不锈钢电弧增材制造单壁件模拟仿真

第五章结论本文采用电弧增材制造技术，以熔化极惰性气体保护焊为热源，把316L不锈钢丝材作为填充材料，研究了层间温度对不锈钢电弧增材制造成形形貌的影响。为了实现堆积成形质量控制的目标，采用单一变量法，设置堆积电流为变量，保持堆积电流、堆积速度等工艺参数不变，进行单道多层成形实验，分析表面形貌。利用SYSWELD软件进行仿真模拟，分析温度场及应力场，与实验结果进行比对，进而对成形件的形貌和质量进行主动控制。主要得出了以下几点结论：一定工艺参数下，层间温度高的，成形形貌良好且相同层数下层高越高，冷却时间也越短。考量模拟仿真过程中忽略的蠕变等情况，模拟和实验的热循环曲线基本一致，实际焊接过程中参考性强。层间温度越高，焊接过程中熔池达到的峰值温度就越高。焊接过程中温度经过一个急剧上升、趋于平稳、下降的过程。层间温度越高，达到最大变形量的时间越短。相较于两端，中间的变形量更为显著。参考文献[1]廖文俊,胡捷.增材制造技术的现状和产业前景[J].装备机械,2015,01:1-7[2]葛芃,张昭,张少颜,赵国忠.圆环构件增材制造残余应力模拟及尺寸效应分析[J/OL].塑性工程学报,2019(05):249-255[2019-10-25].[3]杨延华.增材制造(3D打印)分类及研究进展[J].航空工程进展,2019,10(03):309-318.[4]SzostBA,TerziS,MartinaF,etal.Acomparativestudyofadditivemanufacturingtechniques:ResidualstressandmicrostructuralanalysisofCLADandWAAMprintedTi–6Al–4Vcomponents[J].Materials&Design,2016,89:559-567.[5]WilliamsSW,MartinaF,AddisonAC,etal.Wire+ArcAdditiveManufacturing[J].MaterialsScience&Technology,2015(7):641-647[6]PickinCG,WilliamsSW,LuntM.Characterisationofthecoldmetaltransfer(CMT)processanditsapplicationforlowdilutioncladding[J].JournalofMaterialsProcessingTechnology,2011,211(3):496-502.[7]ArfanMajeed,AltafAhmed,AbdusSalam,MuhammadZakirSheikh.Surfacequalityimprovementbyparametersanalysis,optimizationandheattreatmentofAlSi10MgpartsmanufacturedbySLMadditivemanufacturing[J].InternationalJournalofLightweightMaterialsandManufacture,2019,2(4).[8]PhilipDirisu,GangulySupriyo,FilomenoMartina,XiangfangXu,StewartWilliams.Wireplusarcadditivemanufacturedfunctionalsteelsurfacesenhancedbyrolling[J].InternationalJournalofFatigue,2019,130.[9]F.Khodabakhshi,M.H.Farshidianfar,A.P.Gerlich,M.Nosko,V.Trembošová,A.Khajepour.Effectsoflaseradditivemanufacturingonmicrostructureandcrystallographictextureofausteniticandmartensiticstainlesssteels[J].AdditiveManufacturing,2019.[10]LeeSeulbi,PengJian,ShinDongwon,ChoiYoonSuk.Dataanalyticsapproachformelt-poolgeometriesinmetaladditivemanufacturing.[J].Scienceandtechnologyofadvancedmaterials,2019,20(1).[11]ChanghaoPei,WuZeng,HuangYuan.Adamageevolutionmodelbasedonmicro-structuralcharacteristicsforanadditivemanufacturedsuperalloyundermonotonicandcyclicloadingconditions[J].InternationalJournalofFatigue,2019.131.[12]ArısoyYM,CrialesLE,ÖzelT.ModelingandsimulationofthermalfieldandsolidificationinlaserpowderbedfusionofnickelalloyIN625[J].OpticsandLaserTechnology,2019,109:278–292.