdatafrom

internationalstatisticaldatabasesandETF’sTorinoProcessknowledgebase.Thecross-country

reportprovidesaconsolidatedcross-countryoverviewanddoesnotincludeanalysisofeachindividualcountryreport.Thefindingsandrecommendationsneedtobeconsideredwithintheframeworkoftheagreedapproach,andpossiblelimitations,ofthisexercise.

KEYTRENDSINEMPLOYMENTANDLABOUR|05

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ThemonitoringexerciseisajointworkoftheUfMvolunteeringMemberStates,technicalinputand

steeringoftheEuropeanTrainingFoundation(ETF)inclosecooperationandunderthecoordinationoftheEuropeanCommission(DirectorateGeneralforEmploymentandSocialAffairs,DGEMPL)andtheUnionfortheMediterraneanSecretariat,whosesupporthasbeeninstrumentalthroughoutthe

process.

ThisreportwaspreparedunderthecoordinationofAbdelazizJaouani,SeniorExpertattheEuropeanTrainingFoundation(ETF),wholedthetechnicalworkinclosecooperationwithSabinaNari

supervisingtheoverallprocess,StefanoLasagni,whosupervisedthedataandstatisticalanalysis,andMihayloMilovanovich,whocontributedtotheintegrationofTorinoProcessoutcomesinpillar3.

Theteamisgratefulforthevaluablecontributionsandsupportreceivedthroughouttheimplementationofthemonitoringexerciseandthedraftingofthisreport.

TheEuropeanTrainingFoundation(ETF)alsowishestothankthenationalexpertsandstakeholdersfromtheUfMvolunteeringMemberStates,andallpartnersintheUfMregionalplatformon

employmentandlabour,includingsocialpartners,whogenerouslysharedtheirtime,insights,andexperiences,whichwereessentialinensuringtherelevanceandqualityoftheanalysis.

TheETFacknowledgestheimportantroleofthecontractorwhosupportedthetechnicalworkandcontributedtothepreparationofthisreport,PPMI(partofVeriangroup),inparticularMsSonataBrokeviciuteandMsNeringaSimkute.

ThisreporthasbenefitedfromtheinputandcontributionsoftheETFEditorialBoard,withathoroughpeerreviewcarriedoutbyCristinaMereuţaandUmmuhanBarak,seniorexpertsinemploymentandlabourmarket.

TheETFisparticularlygratefultotheEuropeanCommission(DGEMPL)andUnionforthe

MediterraneanSecretariatfortheirsupportforasmoothimplementationofthemonitoringprocess.

ThecontentsofthisreportarethesoleresponsibilityoftheEuropeanTrainingFoundationanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheEuropeanUnioninstitutions.

KEYTRENDSINEMPLOYMENTANDLABOUR|06

CONTENTS

PREFACE

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

5

CONTENTS

6

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

7

1.INTRODUCTION

10

2.OVERVIEWOFTHESOCIOECONOMICCONTEXT

12

3.POLICYPROGRESSINTHETHREEUFMMINISTERIALPRIORITIES

18

3.1Pillar1:Moreandbetterjobs:employmentcreationandentrepreneurship

18

3.2Pillar2:Makinglabourmarketsmoreinclusiveforworkersandpotentiallyvulnerablegroups

24

3.3Pillar3:Preparingforwork:skillsandlifelonglearning

33

4.CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS

45

Pillar1:MoreandBetterJobs

45

Pillar2:MakingLabourMarketsmoreinclusiveforworkersandpotentiallyvulnerablegroups

47

Pillar3:Preparingforwork:skillsandlifelonglearning

49

ACRONYMS

52

REFERENCES

54

KEYTRENDSINEMPLOYMENTANDLABOUR|07

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

Thiscross-countryreportpresentstheresultsofthemonitoringoftheprioritiesofthe5thUfM

MinisterialDeclarationonEmploymentandLabour.ItsdraftingandpreparationwerecoordinatedbytheETF,withthesupportofPPMI(PartofVeriangroup)anditbringstogethercountryreports

submittedby13UfMvolunteeringmemberstates,complementedwithqualitativedatafrominternationalsources,gatheredbytheETF.

