利用数字技术实现更智能的农业用水管理

IncollaborationwithKoç

HoldingHarnessing

DigitalTechnologies

for

SmarterWaterManagementinAgricultureWJR

LDECCN

MICF

ORUMW

H

IT

E

PA

P

E

RJ

U

N

E

2

0

2

5Images:Getty

ImagesContentsForeword

3Executivesummary

4Introduction51

Closingthegap

inagriculturalwaterefficiency91.1

Monitoringandassessingwater

resourceavailability111.2Optimizing

irrigationefficiencywithsmartsystems131.3Strategiccropselectionforwater

resilience161.4

Leveragingtechnologyto

maximize

rainwater

harvesting182

Buildingthefoundationfordigitalwatersolutions

inagriculture192.1

Establishingdata

infrastructureforsmartagriculture212.2

Expandingconnectivity

in

ruralareas242.3

Upskillingfarmersto

leveragedigitaltechnologies242.4

Makingsmartagricultureaffordableand

scalable253

Conclusion

27Contributors29Acknowledgements29Endnotes

31DisclaimerThisdocumentis

published

bytheWorld

Economic

Forumasacontributionto

a

project,

insight

area

or

interaction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedherein

are

a

resultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitated

andendorsedbytheWorld

Economic

Forumbutwhoseresultsdo

not

necessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorld

EconomicForum,nor

the

entirety

of

its

Members,Partnersorother

stakeholders.©2025World

Economic

Forum.All

rightsreserved.

No

part

of

this

publication

maybereproducedortransmitted

in

anyformorbyany

means,

including

photocopyingandrecording,or

by

any

informationstorage

and

retrieval

system.HarnessingDigitalTechnologiesforSmarterWaterManagementinAgriculture2Today,2.2

billion

people

lackaccessto

safedrinkingwater.

Upto

700

million

peoplecouldbeforcedto

relocatedueto

water

shortagesby2030.1

Increasing

global

temperatures,unpredictableweather

patternsandthegrowingfrequencyofdroughtsfurther

strainfreshwaterresources,disruptingfoodsecurity

andthreatening

livesand

livelihoods.These

pressures

reflectadeeper

systemicchallenge:theglobal

hydrologicalcycle

itself

beingdisrupted,amplifyingexistingvulnerabilities

anddestabilizingecosystems.Agricultureaccountsforover

70%

of

globalfreshwaterwithdrawalsand

playsa

key

role

inaddressingtheglobalwaterscarcity

challenge.2However,

manyagriculturalsystems

still

relyonoutdated

irrigation

methodsand

inefficientwater

practices,

makingthem

morevulnerabletoclimate-induceddisruptions

and

reducedagricultural

productivity.

Meetingthesechallenges

callsforatransition

from

reactive

watermanagementtoforward-thinking,data-drivenapproachesto

improve

resilienceandsustainability

overthe

long

run.

Digitalsolutions

offer

achanceto

bridgethisgap

byfacilitating

real-time

monitoring,

predictiveanalyticsand

precisionirrigation

methodsthatenhancewater

efficiencyona

largescale.Without

digitaltransformation,

agriculture

risksfalling

behind

inaddressingclimate-inducedwatershortages.This

report,

incollaborationwith

Koç

Holding,explores

howdigitaltechnologiescan

advanceagriculturalwater

management.Through

practical

usecasesand

applied

strategies,

it

showcaseshowartificial

intelligence

(AI),

internetofthings

(IoT),

remotesensingand

other

advancedtechnologies

can

work

together

to

monitorwateravailability,optimize

irrigation

and

guide

cropselectionstrategies

inagriculture.