[13]SchänzelM,ShakirovD,IlinA,etal.Coupledthermo-mechanicalprocesssimulationmethodforselectivelasermeltingconsideringphasetransformationsteels[J].ComputersandMathematicswithApplications,2019.[14]PandaBK,SahooS.Thermo-mechanicalmodelingandvalidationofstressfieldduringlaserpowderbedfusionofAlSi10Mgbuiltpart[J].ResultsinPhysics,2019,12:1372–1381.[15]兰博,张国栋,张学军,陈由红,李凯,于秋颖.均匀化热处理对电子束熔丝增材制造GH4169合金组织和性能的影响[J/OL].热加工工艺,2019(22):167-171[2019-10-25].[16]张天驰,林英,刘双宇,冷书涵,张福隆,刘国昌.激光增材制造Fe-Cr-Ni合金的组织和性能[J/OL].热加工工艺,2019(24):102-106[2019-11-22].[17]王舒,程序,田象军,张纪奎.TiC添加量对激光增材制造MC碳化物增强Inconel625复合材料组织及性能的影响[J/OL].中国激光:1-15[2019-10-25].[18]杨光,彭晖杰,李长富,邢飞,刘祥宇,王超.电弧增材制造5356铝合金的组织与性能研究[J].稀有金属:1-7.[19]柏久阳,王计辉,林三宝,等.铝合金电弧增材制造焊道宽度尺寸预测[J].焊接学报,2015,36(9):87-90.[20]柏久阳,王计辉,林三宝,等.电弧増材制造厚壁结构焊道间距计算策略[J].机械工程学报,2016,52(10):97-102.[21]孙汝剑,朱颖,李刘合,郭伟,彭鹏.激光冲击强化对电弧增材2319铝合金微观组织及残余应力的影响[J/OL].激光与光电子学进展:1-13[2019-10-25].[22]DuY,YouX,QiaoF,etal.Amodelforpredictingthetemperaturefieldduringselectivelasermelting[J].ResultsinPhysics,2019,12:52-60.[23]YinJ,PengGY,ChenCP,etal.ThermalbehaviorandgraingrowthorientationduringselectivelasermeltingofTi-6Al-4Valloy[J].JournalofMaterialsProcessingTechnology,2018,260:57-65.[24]GanZT,LiuH,LiSX,etal.Modelingofthermalbehaviorandmasstransportinmulti-layerlaseradditivemanufacturingofNi-basedalloyoncastiron[J].InternationalJournalofHeatandMassTransfer,2017,111:709–722.[25]]常云龙,李海涛,梅强,路林,刘明旭.外加纵向磁场对CO_2焊接短路液桥的影响[J].沈阳工业大学学报,2015,37(06):624-628.[26]杨婕,张志莲,肖云峰,王中辉.基于Sysweld的焊接接头热源模型二次开发[J].焊接技术,2019,48(07):19-22+2.致谢行文至此，意味大学四年生涯即将落幕。求学韶峰，筑梦湘大，遇见为秋，离别即夏。往昔时光如剪影般匆匆而过，有过困顿，有过迷惘，有过希望，但凡此过往，皆为序章。感念母校，一草一木构筑的美丽校园，一风一雨携带的清新凉意，一字一句承载的丰富知识，一食一味饱含的深刻记忆。桃李不言，下自成蹊。由衷感谢指导老师欧艳，从论文选题、撰写开题报告、实验过程、到最后的正文撰写与修改，欧老师都提出了很多宝贵意见。欧老师严谨细致的学术精神在整个毕业设计指导过程中也展现地淋漓尽致。整个毕业设计过程以及论文撰写过程中，也十分感谢学长李圣、付斯倚学姐、学长王文卿，他们在自己繁重的学习任务中，抽出时间，教我们实验设备的操作，对于我们实验过程中遇到的问题，不厌其烦地一一解答，对于成形后地论文仔细地评阅，提出其中存在的问题和建议。饮其流时思其源，成吾学时念吾师。由衷感谢再此论文成形之中，提供帮助的老师和学长学姐。岁月清浅，时光潋滟。愿有前程可奔赴，亦有岁月共回首。附录外文文献翻译多种增材制造工艺的微观结构表征、应用及工艺研究：综述GaganBansal⇑,DeshBandhuSingh,HarpreetSinghVirk,AbhinavDevrani,AbhishekBhandari摘要在制造技术、原型、机械加工等方面的进步涉及到材料优化、工艺优化、财务优化和可持续发展。摘要综述了增材制造过程的表征、应用和过程研究的最新进展，阐述了增材制造过程中资源的系统利用。全面描述了增材制造技术的概况、应用及需求。试图通过AM诊断过程研究中的研究缺口，并预测新的方法论及其在汽车、航天、生物医学等各个领域的应用。