Thereporttracksprogressintheimplementationoftheprioritiesofthe5ᵗʰUfMMinisterialDeclarationonEmploymentandLabourandaimstostrengthenpeerlearningandevidence-basedpolicymaking,respondingtothe4thUfMMinisterialDeclarationof2019.

Methodologically,thisreportisinformedbythecombinationofquantitativeandqualitativeself-

reportedpolicyevidence,datafrominternationalsources,andtheETFTorinoprocessdatabase.Theanalysisofalltheseevidenceanddataisstructuredaroundthethreepillarsofthemonitoring(1)Moreandbetterjobs:employmentcreationandentrepreneurship;(2)Makinglabourmarketsmoreinclusiveforworkersandpotentiallyvulnerablegroups;and(3)PreparingforWork:SkillsandLifelonglearning,precededbyanoverviewofthesocioeconomiccontextandtrendsintheUfMMemberStates

participatingintheprocess.

Lookingattheoverviewofthesocioeconomiccontext,theanalysisshowsthatthesocioeconomic

situationintheUfMvolunteeringcountrieshasevolvedsince2021.Youthpopulationisslowly

decreasingincertaincountriesandworkingagecohortsareprojectedtoshrinkinEUmemberstates(MS)andMontenegrobutstabiliseinArabMediterraneancountries(AMCs),IsraelandTürkiye.

FertilityratesarelowintheEU,yethigher,thoughalsodecreasing,inAMCs.Ontheotherhand,GDPpercapitaandlabourproductivityhavelargelyrecoveredsincethepandemic,yetsomegapspersist,reflectinglowerresearchanddevelopment(R&D)spendandinnovationrankingsinmostAMCs.

Educationalattainmentisincreasing;however,collectivebargainingcoverageandcivicparticipationremainunevenacrossEUMS,AMC,Israel,MontenegroandTürkiye.

RegardingPillar1:Moreandbetterjobs:employmentcreationandentrepreneurship,UfM

volunteeringcountriesshoweffortsforjobcreationthroughthesocialeconomy,entrepreneurshipandlabourformalisation.Mostofthevolunteeringcountrieshaveoraredraftinglegalframeworksforthe

socialeconomy;whileFrance,Spain,andPortugalestimatetheirsocialeconomycontributionatupto10%ofGDP.EntrepreneurshiphasalsobenefitedfromstrengthenedeffortsbytheUfMvolunteeringcountries,asreflectedinnewstart-upfinanceschemes,updatedlegalframeworks,curricular

integrationanddeeperprivate-sectorengagement,althoughmostmeasuresarestillbeingphasedin.MostUfMvolunteeringcountrieshavealsotightenedlegalandinspectionregimesforundeclaredworkandintroducedsimplifiedbusinessregistrationandtaxincentives,yetinformalemploymentstill

exceedsaquarterofnon-agriculturaljobsinseveraleconomies.

AsforPillar2:Makinglabourmarketsmoreinclusiveforworkersandpotentiallyvulnerablegroups,allUfMvolunteeringcountriesdevelopedyouthstrategiesforparticipationinthelabourmarket.However,whileNEETratesaredecreasinginsomecountries,inactivityremainshighforyoungwomeninmanyAMCs.UfMvolunteeringcountrieshavealsoadoptedcomprehensivegender-equalitystrategies,

includingactionplans,anti-discriminationlaws,pay-transparencyindices,work-life-balancedirectives,targetedincentives,andsocialdialoguemechanismstoincreasewomen’sparticipationinthelabour

market.Consequently,women’sactivityrateshaveriseninseveralUfMvolunteeringcountries

between2015and2023.UfMvolunteeringcountrieshavealsoadoptedavarietyofmigrationpolicies,suchasdedicatedstrategiesoractionplansdesignedtoincreaseemployabilityvialanguagetraining,skillsrecognitionandtailoredmeasures.Mostvolunteeringcountriesnowalsoincludemigrant

integrationinsocialdialoguemechanisms.

