【2025年英语初高衔接专题】解码语篇衔接：说明文

解码语篇衔接：说明文一、定义说明文是高考英语阅读和写作中的核心文体之一，以解释、阐述事物特征、原理、过程或现象为主要目的，通过客观、系统的语言传递信息。其核心是“说明”，而非议论或叙事，旨在让读者理解某一主题的逻辑关系或内在规律。二、特点客观性：以事实为基础，避免主观情感表达，语言严谨。逻辑性：结构清晰，常用“总分总”“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”等逻辑框架。专业性：可能涉及科学、技术、文化、社会等领域术语，但高考中会控制难度。说明方法多样：常用定义、举例、分类、比较、因果、数字说明等手法。连接词突出：通过“however”“forexample”“inaddition”“therefore”等词体现逻辑关系。三、考查形式及典型题型说明文在高考英语中主要出现在阅读理解、七选五、语法填空等题型中，具体考查方式如下：1.阅读理解（A/B/C/D篇）（1）常见位置：A篇：通常为应用文（如广告、通知），但偶尔涉及说明文。B/C篇：核心考查说明文，主题多为科技、文化、自然现象（如人工智能、环保技术、传统节日起源）。D篇：难度较高，可能涉及学术性说明文（如心理学研究、医学发现）。（2）考查重点：细节理解：定位关键信息（如步骤、数据、特征）。主旨大意：概括段落或全文核心。推理判断：根据说明逻辑推断隐含信息。词义猜测：结合上下文理解术语或生词。【例如2025全国I卷阅读D篇】MicroplasticshavebecomeacommonsourceofpollutionacrosstheEarth—theyhavesettledinthedeepseaandontheHimalayas,stuckinsidevolcanicrocks,filledthestomachsofseabirdsandevenfalleninfreshAntarcticsnow.Theyareevenappearinginsidehumans.Now,newresearchsuggeststhatasimple,cheapmeasuremaysignificantlyreducethelevelofmicroplasticsinwaterfromyourtap(水龙头):boilingandfiltering(过滤)it.InastudypublishedWednesdayinEnvironmentalScience&TechnologyLetters,researchersfromChinafoundthatboilingtapwaterforjustfiveminutes—thenfilteringitafteritcools—couldremoveatleast80percentofitsmicroplastics.Crucially,thisprocessreliesonthewatercontainingenoughcalciumcarbonate(碳酸钙)totraptheplastics.Inthestudy,boilinghardwatercontaining300milligramsofcalciumcarbonateledtoanalmost90percentdropinplastics.Butinsampleswithlessthan60milligramsofcalciumcarbonate,boilingreducedthelevelofplasticsbyjust25percent.Additionally,theresearchdidn’tincludealltypesofplastics.Theteamfocusedonlyonthreecommontypes—polystyrene,polyethyleneandpolypropylene—andtheydidn’tstudyotherchemicalspreviouslyfoundinwatersuchasvinylchloride.Still,thefindingsshowapotentialpathforwardforreducingmicroplasticexposure—ataskthat’sbecomingincreasinglydifficult.Evenbottledwater,scientistsfoundearlierthisyear,contains10to1,000timesmoremicroplasticsthanoriginallythought.Scientistsarestilltryingtodeterminehowharmfulmicroplasticsare—butwhattheydoknowhasraisedconcerns.Thenewstudysuggestsboilingtapwatercouldbeatooltolimitintake.“Thewaytheydemonstratedhowmicroplasticsweretrappedthroughtheboilingprocesswasnice,”CarolineGauchotte-Lindsay,anenvironmentalengineerattheUniversityofGlasgowinScotlandwhowasnotinvolvedintheresearch,tellsNewScientist.“Weshouldbelookingintoupgradingdrinkingwatertreatmentplantssotheyremovemicroplastics.”本文是一篇说明文，围绕“微塑料污染”这一全球环境问题展开，重点介绍了一项新研究发现：通过煮沸并过滤自来水，可有效去除水中80%以上的微塑料（具体效果受水中钙含量影响），同时指出该方法的局限性（仅针对特定塑料类型、未涵盖其他污染物），并呼吁通过升级水处理设施进一步解决微塑料污染问题。文章遵循“提出问题—分析解决方案—说明限制—延伸建议”的逻辑链条，通过数据支撑与科学限定，既传递了实用信息（煮沸过滤的有效性），又保持了学术严谨性（明确研究边界），最终引导读者关注微塑料治理的多元路径。考点：写作手法识别、内容提炼与概括、写作意图推断Howdoestheauthorpresenttheissueinthefirstparagraph?A.Byquotinganexpert. B.Bydefiningaconcept.C.Bygivingexamples. D.Byprovidingstatistics.根据第一段内容可知，首段连续使用5个havedone结构（havesettled/stuck/filled/fallen/appearing）并列列举微塑料存在的具体地点：深海（deepsea）、喜马拉雅山（Himalayas）、火山岩（volcanicrocks）、海鸟胃（stomachsofseabirds）、南极雪（Antarcticsnow）和人体内（insidehumans），通过多个具体实例（examples）证明污染普遍性。