搅拌摩擦焊工具的制作，复杂的几何形状等是在不增加整体成本的情况下通过AM技术完成的，也介绍了AM技术在复合材料中的应用。重点介绍了减法和加法制造的比较分析，并试图确定未来的发展方向。关键词：增材制造快速成型机械性能减材制造AM应用复合材料介绍相较4金属去除工艺，增材制造工艺是一种利用CAD模型易制造出高强度、单层均匀、无接头、复杂的三维结构的先进工艺。AM有助于一层一层地开发那些复杂几何图形，然而用减法制造工艺是不可能做到的。AM的有效优势之一是其高水平的商业和创新应用，几乎在所有领域，如快速成型、航空航天、生物医学、汽车、能源等。Horn和Harrysson还对AM技术和应用进行了详细的综述。它使用的3D打印和快速成型被认为是先进的AM工艺，通过在连续层中包含和沉积材料直接制造复杂的几何形状。1.1AM在生物医学领域的应用AM生物医学领域的应用，也被称为快速成型技术，带来了生物医学领域的重大变革。若干应用像是生物自适应材料和医学成像技术的发展。Javaid和Haleem还融合了多位生物医学领域研究者的各种研究工作，对AM的用途进行了详细的描述。从医学建模、外科器材及部件植入、外科导路、外部辅助和生物制造五个方面对AM在生物医学领域的大量应用进行了探讨。医学增材制造的研究人员取得了一些进展。其中包括1)生成精确的三维模型，以便在进行任何手术前更好地了解手术。2)AM有助于替代人体骨骼。3)通过AM开发的优化设计，在成本、重量强度比、操作时间、移植质量等方面提高移植体强度和精度。4)减少手术时间，进行术前计划。5)当建模使用AM技术，灵活地返工、复杂地植入、精确地尺寸、完美的表面性能等都能实现。由Javaid和haleem提供的评论手稿中最好的部分是，他们开发了一个按时间顺序排列的AM在医学案例中的应用表格，并给出了增材制造在医学应用中的流程链发展情况，如图1所示。同样，Mahmoud和Elbestawi也对AM在骨科植入晶体结构和应用级配材料的开发和分析中的应用进行了综述。作者综述了生物医用植入体的机械和生物学特征，以期对生物医用植入体的研究现状进行综述。在回顾的同时，作者还说明了使用3D模型应用生成的植体产生的准确率可达200mm,展示医疗部分定制AM过程的分布尺寸系统原理图如图2所示。Hamdaoui等人阐述了使用3D打印技术和增材制造技术制造血管组织的方法。AM技术和仿生策略的不断改进有助于创建血管化的组织工程，由固定在特定的细胞外基质元素中的各种细胞组成。重点研究了三维打印技术在组织网络开发中的应用。1.2AM在建筑中的应用AM的另一个重要应用是在建筑中发现的。将施工过程的应用转向自动化往往会带来大的救生技术。AM帮助建模和交付与架构和建筑开发相关的完整规模的组件，如砖、墙和立面。Lim等人的论文也关注于对比研究现有的传统方法于增材制造CAD建模于设计方法。有几种直接或间接与增材制造工艺相关的制造技术，如螺旋生长制造、混合制造等，几个部分和设计是单独使用AM技术设计的。AM帮助开发了各种复杂的结构和组件，如Ystruder，这是一个新的注射器泵设计，用于过程缩放和中间膏体挤出机在3D打印机通过控制在基于激光的电流。AM的应用节省了产生零件的时间、金钱和材料，避免了浪费。Schiekd等人研究与增材制造工艺相关的各种成分和材料的表征，展示了超声波AM工艺在铝3003中形成的结合边的微观结构特征。UAM使用薄金属带形成一个网状的产品。对几个机械、形态和物理表征进行了模拟和分析，结果表明，在拉伸实验和剪切实验中焊缝表面强度分别为本体箔强度的50%。形貌特征表明，制备样品的34%是无边界的。1.3AM在复杂计算设计中的应用Boivie,K等人也强调了复杂设计的增材制造集成。AM的使用对wrt产品设计和制造的复杂性的成本影响不大。作者描述了AM和减法制造方法的公式来定义混合制造技术。详细讨论了几种不同的术语及工作方法，如并行冷却的工件插入、混合单元的挑战、成形工作流、夹具、控制系统，在AM过程中使用的材料类型等。图1.增材制造的工艺流程在医疗中的应用Ouyang,J.H等人（2002）在20年代早期也研究了基于激光的增材制造在切割和加工工具开发中的应用。所研制的工具已用于搅拌摩擦焊。开发了两种不同类型的搅拌摩擦焊工具。（1）纯H-3工具和（2）基于陶瓷工具。用H-13c焊接熔点低的材料（如铝）而基于WC的陶瓷工具则则用于高熔点的材料，如金属基复合材料。类似的，Aggarangsi,P等人（2002）描述了使用基于激光的增材制造技术在制造过程中熔池大小的中间和瞬态变化、熔池大小的几种比例变化。研究人员对温度速度时间等进行了分析和绘制。Williams,C.B.等人（2005）通过使用基于激光的AM系统提供了蜂窝材料制造过程中设计自由的解决方案。提出了一种利用AM材料进行低密度、高强度微观结构设计的有效方法。图三展示了随机、有序和设计的胞状材料微观结构的分类和描述。作者孩提供了线性多孔合金制造过程的系统示意图，如图4所示。图1.增材制造的工艺流程在医疗中的应用图2.生物医学部件定制增材制造原理图图3.低密度蜂窝状材料的分类、微观结构1.4AM在非常规制造领域的应用Williams,C.B.等人（2005）依次阐述了增材制造的功能，即储存材料、模式、供给能量、供给新材料和提供支持。深刻概述了基于激光调幅单一研究的论文。基于AM技术熔池尺寸控制也由Bimbaum等人（2003）用两种不同的技术解决与过程相关的问题和由于步骤改变而引起的问题得到了诊断和修正。