Pillar3:PreparingforWork:Skillsandlifelonglearningshowsthatvocationaleducationand

lifelong-learningreformsareadvancinginUfMvolunteeringcountries.Portugal,Montenegro,and

Moroccoarepioneeringmodularadultlearning,prior-learningrecognition,modernisingcurriculaand

KEYTRENDSINEMPLOYMENTANDLABOUR|08

expandingadultretraining.FranceandPortugalexcelinintegratingliteracy,numeracyanddigital

competences.Inaddition,centresofexcellenceinpedagogy,governanceandsocialinclusion—

coupledwithinnovativemodularcourses,green-digitalcurriculaandstrongindustrylinksincountriessuchasAlgeria,Montenegro,SpainandTürkiyepresenteffortsforsystemicreformtoincreasingly

matchVETwithlabour-marketneeds.

Toconclude,thismonitoringroundshowscountriesmovingfromagendasettingtotangible

implementationalthoughthepaceandextentvarydependingonthecontext.Socialeconomy

frameworksandstart-upecosystemsareexpanding,NEETratesaredecreasing,andeducationandtrainingsystemsaregrowingmoreresponsivetoeconomicandlabourmarketneeds.However,somechallengesremain,includinginformalemployment,gendergaps,regionaldisparities,especially

betweenruralandurbanareas,andskillsmismatches,amongothers.

Theoverarchingrecommendationscomingfromthissecondexercisearepresentedbelow,whilemorepillar-specificrecommendationscanbefoundinthe“ConclusionsandRecommendations”section:

StrengthenintegratedapproachestotackleyouthinactivityandNEETs

Adoptholisticandcoordinatedapproachestargetingyoungpeoplenotinemployment,educationortraining(NEETs).Thisincludesearlyidentificationmechanisms,personalisedguidance,and

expandedaccesstoapprenticeships,employmentandentrepreneurshippathways.TheseactionscoulddrawinspirationfromtheEUYouthGuaranteemodelandbetailoredtonationalandlocal

contexts.ThisalsoincludessupporttoinitiativessuchastheEuropeanAlliancefor

Apprenticeships.

Promotegender-responsiveemploymentstrategies

Fosterpoliciesthatreducestructuralbarrierstowomen'sparticipationinthelabourmarket,

includingexpandedaccesstoaffordablechild-care,targetedentrepreneurshipincentives,flexibleworkingarrangements,andreskillingopportunitiesindigitalandgreensectors.Attentionshouldbegiventopromotingequalpay,qualityjobs,andgenderparityinleadershipanddecision-making

roles.

Supporttransitionfrominformaltoformalemployment

Encouragegovernmentstoscaleuppilotprogrammesandtargetedinitiativesthatincentivisethetransitionfrominformaltoformalwork,particularlyforyouthandwomen.Thisincludessimplifiedadministrativeprocesses,socialprotectioncoverage,andfiscalincentivesforformalisation.

Strengthencontrolsandsanctionstodeternon-compliance,forexample,byincreasinglabour

inspections,imposingfinesforundeclaredwork,suspendingbusinesslicencesincasesof

repeatedviolations,andleveragingtaxauditstospottaxevasion.Peerlearningacrosscountriesshouldbepromotedtosharebestpracticesandlessonslearned.

Reinforceframeworksformeaningfulandinclusivesocialdialogue

Strengthennationalinstitutionalframeworksthatensuretheregularandeffectiveparticipationofsocialpartners,suchasbusinesssupportorganisations,includingyouthandwomen’s

organisations,inthedesign,implementation,andmonitoringoflabourandemploymentpolicies.

Socialdialogueshouldbeinclusive,continuous,andintegratedintobroaderreformprocessestoensurebuy-inandsustainability.

Improvelabourmarketmonitoringanddatasystems

Supportthedevelopmentanduseofreliableandinternationallycomparable,disaggregatedlabourmarketdatatoinformevidence-basedpolicymaking,withparticularemphasisondataaccessibilityanddatasharingforresearchers.Nationalmonitoringeffortsshouldbereinforcedthrough

technicalcooperationandcapacity-building,particularlyviatheUfMCommunityofPracticeonMonitoring,tofacilitatepeerlearning,harmonisation,andsharedprogresstracking.

KEYTRENDSINEMPLOYMENTANDLABOUR|09

Reinforcedatacollectiononpeoplewithdisabilities

Pillar2onInclusiveLabourMarketsshouldbeexpandedtocollectdataonpersonswith

disabilities,eitherasseparateindicatorsthroughoutthethreeoutlineddimensions,orasaseparatedimension.Thiswouldensuretheirfullrepresentationandsupportinlabourmarketpoliciesand

promoteequalopportunitiesthroughpolicyinnovationandtargetedmeasuresthatenablepersonswithdisabilitiestoaccesstheemployment.