故选C。33.Whatdeterminestheeffectivenessoftrappingmicroplasticsinwater?A.Thehardnessofwater. B.Thelengthofcoolingtime.C.Thefrequencyoffiltering. D.Thetypeofplasticinwater.根据第三段中的“Crucially,thisprocessreliesonthewatercontainingenoughcalciumcarbonate(碳酸钙)totraptheplastics.”（至关重要的是，这个过程依赖于水中含有足够的碳酸钙来捕获塑料。）可知，水的硬度（碳酸钙含量）决定了捕获微塑料的有效性。数据支撑：高硬度水（300mg碳酸钙）：去除率90%；低硬度水（<60mg碳酸钙）：去除率25%。故选A。34.Whatdoestheauthortrytoillustratebymentioningbottledwaterinparagraph4?A.Theimportanceofplasticrecycling. B.Theseverityofthemicroplasticproblem.C.Thedangerinoverusingpurewater. D.Thedifficultyintreatingpollutedwater.第四段逻辑链：指出减少微塑料暴露“日益困难（increasinglydifficult）”；例证：瓶装水微塑料含量“比预想高10-1000倍”（10to1,000timesmore）；写作意图：通过反差数据（瓶装水≠安全）强调污染问题的严重性与普遍性。故选B。35.WhatisGauchotte-Lindsay’ssuggestionabout?A.Choiceofnewresearchmethods. B.Possibledirectionforfurtherstudy.C.Needtoinvolvemoreresearchers. D.Potentialapplicationofthefindings.根据最后一段最后一句“weshouldbelookingintoupgradingdrinkingwatertreatmentplantssotheyremovemicroplastics.”可知，Gauchotte-Lindsay建议应当改进饮用水处理厂，以去除水中的微塑料。因此，她的建议属于研究成果潜在的应用场景，具体来说，是将研究成果应用于改善饮用水处理工艺。故选D。2.七选五（阅读填空）考查核心：说明文的逻辑衔接能力。常见场景：段落间：通过总起句、总结句或过渡句（如“However”“Similarly”）衔接。段落内：通过例子、因果、对比等关系连接句子（如“Forinstance”“Asaresult”）。【例如2025全国II卷阅读七选五】UnexpectedBenefitsofVolunteeringasaFamilyAreyoulookingforawaytobringyourfamilytogether?Hopingtofindahobbythatcanbesharedbyboththelittleonesandadults?36Youmayknowthe“feel-good”emotionsthatcomewithhelpingothers,butthereareevenmoreunexpectedwaysvolunteeringwillpositivelyaffectthewholefamily.·You’llfeellikeyouhavemoretime.Peopleoftenfeeltheyaretoobusytovolunteer.Yet,researchhasfoundthatgivingyourtimetocommunitycausesactuallymakesyoufeellikeyouhavemoreofit.37·Youcanlivelongerifyouvolunteerregularly.38WashingtonUniversityfoundthatadults55andolderwhovolunteeredhadbettermemoryandmaintainedoverallhealthlongerthanotherstheirage.Volunteersarealsomorelikelytolookaftertheirownhealthandaremorefocusedonaddingphysicalactivityintotheirlives.·39Volunteeringduringteenageyearshasbeenlinkedtosomemajorpositiveeffectssuchasimprovedgradesandincreasedself-confidence.Theseeffectsaren’tjustshort-termbuthavebeenprovedtoaffectateen’swell-beingintheyearstocome.·You’llhavemoretimewithfamily.Familieswhovolunteertogetherhavetheuniqueexperienceofworkingtowardacommongoal.40Everyonebringssomethinguniquetothetableandcanconnectwitheachotherinanewway.And,therearetasksforeveryageandability,soallyourchildrencanfeelproudoftheirwork.A.Helpingthecommunitylowersratesofdepression.B.Volunteeringasafamilymaybejustthethingyouneed.C.Volunteeringhasalifelongeffectonkidsandteenagers.D.Volunteeringcanbethefirststepinbreakingdownprejudice.E.Foradults,volunteeringcanprovidesignificantphysicalhealthbenefits.F.Youmayevenlearnthatyourkidhasatalentyoudidn’tknowaboutbefore.G.Volunteeringmakesyoufeelcapableandinspiresyoutomakethemostofeachday.本文是一篇说明文，围绕“家庭志愿服务的意外益处”展开，通过分点论述（四个核心好处），结合科学研究与具体案例，阐述了家庭共同参与志愿服务不仅能增进亲情，还能带来时间感知优化、健康提升、青少年成长促进及家庭互动增强等超乎预期的积极影响，最终鼓励家庭将志愿服务作为共享活动。