激光、离子放电烧结、3D打印的等非传统制造工艺都可以通过快速成型来实现。采用预热技术解决了调幅过程中产生的残余应力。这里考虑了两种不同的预热方法，第一种是电子束预热技术，第二种是基于激光束的预热技术，以减少AM过程中的残余应力。如前所述，AM在生物医学中的应用，Cruz,F(2010)采用AM技术制备了PLLA复合材料的骨组织。所得强度与天然骨强度相当。PA12塑性材料被考虑用作激光烧结。对其进行热分析和熔体粘度表征。AM技术最好的部分是他的成本与复杂性的关系。规模范围和巨大的物质应用与AM一起有助于证明先进材料技术的未来。1.5AM及其复合材料的表征和应用Kuehnlein,F等人研究了基于粉末的AM技术，并说明了使用AM开发的材料的机械性能和降解状况。Lipson,H(2011)描述了一项与增材制造技术应用相关的革命性研究。作者合理推断并呈现AMs应用领域像自动化3D打印、快速成型、复杂性免费技术、个性化制造、成形材料的内部结构、制造生物印刷食品（不同形状假肢、自定义植入、生物打印、药物筛选模型、外科手术训练、手术规划、定制药物、食品印刷等）、CAD设计和模拟等。几个生物医学应用开发工具和手术髋关节和膝关节植入仪器也使用了AM过程。这些工具成本低且易于定制，一些新型金属和非金属在发展为金属基复合材料时，以汽车零部件的形式表现出来。这些基于MMC的组件是使用AM技术开发的。结论对增材制造的研究最终揭示了材料与制造科学的未来。AM在生物医学建筑设计与制造、复合材料零件开发、复杂设计与开发、高强度应用、航空航天应用、汽车应用等领域应用具有广泛的应用前景。AM与减法制造的比较表明，在任何复杂系统的成本、规模、方法和循环时间方面都存在指数级的差异。增材制造技术作为一种革命性的应用，具有广阔的发展前景，随者工业化进程的不断推进，其社会和环境的优化也可随着AM在所有制造应用中的适应性而得以持续。这些评论强烈推荐在成本有效的制造中使用AM而不是SM。图4.线性多孔合金制造技术原理图Pleasecitethisarticleas:G.Bansal,D.BandhuSingh,H.SinghVirketal.,Microstructuralcharacterization,applicationsandprocessstudyofvariousaddi-tivemanufacturingprocess:Areview,MaterialsToday:Proceedings,Pleasecitethisarticleas:G.Bansal,D.BandhuSingh,H.SinghVirketal.,Microstructuralcharacterization,applicationsandprocessstudyofvariousaddi-tivemanufacturingprocess:Areview,MaterialsToday:Proceedings,\h/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.048PAGE40G.Bansaletal./MaterialsToday:Proceedingsxxx(xxxx)PAGE40G.Bansaletal./MaterialsToday:Proceedingsxxx(xxxx)xxxPleasecitethisarticleas:G.Bansal,D.BandhuSingh,H.SinghVirketal.,Microstructuralcharacterization,applicationsandprocessstudyofvariousaddi-tivemanufacturingprocess:Areview,MaterialsToday:Proceedings,Pleasecitethisarticleas:G.Bansal,D.BandhuSingh,H.SinghVirketal.,Microstructuralcharacterization,applicationsandprocessstudyofvariousaddi-tivemanufacturingprocess:Areview,MaterialsToday:Proceedings,\h/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.048Contentslistsavailableat\hScienceDirectMaterialsToday:Proceedingsjournalhomepage:\h/locate/matprContentslistsavailableat\hScienceDirectMaterialsToday:Proceedingsjournalhomepage:\h/locate/matprMicrostructuralcharacterization,applicationsandprocessstudyofvariousadditivemanufacturingprocess:AreviewGaganBansal⇑,DeshBandhuSingh,HarpreetSinghVirk,AbhinavDevrani,AbhishekBhandariDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,GraphicEraDeemedtobeUniversity,Dehradun,IndiaarticleinfoArticlehistory:Received17December2019Accepted1January2020AvailableonlinexxxxKeywords:AdditivemanufacturingRapidprototypingMechanicalcharacterizationSubtractivemanufacturingAMapplicationsCompositematerials