Boostsocial,greenanddigitalentrepreneurshipecosystems

Strengthenregionalcooperationinsupportofinclusiveentrepreneurshipecosystems,with

particularemphasisonsocial,greenanddigitalentrepreneurship,includingtraditionalgreen

sectorssuchasagricultureandruralskills.Thisincludesdevelopingenablinglegalframeworks,promotingaccesstofinanceandsocialinvestment,fosteringcross-bordermobilityofsocial

entrepreneurs,andbuildingbusinesscapacitythroughtailoredtechnicalsupport.

Investinlifelonglearningsystemstosupportinclusiveandfuture-proofskillsdevelopment

Promoteinclusiveandadaptedlifelonglearningframeworksthatrespondtoevolvinglabour

marketneeds,supportupskillingandreskilling,andfacilitatesmoothschool-to-workandwork-to-worktransitions.Lifelonglearningshouldbesupportedbymodernisededucationandtraining

systems,qualityassurancemechanisms,lifelongcareerguidanceandcounselling,national

qualificationframeworksandimprovedrecognitionofnon-formalandinformallearning,includingthroughmicro-credentials.

Promoteregionalcooperationandpeerlearning

FacilitatestructuredregionalpeerlearningthroughCommunitiesofPractice,thematicnetworks,regionalworkshops,andconferences.Theseplatformsshouldsupportsystematicknowledge

sharing,capacity-building,andcoordinatedactionacrossborders,contributingtomorecoherentandimpactfulemploymentandlabourmarketreforms.Examplesofeventsinclude:promoting

structuralandsustainablesocio-economicchangesthroughinitiativessuchastheTransitiontoEmploymentInitiative(TEI),andUfM’sHubforJobs,Trade,andInvestment;maintainingand

developingtheUfMCommunityofPracticeonmonitoring,withanewcohortandanadopted

monitoringchart;highlightingtheroleoftheUfMSecretariatandUfMgrantschemesin

implementation;organisingtheUfMForumonSocialDialoguein2026,targetingsocialpartners;launchingtheUfMForumonEmploymentandLabourfrom2026onwards;developingtheUfMRegionalPlatformonEmploymentandLabour,includingaRoadmapforAction2025–2028for

follow-up;holdingthe7thMinisterialMeetingonEmploymentandLabourin2028.

1.INTRODUCTION

Theobjectiveofthemonitoringprocessistofosteracultureofmonitoringandevidence-based

policymakingaimedatimprovingtheefficiency,effectiveness,andinclusivityofemploymentand

labourmarketpolicies.Thisprocessfollowsapolicylearningapproach,facilitatingpeerexchange,mutuallearning,andregionalcooperationamongtheUnionforMediterraneanMemberStates(UfMMS).

Themonitoringisorganisedonamulti-annualbasisinlinewiththeUfMMinisterialDeclarationson

EmploymentandLabour.Afirstpilotmonitoringreportwasproducedin2021,andthissecondcross-countryreport(2025)buildsonthatexperiencewithanupdatedframework.Regularroundsof

monitoringareforeseentoaccompanyfutureUfMMinisterialmeetings,ensuringsystematictrackingofprogressandcontinuityinregionalcooperation.

Morespecifically,theparticipationinthemonitoringprocessisintendedto:

Fosterexchange,peerlearning,aswellasnetworkingandcooperationwithcountries'stakeholdersandinternationalorganisations;

Identifyandgatherreliabledisaggregateddataandstatistics,aswellasworkonrelevantindicators,encouragingtheirharmonisationandsharing;

Contributetoimprovingnationalcapacitiesformonitoringpoliciesrelatedtothelabourmarket;tomonitoringtheimpactonthelabourmarketofotherpoliciesandcooperationinitiativesinareas

suchasindustrialcooperation,tradeandinvestment,migration,educationandtrainingandgenderequality,amongotherareas;

IncentivisecountriestosharetheirnationalmonitoringreportsonaregularandvoluntarybasisonthemainnationaltrendsinthefieldofemploymentandlabourwiththeUfMSecretariat;thiscouldbeanopportunitytoidentifyinnovativeandstrategicoperationalprogrammesandinitiativeswhichcontributetocountries'efforts;

PromoteopportunitiesfortheUfMSecretariat,EuropeanCommissionandtherelevantEU

agencies,inparticulartheETF,toproviderelevantexpertisetothisworkandfacilitatethe

exchangeofexperiences,goodpractices,lessonslearnedandinnovativeapproachesatnationalandinternationallevels.