Drawing

onthe

insightsof

industry

leaders,academiaand

membersoftheWorld

Economic

Forum’s

TechforClimateAdaptation

initiative,WaterFuturesCommunity

andFood

Innovation

Hubs,the

report

isdesignedto

helpdecision-makers

navigatethe

intricaciesofwater

management

underclimatechange

pressure.To

that

end,it

presentsactionable

insightsgrounded

inlived

realities

ratherthantheoretical

models,aswellastoolsto

advance

implementation

strategiesandguide

investment,

policy

andcollaboration

initiativesacrosstheagricultural

landscape.The

integrationofcutting-edgedigital

technologieswithawell-defined,strategic,

multi-stakeholderframework

presentsa

promisingavenueforenhancedefficiency

in

agriculturalwatermanagementsystems.

Byadvancing

robustdatainfrastructuresystems,capacity

building

andcoordinated

regulatory

initiatives,

it

isfeasibletoaccomplisha

notabledecrease

inwater

wasteand

improvedefficiency

inagriculturalwatermanagement.

Findingsvalidatethe

importanceofstakeholderengagementthroughcollaborationandshared

knowledgeto

build

long-termresiliencetofuturewaterstresses

and

shocks.Embracingthis

holisticapproachcreates

theessentialconditionsforeffective

deployment

ofdigitalsolutions,ensuringthattechnology,

policy

andoperationalexpertise

are

aligned.

Bytheconclusionofthis

report,

policy-makers,

business

leadersandwater

managementexperts

will

beequippedwithactionable

recommendationsto

increasewaterefficiency,

reducewaste

andenhancesustainability,driving

long-termwater

securityforfuture

generations.HarnessingDigitalTechnologiesforSmarterWaterManagementinAgricultureForewordHatice

YıldırımDigitalTransformation

Program

Manager,Koç

HoldingHarnessingDigitalTechnologiesforSmarterWaterManagementinAgriculture3Helen

BurdettHead,Technology

for

Earth,

World

Economic

ForumTaniaStraussHead,

FoodandWater,World

Economic

ForumJune2025Thedisruptionofhydrological

cycles

as

a

resultofclimatechangecontributesto

more

severeandfrequentdroughts

incertaingeographies.3Inefficientwaterstrategiesfurtherdrain

naturalwater

resourcesand

underminefoodsecurity,putting

immense

pressureon

majorfreshwaterconsumers.Agriculturesitsatthe

heartofthe

crisis.

Althoughthesectoraccountsforthe

majorityofglobalfreshwaterwithdrawals,

inefficient

irrigation,

outdated

infrastructureand

poorvisibility

intowater

availability

have

historically

resulted

insignificantwasteand

reduced

resilience.Digitaltechnologiespavethewayforatransformative

approachtooptimizewateruse,minimizewasteandbuildresilienceagainstwaterscarcity

across

agriculturalsystems.

Byintegratingdigitaltoolsand

dataanalyticsintoagriculturalpractices,farmerscanmakebetter-informeddecisions

in

realtime,

addressingcriticalinefficienciesin

agriculturaloperations,forexamplethrough:–

Monitoringandassessingwateravailability:

Satellite

imagery,

IoTsensorsandAI-drivenanalyticscan

help

monitorsoil

moisture,groundwater

levelsanddrought

risks

in

real

time.Thesetechnologies

improvethevisibility

ofwater

resources,enablingfarmersto

make

data-drivendecisions

regarding

irrigationand

droughtpreparedness.–Optimizingirrigation:

IoT-enabledprecision

agriculture,

powered

byAI-driven

irrigationschedulingand

remotesensingtechnologies,

can

minimizewaterwastethroughoptimized

irrigation

practiceswhile

boostingcropyields.–Strategiccropplanning:AI-poweredsatelliteimagingcananalyseclimate,soilandhydrological

datatomatchtherightcropstowateravailability.

Farmerscanselecttheircropsstrategicallybyaligningcroptypeswithwatersupplylevels.–Rainwater

harvesting

optimization:Withgeographic

informationsystems(GIS)-drivensiteselection,smartallocation

decisions

and

predictiveanalytics,

rainwatercollectioncanbeoptimizedthroughefficientcapture,

storage

anddistribution.