abstractAdvancementinmanufacturingtechnology,prototyping,machiningetc.areconcernedwithmaterialoptimization,processoptimization,financialoptimizationandsustainabledevelopment.Thecurrentreviewoncharacterization,applicationsandprocessstudyofvariousadditivemanufacturing(AM)pro-cessesdealswiththesystematicuseofresourcesinproductdevelopment.Thecomprehensivedescrip-tiononadditivemanufacturingtechniques,itsapplicationsandneedsareillustrated.Theattemptistodiagnosetheresearchgapintheprocessstudyandtoforecastthenewmethodologyandapplicationsintheallthefieldlikeautomobile,aerospace,biomedicaletc.throughAM.Thetoolmakingforfrictionstirweldingpurpose,complexgeometries,etc.werefabricatedwithoutincreasingtheoverallcostthroughAMtechniques.TheapplicationsofAMtechniquesincompositebasedmaterialsarealsochar-acterized.Thecomparativeanalysisbetweensubtractiveandadditivemanufacturingarehighlightedandfuturescopeistriedtoidentify.。2020ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Selectionandofthescientificcommitteeofthe10thInternationalConferenceofMaterialsProcessingandCharacterization.IntroductionComparingwithmetalremovalprocess,Additivemanufactur-ingprocessesaretheadvancedtechniquesinwhichahighlystrengthen,singledlayer,uniform,jointlessandcomplexthreedimensionalstructurescanbeeasilymanufacturedfromtheCADmodel[1].AMhelpstodevelopthosecomplexgeometrylayerbylayerwhicharehoweverimpossiblewithsubtractivemanufactur-ingprocesses[1].OneoftheeffectiveadvantagesofAMisitshighlevelofcommercialandinnovativeapplicationsinalmostallthefieldslikerapidprototyping,aerospace,biomedical[2],automo-bile,energyetc.HornandHarrysson[3]alsogaveanelaborativereviewonAMtechnologiesandapplications.Hisuseof3DprintingandtherapidprototypingareconsideredadvancedAMprocessestodirectlymanufacturecomplexgeometrybyinclusionanddepositionofmaterialinsuccessivelayers[3].Variousapplicationsaresystem-aticallyillustratedintheirresearchmanuscript[3].⇑Correspondingauthor.E-mailaddress:\hgaganbansal12345@(G.Bansal).