TheseobjectiveshavebeenendorsedbytheUfMMStoensurethesystematictrackingofprogressanddevelopmentswithintheframeworkofthe2022UfMMinisterialDeclarationonEmploymentandLabour.TheMinisterialDeclarationalsounderscorestheneedtofosterregularexchangesand

knowledge-sharingthroughaCommunityofPractice(CoP).TheUfMMSactivelyparticipatinginthisprocessformadynamicplatformwherecountriescandiscussprogress,exchangeexperiences,andaddresschallengesrelatedtotheprioritiesoftheMinisterialDeclarationanditsmonitoringprocess.

ThisexchangefollowstheprinciplesofaCoP,reinforcingcollectivelearningandregionalpolicy

alignment.TheUfMRegionalPlatformonEmploymentandLabour,furtherenrichestheseexchangesthroughacontinuedcrossfeedingofinformation,goodpracticeandlessonslearned,touchingupon

variousareasandthematicprioritiesofthemonitoringframework.

Furthermore,theoutcomesandgoodpracticesemergingfromthismonitoringexercisearealso

expectedtobenefitotherCoPs,suchastheUfMCommunityofPracticeonYouthEmploymentintheSouthernMediterranean.Thisinitiative,launchedwiththesupportoftheGermanDevelopment

Cooperation(GiZ)followingthe2022MinisterialDeclaration,strengthensemploymentpoliciesforyouthintheregion

2.

2DiscussionsareongoingrelatedtoasecondphaseoftheCoPonYouth

KEYTRENDSINEMPLOYMENTANDLABOUR|10

Thisreportisstructuredaroundthreekeysections:

Socioeconomiccontext-presentsananalysisbasedonkeylabourmarketindicatorsinvolunteeringcountries;

Monitoringresultsbypillar-outlinesfindingsbasedonthethreekeyMinisterialprioritiesandthequalitativedataprovidedbyvolunteeringcountries;

Concludingremarks-summariseskeytrends,challenges,andpolicyrecommendations.

ThereportcoversgeographicallytheUfMMemberStatesthatvolunteeredforthemonitoringexercise(seethefulllistinthePrefacesectionabove).Theresultspresentedarespecifictothosecountries

andtothedatamadeavailable.Whereapplicable,referencestotheUfMEUMemberStatesapplytothosethatarealsopartoftheEuropeanUnion(EU),whileAMC(ArabMediterraneancountries

)3

refertotheotherUfMvolunteeringMSasoutlinedinthesectionbelow.Somecountriescannotbe

classifiedasEUorAMC,suchasIsrael,Montenegro,andTürkiye.Throughoutthetext,thefollowingabbreviationsareusedforthecountries:Algeria-DZ;Belgium-BE;France-FR;Greece-EL;

Israel-IL;Malta-MT;Montenegro-ME;Morocco-MA;Palestine-PS;Portugal-PT;Spain-ES;Tunisia-TN;Türkiye-TR.

3ThisreportfollowsthecountryspecificterminologyexampleofETF(2021)Policiesforhumancapitaldevelopment:SouthernandEasternMediterraneanregion-AnETFTorinoProcessassessment,whereAMCincludeallcountriesintheSouthernandEasternMediterraneanexceptIsraelthatinthisreportisindicatedasnon-AMC,togetherwithMontenegro,andTürkiye.

KEYTRENDSINEMPLOYMENTANDLABOUR|11

2.OVERVIEWOFTHESOCIOECONOMICCONTEXT

ThesocioeconomiclandscapeoftheUfMMS

4

hasundergonenotableshiftssince2021,shapedbydemographictransitions,technologicaladvancements,andevolvinglabourmarketdynamics,among