Harvested

rainwatercanthen

be

used

moreeffectively

by

implementingadvancedgeospatialanalysis,AI-driven

monitoringanddrones.Key

building

blocksacceleratethe

implementation

ofdigitalsolutionsfor

long-term

resilience:–Datainfrastructure:

Buildingsystemsthat

achieveseamlessdataexchange

among

platforms,toolsandstakeholders.–Broadbandcoverage:Guaranteeingcontinuousdataaccess

in

remote

locations

through

robustdigital

infrastructure.–Digitalupskilling:

Equippingfarmerswiththe

digitaltrainingandtoolstocomprehendand

act

ondigital

insights.–

Affordableaccess:Overcomingfinancialbarrierswithpublic-privatepartnerships,financial

incentivesandsharedinfrastructure

models.Waterscarcitycallsfor

urgentaction

at

all

levels.By

implementingdigitalwatersolutionstogether,governments,agribusinessandtechnologyproviderscan

improvewaterefficiency,drivesustainablegrowthandsecure

long-termfoodproduction.Governmentscanfosterenablingconditionsthroughopen-dataregulationsandinfrastructure

investment,whileagribusinessandtechnology

providersofferthetools,field

knowledge

and

innovation

requiredtoscale-upthe

impact.Such

public-private

partnershipscanaccelerateaccesstoadvanced

irrigationtechnology,

increase

digital

literacyand

lowertechnologyexpenditures

forfarmers.Continuedcollaborationatthis

levelwill

unleashsharedvalue,

increaseadoptionand

enhancewater

resilience

inagriculture,ensuring

thatwaterandfoodecosystemsare

sustainable

andadaptabletoclimate

change.ExecutivesummaryDigitaltechnologiesoffera

pathwaytoenhanceagriculturalwaterefficiency,

unlock

water

resilienceandsupport

long-termclimateadaptationgoals.HarnessingDigitalTechnologiesforSmarterWaterManagementinAgriculture4Compoundfertilityandwaterstress

Low-no

riskMedium-low

riskHigh

riskVery

high

riskN/AIntroductionEffectivewater

management

inagriculture

isthe

keyentry

pointtoachieving

water

resilienceamidclimate-drivendisruptions.Droughtsare

intensifying

in

length,frequencyandseverity.

Between2000and2022,droughts

grew

in

numberandduration

by29%compared

to

theprevioustwodecades.4

Thisalarmingtrend

is

likely

driven

by

human-inducedclimatechange,turning

whatwasonceanatural

component

of

Earth’sclimatecycle

intoa

persistentthreattoecosystems,

economiesandcommunities.By2025,1.8billion

people

are

likely

to

face

what

the

Food

and

AgricultureOrganization(FAO)calls“absolutewaterscarcity”andtwo-thirdsoftheglobalpopulationisexpectedtobegrapplingwithwaterstress.6United

NationsFour

billion

peopleexperiencewaterstress

for

at

leastone

monthofthe

year

and

countries

withthefastest

populationgrowthare

amongthe

mostimpacted.7

TheWorld

Bankestimatesthatglobaldemandforfreshwaterwill

rapidlysurpass

supply,asgrowing

populations,

urbanizationandshifting4billionpeopleexperiencewaterstressfor

at

least

one

monthoftheyearFIGURE

1Unlikesuddenclimatedisasters,droughtsunfoldgraduallyandoftengounnoticed

untiltheir

impact

is

extensive.Theirgradualonsetmaskstheirseverity,

whichmanifestsonlywhenfoodsecurity,economic

stabilityandecosystemsarealreadystrained.5consumptiontrendsdrive

upwaterwithdrawals

(see

Figure

1).8

Globalwaterconsumption

isexpectedto

increase

by20-50%over

currentfigures

by2050,with

industrialand

domesticsectorsgrowingat

the

highest

rate.9Note:This

map

overlays

projected

population

growth

with

the

availability

of

water

by

2050.Source:World

Bank(2023).Globalwaterscarcitywillintensifyby2050aspopulationgrowthacceleratesdemand–Overextraction