ApplicationsofAMinbiomedicalfieldTheuseofAMalsoknownasrapidprototypinginbiomedicalfieldbringsaboutthedrasticrevolutioninthefieldofinnovationandUpgradation[2].Severalapplicationslikedevelopmentofbioadaptivematerialsandmedicalimagingtechnologies.JavaidandHaleem[4]alsoamalgamatevariousresearchworksdonebysev-eralresearchersonbiomedicalfieldandperformedthedetaileddescriptionontheusagesofAM.LargenumbersofapplicationsofAMinbiomedicalfieldwerediscussedinfivebroadareaslikeMedicalmodeling,ImplantsofSurgicaldevicesandparts,surgicalguides,externalaidsandBio-manufacturing[4].Severaldevelop-mentsweremadebyvariousresearchersinthemedicaladdictivemanufacturing.Someoftheminclude[4],Generationofexact3Dmodelforbetterunderstandingofthesurgeonbeforegoingforanyoperation.AMhelpstosubstitutehumanboneStrengthandaccuracyenhancementofimplantsbyoptimizingdesignintermsofcost,weighttostrengthratio,operationtim-ings,qualityofimplant,etc.developedthroughAM.Reductioninoperationtimings,presurgicalplanning,\h/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.0482214-7853/。2020ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Selectionandofthescientificcommitteeofthe10thInternationalConferenceofMaterialsProcessingandCharacterization.Flexibilityforrework,compleximplants,exactsizing,perfectsurfaceproperties,etc.canbeachievedwhilemodelingusingAMtechnologies.ThebestpartwiththereviewmanuscriptpresentedbyJavaidandHaleem[4]isthat,theyhavedevelopedachronologicallystructuredtableofapplicationsofAMinmedicalcases.Italsopresentstheprocesschaindevelopmentinmedicalappli-cationofadditivemanufacturingasshowninFig.1.Similarly,MahmoudandElbestawi[5]alsodevelopedthereviewofapplicationofAMindevelopmentandanalysisofLatticeStructuresandApplicablegradedmaterialsonorthopedicimplants.Theauthorsreviewedtheimplantstechnologyinordertodevelopastateonanartreviewonmechanicalandbiologicalcharacteristicsofbiomedicalimplants.[5]whilereviewing,theauthoralsoillustratedthattheimplantsgeneratedusing3Dmod-elingapplicationproducesaccuracyupto200mm.[6]ThestepwisesystematicschematicdiagramthatshowcasestheAMprocessincustomizationofmedicalpartisshowninFig.2.Hamdaouietal.[7]illustratedthemethodologyrelatedtofab-ricationofvasculartissueusing3Dprintingtechnologyandaddi-tivemanufacturingtechniques.ContinuousimprovementinAMtechniquesandbiomimeticstratagemshelpstocreatevascularizedtissueengineeringthatcomprisesofvariouscellsfixedinsidespec-ifiedextracellularmatrixelements[7].Theresearchhighlightedontheapplicationof3Dprintingintissuenetworkdevelopment.ApplicationofAMinconstructionsAnotherimportantapplicationofAMisobservedinconstruc-tions.[8]Divertingtheapplicationsofconstructionprocesstowardsautomationoftenleadstolargelifesavingtechnology.AMhelpstomodelanddeliverfullscalecomponentsrelatedtoarchitectureandbuildingdevelopmentsuchasbricks,wallsandfacades.[8]ThemainfocusofLimetal.[8]wasontheconcreteprintingwhiledefiningtheusageofAMinconstructionrelatedapplications.AlsothepaperbyLimetal.[8]focusesuponthecom-Fig.1.Additivemanufacturing’sprocessflowinmedicalapplications[4].

parativestudybetweentheexistingconventionalmethodandadditivemanufacturingCADmodelinganddesigning.Thereareseveralmanufacturingtechniquesassociateddirectlyandindirectlywithadditivemanufacturingprocessessuchasspi-ralgrowthmanufacturing,hybridmanufacturing[9]etc.SeveralpartsanddesignaresolelydesignedusingAMtechnology.AMhelpstodevelopvariouscomplexstructuresandcomponentslikeYstruder[10]whichisanovelsyringepumpdesignusedforpro-cessscalingandintermediatepasteextruderin3DprinterworkingthroughcontrolsinLaser-BasedAMP[10].TheapplicationofAMhelpstosavetime,moneyandmaterialofthepartsproducedandavoidswastage.Dealingwithcharacterizationofvariouscomponentsandmate-rialsassociatedwithadditivemanufacturingprocess,Schieketal.