文章采用“总—分”结构，以“意外益处”为核心，通过科学研究与家庭场景结合，将志愿服务的价值从个人层面延伸至家庭层面，既提供实用信息（如具体好处），又传递情感共鸣（如亲子互动），最终实现“鼓励家庭参与志愿服务”的写作目的。36设空段中。空前“Areyoulookingforawaytobringyourfamilytogether?Hopingtofindahobbythatcanbesharedbyboththelittleonesandadults?”暗示了家长希望找到一种能够增强家庭联系的活动。空后“Youmayknowthe‘feel-good’emotionsthatcomewithhelpingothers...”提到“帮助他人的愉悦感”。根据上下文语境可推知，空处应填入建议性回答，因此B项“Volunteeringasafamilymaybejustthethingyouneed.（家庭志愿服务可能正是你需要的）”符合语境。故选B。37设空段末。根据本段小标题“You’llfeellikeyouhavemoretime.”以及空前的“researchhasfoundthatgivingyourtimetocommunitycausesactuallymakesyoufeellikeyouhavemoreofit.”可知，接下来的内容需要进一步解释为什么时间会变得更多，或者说，为什么志愿活动会让人觉得更有时间。选项G“Volunteeringmakesyoufeelcapableandinspiresyoutomakethemostofeachday.”（志愿活动让你感到有能力，并激励你充分利用每一天），解释了前文为什么人们参与志愿活动后感到时间变得更多的原因，因此符合语境。故选G。38设空段首。根据文章结构可知，空处是该段的主题句。根据段落小标题（Youcanlivelongerifyouvolunteerregularly.）和空后引用研究（WashingtonUniversity）聚焦中老年人健康（memory,physicalactivity）可知，空处应总起提出志愿者活动对身体健康有益处，因此E项“Foradults,volunteeringcanprovidesignificantphysicalhealthbenefits.（志愿活动对成年人有显著的身体健康益处。）”能概括本段大意，符合语境。故选E。39设空段落小标题。根据文章结构可知，空处是该段的主旨句。根据该段讨论志愿者活动对青少年有长期益处（grades,self-confidence,well-being）可知，空处应综合本段所讨论的志愿者活动对青少年的终生影响，因此C项“Volunteeringhasalifelongeffectonkidsandteenagers.”（志愿活动对孩子和青少年的一生产生影响”能概括本段大意，选项中“lifelongeffect”与“intheyearstocome”形成同义复现，符合语境。故选C。40设空段中。空前“Familieswhovolunteertogetherhavetheuniqueexperienceofworkingtowardacommongoal.”可知，一起做志愿活动的家庭会有一种共同努力的独特体验，空后“Everyonebringssomethinguniquetothetableandcanconnectwitheachotherinanewway.”指出了每个人贡献独特之处，因此，空处应有“独特性”的表述，F选项的“talent”是“独特性”的具体表现。因此F项“Youmayevenlearnthatyourkidhasatalentyoudidn’tknowaboutbefore.（你甚至可能会发现你的孩子有你之前不知道的天赋），符合语境。故选F。3.语法填空考查重点：说明文中常见语法现象的灵活运用。高频考点：时态/语态：说明过程或原理时常用一般现在时（如“Waterboilsat100℃”）；被动语态（如“Theexperimentwasconducted…”）。非谓语动词：解释目的或结果（如“Tounderstandthis,weneedto…”）。从句：定语从句（如“Themethod,whichiswidelyused,…”）、状语从句（如“Whenheated,metalexpands”）。连接词：并列、转折、因果关系（如“and”“but”“because”）。【例如2025全国I卷语法填空】AnexhibitionattheJiushiArtMuseuminShanghaiisfeaturingartworkinspiredbyGo,orweiqiinChinese,56originatedinChinamorethan4,000yearsago.Goisoneof57earliestbinary-based(基于二元的)games.ThemovementsoftheblackandwhitepiecesreflectthebasicideasofEasternphilosophy,accordingtoTuNingning,whoisinchargeoftheexhibition.“TheexhibitionbringstogetherGoculture,cutting-edgetechnologyandcontemporaryart,”saysTu.“Wehope58(present)theratherabstractGogameandAIinavisualcontext,andinitiatedialogueswithminimalistart,conceptualartandexpressionism.”“InaGogame,eachmoveshouldservealong-termgoal.Youtrytoleadtheopponentintoyourtrapandforcethemtofollowyour‘59(guide)’tilltheylose,”explainsWangWei,aGoplayeramongthevisitorstotheexhibition.“Theplayers’personalities60(reveal)duringthegame,andone’sweaknessesareexposedtotheopponent,”sheadds.“Adecentwinneralways61(try)tobeattheopponent62nomorethanoneortwopointsasagesture(姿态)ofrespectfortheotherside.”(strategy)placementofthepieces,64theenergyflowfollowingeachmoveinspiredartiststocreateoilpaintings,sculptures,65(digital)generatedpicturesandsilk-screenprintsfortheexhibition.本文是一篇说明文，围绕上海久事艺术馆举办的“围棋主题艺术展”展开，介绍了展览的核心内容（融合围棋文化、前沿科技与当代艺术