ofgroundwater

leads

to

land

subsidence,

making

water

managementmorecomplicated.–Globalwater

withdrawals,

driven

mainly

by

overextraction

through

agriculture,

have

outpaced

populationgrowth

overtime.–Aquifersare

being

depleted

more

rapidly

than

they

can

naturally

recharge,jeopardizing

long-term

wateravailability.–Water

pollutionworsensscarcity

by

diminishingthevolumeoffreshwaterresources

accessiblefor

use.–Agricultural

runoff,filledwith

pesticides

andfertilizers,

is

a

leading

contributor

to

water

pollution.–Industrial

discharges

containing

untreated

wastewater

further

degrade

water

quality,

leadingto

hotspotswith

unusable

resources

.–Withclimate

change

altering

rainfall

patterns

and

intensifying

drought

cycles,

managers

encounter

majorchallenges

in

preparingfor

upcomingwaterdemands.–Theseshifts

disrupt

natural

hydrological

cycles,

impacting

howwater

is

stored,

flows

and

replenishes.Systemicdisruptionamplifies

uncertainty.–Conventional

forecasting

methods

fall

short

in

anticipating

drastic

changes,

leaving

regions

ill-

equippedforextremeevents.Sources:World

Bank,

Food

and

Agriculture

Organization

of

the

United

Nations(FAO),Global

Commission

on

Economics

of

Water(GCEW).10Ageing

infrastructure

–Asignificantproportionofglobalwater

infrastructurewas

built

decades

ago

and

is

currently

unabletosatisfythedemandsofgrowing

populationsand

climatevariability.–TheWorld

Bank

estimatesthat

over

32

billion

cubic

metres

(m3)oftreatedwater

is

lost

everyyear

dueto

leaking

pipelinesandoutdateddistributionnetworks.Over32billionm3

oftreatedwaterislosteveryyeardue

toleakingpipelinesandoutdateddistributionnetworks.World

BankKeybarrierstoeffectivewateruseChallenge

DescriptionWhilethese

recentshifts

in

naturalcycles

increase

waterscarcity,

inadequatewater

managementexacerbatesthe

problem.Addressingthe

issuestartswithashared

understandingofthe

key

barrierstoeffectivewater

use

(seeTable

1).HarnessingDigitalTechnologiesforSmarterWaterManagementinAgriculture6OverextractionandgroundwaterdepletionPollutionoffreshwaterresourcesUncertaintyfromclimatechangeTABLE

1FIGURE2Agriculturestandsoutastheprimarydriver

of

global

waterstressacrossmostcontinents

(see

Figure2),

accountingforapproximately70%ofglobalwaterwithdrawalsfromrivers,lakesand

aquifers.11

Forthisreason,improvingwatermanagementin

agriculture

isessentialtoensuringlong-runfoodsecurityand

addressingwaterscarcity.Globalwaterwithdrawalsareprimarilydrivenbyagriculturaldemand12%9%15%13%22%

25%

10%

5%19%34%

15%69%51%Irrigation

isthe

predominantformofwater

useinagricultureand

a

major

source

of

inefficiency,

as

manyfarmersstill

relyon

traditional

irrigationtechniquessuchassurface

or

sprinkler

irrigation,

ratherthan

moreefficientsystems

such

as

driporsubsurface

irrigation.13

Widespreadtraditionalirrigation

leadstosignificantwaterwastage,reaching

upto

10gallons

per

minute

peracre(93.5

litres

per

minute

per

hectare),comparedto

3-7gallons

per

minute

peracre

(28-65

litres

per

minute

per

hectare)foralternativetechniques

like

drip

irrigation.14In

manydeveloping

regions,accessto

modernirrigationsystems

remains

limitedduetounderinvestment

inwater

infrastructure.

Even

inareaswheresuchsolutionsare

available,

adoption

remains

limitedand

many

irrigationsystemsareoutdatedand

poorly

maintained,

resulting

inwater

lossduetoevaporation,

runoffand

seepage.Inefficiencies

in

irrigationcandrive

long-termdegradationaswell.