[11].ShowcasedthemicrostructuralpropertiesofBondingEdgesinAl3003blocksformedusingUltrasonicAMprocess.UAMuseslayerofthinmetallictapestoformanetshapedproducts.Severalmechanical,morphologicalandphysicalcharacterizationswereperformedandanalyzed.Theresultsthusobtainedrevealedthat,duringthetensileandsheartestisthattheweldfacestrengthis15percentofthebulkfoiland50%ofthebulkshearstrengthrespectively.Themorphologicalcharacterizationshowsthe34%ofthepreparedsampleisunbounded[11].ApplicationofAMincomplexandcomputationaldesigningBoivie,Ketal.(2011)alsohighlightedtheintegrationofaddi-tivemanufacturingforcomplexdesigning.TheuseofAMhaslittleimpactonthecostwrt.Complexityoftheproducttobedesignandmanufacture.TheauthordepictstheformulationofbothAMandsubtractivemanufacturingmethodstodefineahybridmanufac-turingtechnique.Severaldifferentterminologies,workingmethodologyliketoolinsertalongwithparallelcooling,challengesofhybridcell,workflowwithmouldingtoo,jigs–fixtures,controlsystem,typesofmaterialsusedinAMprocessetc.areelaboratelydiscussed[12].Ouyang,J.Hetal.(2002)inearly20salsostudiedabouttheapplicationsofadditivemanufacturing,laserbased,inthedevelop-mentofcutting&machiningtools.Thetoolsthusdevelopedwereusedinfrictionstirwelding[13].TwodifferenttypesoftoolsweredevelopedAFSWtools.(1)PureH-13tooland(2)WC-basedcer-amet/tool.H-13ciswereusedtoweldmaterialswithlowmeltingpoints(eg.Aluminium)whereasWC-basedceramet/toolisusedformaterialshighmeltingpointsuchasmetalmatrixcompositematerials[13].Similarly,Aggarangsi,Petal.(2002)depictstheintermediateandtransientchangesinmeltpoolsizethatoccurredinthemanufacturingprocessusinglaserbasedadditivemanufac-turingtechniques[14].Severalproportionalvariationsbetweenmeltpoolsizewrt.temperature,velocity,timeetc.areanalysedandplottedbytheresearcher.[14].Williams,C.B.etal.(2005)pro-videdthesolutionofdesignfreedomincellularmaterialmanufac-turingprocessesthroughtheuseoflaserbasedAMsystem[15].TheeffectivesolutiontocomplexdesigningmesostructurewithlowdensityandhighstrengthwereeasilyfabricatedusingAMassuggested.Fig.3showstheclassificationanddescriptionofStochastic,OrderedandDesignedcellularMaterialMesostructure[15].Theauthor[15]alsoprovidedthesystematicschematicrepre-sentationofLinearCellularAlloyManufacturingProcessasshowninFig.4.ApplicationofAMinnon-conventionalmanufacturingareaFunctionsofAdditivemanufacturingi.e.Storematerial,pattern,provideenergy,providenewmaterialandprovidesupportweresequentiallyelaboratedbyWilliams,C.B.etal.(2005).ThedeepG.Bansaletal./MaterialsToday:Proceedingsxxx(xxxx)xxxG.Bansaletal./MaterialsToday:Proceedingsxxx(xxxx)xxxPAGE6PAGE4G.Bansaletal./MaterialsToday:Proceedingsxxx(xxxx)PAGE4G.Bansaletal./MaterialsToday:Proceedingsxxx(xxxx)xxxFig.2.Schematicdiagramofadditivemanufacturingincustomizationofbiomedicalparts[6].Fig.3.ClassificationofLowdensitycellularmaterialmesostructure[15].overviewonthelaserbasedAMisillustratedinasingleresearchpaper.MeltpoolsizecontrolinlaserbasedAMtechniqueswasalsosolvedbyBimbaum,etal.(2003)withtwodifferenttechniques[16].Problemsassociatedwithprocessandduetostepchangewerediagnosedandrectified.Severalnon-conventionalmanufac-turingprocesseslikelaserbeam,iondischargesintering,3Dprint-ingetc.canbedoneusingrapidprototypingtechniques.TheresidualstressesgeneratedduringAMwereresolvedbypreheatingtechniques[17].Heretwodifferentpreheatingapproacheswereconsidered,firstistheelectronbeamtechniqueandsecondislaserbeambasedpreheatingtechniquetoreduceresidualstressesduringAMprocess.AsalreadydiscussedaboveabouttheapplicationofAMinbiomedicalscience,Cruz,F(2010)[18]fabricatedthebonetissueofPLLAcompositeusingAMtechnology.Thestrengthsoobtainedwascomparablewiththestrengthofnaturalbone[18].PA12Plas-ticmaterialwasconsideredforlasersintering.Thermalanalysisandmeltviscositycharacterizationswereperformedandinvesti-gated[19].ThebestpartwithAMtechnologyisitscostversescomplexityrelationship.Thesizerangeandvastmaterialisticapplications

withAMhelpstojustifythefutureofadvancematerialtechnolo-gieswithAM.CharacterizationandapplicationofAMalongwithcompositesKuehnlein,Fetal.workedonthepowderedbasedAMtech-niquesandillustratedthemechanicalpropertiesandthedegrada-tionbehaviorrelatedtomaterialsdevelopedusingAM.Oneoftherevolutionarystudyrelatedtoapplicationsofadditivemanufactur-ingtechniquesweredescribedbyLipson,H(2011)[20].TheauthorjustifiedandpresentedAMsapplicationinseveralfieldslikeauto-mated3Dprinting,rapidprototyping,complexityforfreetechnol-ogy,personalizationofmanufacturing,shapingininternalstructuresofmaterials,fabricationofbioprintingtofoodprinting(Custom-shapedprostheses,customimplants,bioprinting,Drugscreeningmodels,Surgicaltraining,surgicalplanning,custommedication,foodprinting,etc.),CADdesigningandsimulating,etc.[20].SeveralbiomedicalapplicationsdevelopingtoolsandinstrumentsusingcompositematerialsforsurgicalworkofhipsandkneesimplantsusesAMprocess.[21].Thesetoolsarecosteffectiveandeasilycustomizable.Somenovelmetals[22]andFig.4.Schematicdiagramoflinearcellularalloymanufacturingtechnique[15].non-metalsarecharacterizedintheformofautomotivecompo-nentswhendevelopedasmetalmatrixcomposite.TheseMMCbasedcomponentsweredevelopedusingAMtechniques.ConclusionsThestudyofadditivemanufacturingfinallyrevealsthatAMisafutureofmaterialandmanufacturingscience.TheapplicationsofAMarewelljustifiedinbiomedical,architecturaldesignandfabri-cation,partdevelopmentsusingcompositematerials,complexdesigninganddevelopment,highstrengthapplications,aerospaceapplications,automobileapplicationetc.ThecomparisonofAMoversubtractivemanufacturingshowsexponentialdifferenceinrespecttocost,size,methodologyandcircletimeofanycomplexsystem.Additivemanufacturingtech-niques,asarevolutionaryapplicationhasvastfuturescopeandthusthesocial&environmentaloptimizationwithincreaseinindustrializationcanbeeasilysustainedwiththeadaptationofAMinallmanufacturingapplications.Thereviewshighlyrecom-mendtheuseofAMoverSMintermsofcosteffectivemanufacturing.DeclarationofCompetingInterestTheauthorsdeclarethattheyhavenoknowncompetingfinan-cialinterestsorpersonalrelationshipsthatcouldhaveappearedtoinfluencetheworkreportedinthispaper.AcknowledgementTheauthorswouldliketosincerelythankGraphicEradeemedtobeUniversityforprovidingallsortsofFUNDING(forpublicationofresearchwork),amenitiesandinfrastructureincarryingoutthecurrentresearchwork.References[1]\hN.Guo,M.C.Leu,Additivemanufacturing:technology,applicationsand\hresearchneeds,Front.Mech.Eng.8(3)(2013)215–243.[2]\hE.Huotilainenetal.,Imagingrequirementsformedicalapplicationsofadditive\hmanufacturing,Actaradiol.55(1)(2014)78–85.

[3]\hT.J.Horn,O.L.A.Harrysson,Overviewofcurrentadditivemanufacturing\htechnologiesandselectedapplications,Sci.Prog.95(3)(2012)255–282.[4]\hM.Javaid,A.Haleem,Additivemanufacturingapplicationsinmedicalcases:a\hliteraturebasedreview,AlexandriaJ.Med.54(4)(2018)411–422.[5]\hD.Mahmoud,M.Elbestawi,Latticestructuresandfunctionallygraded\hmaterialsapplicationsinadditivemanufacturingoforthopedicimplants:a\hreview,J.Manuf.Mater.Process.1(2)(2017)13.[6]\hS.Singh,S.Ramakrishna,Biomedicalapplicationsofadditivemanufacturing:\hPresentandfuture,Curr.Opin.Biomed.Eng.2(2017)105–115.[7]\hH.Hamdaoui,Z.Xu,S.AliQalati,T.KenneBorisJoel,Thefabricationofvascular\htissue,3Dprintingandadditivemanufacturing,Int.J.Sci.Eng.Investig.8(91)\h(2019)91.[8]\hS.Lim,R.A.Buswell,T.T.Le,S.A.Austin,A.G.F.Gibb,T.Thorpe,Developmentsin\hconstruction-scaleadditivemanufacturingprocesses,Autom.Constr.21(1)\h(2012)262–268.[9]C.B.Williams,F.Mistree,andD.W.Rosen,‘‘Towardsthedesignofalayer-basedadditivemanufacturingprocessfortherealizationofmetalpartsofdesignedmesostructure,”16th