Forexample,overextraction

of

groundwaterfor

irrigationduring

prolongeddrought

hascausedover2,200sinkholes

across

farmlands

inTurkey’s

Konya

Basin.15Approximately60%

ofthewaterusedinagricultureiswastedbecauseofinefficienciesinirrigationsystemsandinfrastructure,resultinginwaterloggingandsalinization,whichhavediminishedtheproductivityofnearly50%

oftheglobe’sirrigatedareas.16FoodandAgricultureOrganizationWaterwithdrawalratiosbycontinent100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%WorldEuropeAmericasOceaniaAsiaAfricaAgricultureIndustriesMunicipalitiesHarnessingDigitalTechnologiesforSmarterWaterManagementinAgriculture781%

82%Source:

FAO(2021).1257%21%60%Conventionalagriculturalsystemslacktheadaptability

torespondtothisincreasingclimatevariability.Critically,they

overlook

the

role

of

natural

processessuchasinfiltrationandtranspirationtohelpretainmoistureandsupportaneffectivewatercycle.These

ecosystemfunctionsaredisruptedthroughlanddegradationorpoorwatermanagement,causingincreaseinevaporationandrunoff.

In

certain

regions,

localcommunitieshavecreatednature-basedsolutions(NbS)tocontributetowaterresilience,

suchasglaciergrafting,whichuses

seasonalwaterstorageandregulatedmeltwater

discharge

todecreaserunoffandenhancegroundwaterrecharge.20

Embracingtheseapproachesoffersessentialcontextforpinpointingwheretechnologycanbebestpositionedto

complementthem.Digital

tools

offer

a

pathway

to

drive

efficiencybyenablingfaster,moreinformeddecisionsacrossagriculturalsystems.Ratherthanreplacingconventionalpractices,thesesolutionsenhancethem,

makingwaterusagemoreprecise,adaptableandresilient.Digitalsolutionsprovidevaluableinsightsforsmarterwatermanagementinagriculture,forexample:–IoT-driven

real-time

tracking

of

soil

moisture

levels.–AI-enhanced

predictiveanalyticsthatoptimize

irrigationschedules.–Satellite

imagingand

remotesensingthat

improveevaluationsofwateravailability

in

freshwater

resources.–Automationand

precision

irrigationsystems

thatensureoptimalapplication

ofwater

in

agriculturalfields.–AI-drivencrop

planning

modelsthatassistfarmers

inchoosingwater-efficientcropstailored

tospecificclimateand

soil

conditions.–Digital

monitoringthatsupports

rainwaterharvesting

by

pinpointingthe

bestcollectionand

storagetechniques.Theintegrationofthesetechnologiesempowersagriculturaloperationstomakeinformed,data-driven

decisions,reducewaterlossand

build

resilience

inresponsetochangingwateravailability.By2035,severeheatandwaterscarcityareexpectedtoleadtoyearlyfixedassetlossesrangingfrom$42-45millionforanaverage

agribusinessfirmdependingontheemissionsscenario,highlighting

theurgentnecessityforeffectivewatermanagementstrategies.19WorldEconomic

Forumconditions,17

while

uncertainclimate

patterns

have

already

ledtosignificantdeclines

in

yields

forcropssuchaswheat,

maize,

rice

and

soybeans.18

Such

disruptions

jeopardize

the

consistency

ofthefood

supply

chain,

resulting

in

economicinstabilityfor

countrieswhere

agriculture

is

a

keypart

ofthe

economy.The

increasingfrequencyofextreme

weatherevents,

particularly

heatwavesanddroughts,hasalso

intensifiedweather

instability

andunpredictability,

posingsignificantchallengesforagriculturaloperations.

In

recentyears,drought-

affectedareas

haveexperienced

a

10%

decline

inagriculturalyieldsduring

severe

weather

Digitaltoolsoffera

pathwaytodrive

efficiency

byenablingfaster,

more

informeddecisionsacross

agriculturalsystems.10%decline

inagricultural

yields

indrought-affectedareasHarnessingDigitalTechnologiesforSmarterWaterManagementinAgriculture8Closingthegap

inagricultural

waterefficiencyDigitaltechnology

unlockssignificantefficiencygains

inagriculturalwater

use

throughtargeted,scalablesolutionsacrossagricultural

landscapes.HarnessingDigitalTechnologiesforSmarterWaterManagementinAgriculture91Capturinganddistributing

rainwater

efficientlyEnsuresstored

rainwater

is

effectively

utilizedanddistributedtosupportirrigationandsoil

moisture

retention.Precision

irrigationsolutionsto

reducewaterwasteMinimizesexcessivewater

usagewhileensuringoptimalcropgrowth.ChoosecropsstrategicallyMaximizerainwater

utilizationMonitor&assesswaterresourcesOptimizeirrigation

efficiencyEffectivewater

management

inagriculture

isvitalsincecropyields,foodsecurityand

ecosystemlongevityalldependon

itsoutcome.As

far-reaching

impactsofclimatechange

putcrop

productionattremendous

risk,farmers

must

increasinglySustainable&

resilientagricultureData-driventracking

ofwater

resources

for

informeddecision-makingProvides

real-time

insightsintowater

resourcestoguide

waterallocation

andconservationstrategies.relyonsmartersolutionsto

avoid

depletingwater

resources.

By

leveragingdigitaltechnologies

in

irrigation,theycan

preventwaterwastagewhile

boostingcrop

productivity.Aligningcropchoices

withwateravailabilityPrevents

inefficientcropselection,

reducingoverallwaterdemand

inagriculture.KeystrategiesforoptimizingwateruseinagricultureHarnessingDigitalTechnologiesforSmarterWaterManagementinAgriculture10FIGURE3Satellite

imageryoffersadaily

overview

ofsurfacewater

bodies,detectingchanges

in

lakes,

riversand

reservoirs.Satellitedata,

utilizing

passive

microwave

sensing,alsogaugessoil

moisturecontent

in

thetop

10cmofthesoil,forecastingwaterstress

and

droughtsusceptibility.BycombiningsatelliteimageswithGIS

mapping,algorithmscanassesssurfacewaterchanges.This

enablesoperationsmanagerstoswiftlyidentifyifstreamsareflowingorif

lakes

and

ponds

havereceded.Theseunderstandingscanguideextraction

methodsandsupportmoreinformed

allocationdecisions–particularlywhenpairedwithreal-time

soilmoisturedata–ensuringthatwater

isapplied

onlywhenandwherecropsneed

it.In

Punjab,

India,forexample,scientists

measured

the

rateofgroundwaterchange

by

using

datafrom

NASA’stwinGRACE

(Gravity

Recoveryand

Climate

Experiment)satellites.Thedata

revealeda

dramatic

lossofgroundwaterbetween

2002and2008,which

has

providedsignificant

insights

into

groundwaterdepletion

inthe

region.21Satelliteimageryenhancesbroaderwatermanagementinitiativesbyprovidingadependable,real-timecaptureofwaterresources–formingabasis

onwhichtobuilddigitalagriculturesolutions.Publicly

accessibledataplatforminitiatives,suchas

FAOWaPOR22

andNASASERVIR,23

areofvitalimportance

tohighlydata-scarceregions,by

providing

nearreal-timesatellitedatathatsupportswateravailability

assessments.Satellitedatacanassistgovernments,

utilitiesandagribusinessesinmonitoringwaterresourcesandinformingdecisionson:–Wheretofocus

investmentson

irrigation

infrastructure.–Whento

implementdroughtcontingency

plans.–Howtooptimizereservoirandgroundwaterusage.Ourdailysatelliteobservations,combinedwithcustomalgorithms,allow

ustodetectchangesinsurfacewaterextents.Thisinformationiscritical

notonlyforagriculturalplanningbutalsoforensuringthatwaterismanagedefficientlyacrossentire