国际物流（双语）陈艳全套课件

第一章导论

ChapterOneABriefIntroductiontoInternationalLogistics

管理学院陈艳Objective(教学目的)UnderstandthedefinitionandcharacteristicsofInternationalLogistics

掌握国际物流的内涵和特点；UnderstandtherelationshipbetweenInternationalLogisticsandInternationalTrade

了解国际物流与国际贸易两者的关系；UnderstandtheevolutionofInternationalLogisticsanditsimportanceineconomicglobalization

了解国际物流的发展历程以及在经济全球化中的地位和作用

KeyPointsandDifficultPoints

（教学重点及难点）KeyPoints（教学重点）:thedefinition,characteristicsofInternationalLogisticsandoperationsofInternationalLogistics；therelationshipbetweenInternationalLogisticsandInternationalTrade；theimportanceofInternationalLogisticsDifficultPoints（教学难点）:characteristicsofInternationalLogistics;theimportanceofInternationalLogistics联邦快递将负责运送旅美大熊猫“宝宝”返回中国

联邦快递（FedEx

Express）在美国当地时间2017年2月21日无偿运送旅美大熊猫“宝宝”返回中国。据悉，联邦快递将再次派出包机搭载中国国宝大熊猫，从华盛顿杜勒斯国际机场直飞中国成都。记者获悉，雌性大熊猫“宝宝”于2013年8月在美国华盛顿史密森尼国家动物园出生，是旅美大熊猫“美香”和“添添”的孩子。“宝宝”将会被安置在由联邦快递提供的特制集装器内，搭乘联邦快递特别喷饰的777货机——“FedEx熊猫快递号”返回中国。

在此次运送任务中，联邦快递除了提供所有必要的空中运输外，还提供在华盛顿的地面物流支持，其中包括安排专门车辆把大熊猫从史密森尼国家动物园运送至机场。联邦快递负责本次运送大熊猫任务的飞行员、司机和操作人员都是拥有丰富经验的团队成员。目前，史密森尼国家动物园已经在做各项准备工作，其中包括让“宝宝”适应在旅途中呆在特制集装器内。来自史密森尼国家动物园的一名大熊猫饲养员和一名兽医得到了特别许可，将搭乘专机伴随“宝宝”旅行。整个团队会在旅程当中密切关注“宝宝”的状态，并备足饮用水、竹子和她最爱的食物，包括苹果、梨和红薯。

飞机抵达成都后，“宝宝”将会被运送到中国大熊猫保护研究中心管理的其中一个基地。史密森尼国家动物园的一名大熊猫饲养员会跟随并陪伴“宝宝”一段时间，以让她适应新家。之前，联邦快递在2010运送“宝宝”的哥哥“泰山”回到中国，并在2000年运送“宝宝”的父母“添添”和“美香”去到美国。

联邦快递是全球最具规模的速递运输公司之一，致力于提供快捷可靠的速递服务，前往全球220多个国家及地区。联邦快递设有环球航空及陆运网络，通常只需一至两个工作日，就能迅速运送时限紧迫的货件，而且确保准时送达，并且设有“准时送达保证”。

第一节国际物流概述

IntroductionofInternationalLogisticsMaincontents:UnderstandthedefinitionofInternationalLogisticsUnderstandthecharacteristicsofInternationalLogisticsUnderstandmainoperationsofInternationalLogisticsDefinitionofInternationalLogisticsInternationalLogisticsreferstotheflowsandtransfersofcargos(includingrawmaterials,materialsinprocessandfinalproducts)andmaterialsamongvariouscountriesandareas.

国际物流是指货物（包括原材料、半成品和制成品等）及物品（包括邮品、展品、捐赠物资等）在不同国家（地区）间的流动或转移。Internationallogisticscanbeinterpretedbothbroadlyandnarrowly.Fromthenarrowside,internationallogisticsmainlyreferstocommerciallogistics,whichincludesallthelogisticalactivitiesnecessarytocompleteaninternationaltradetransaction,suchastransportation,warehousing,packaging,materialhandling,processing,etc.Broadlyinterpreted,internationallogisticsincludesbothcommerciallogisticsandnon-commerciallogistics.Non-commerciallogisticsmeansthoselogisticalactivitiesnotforcommercialpurposes,suchasinternationalmailsandparcels,exhibits,aid,publicwelfareactivities,etc.我们可以从狭义和广义两个角度来理解国际物流。狭义的理解是国际物流即国际贸易物流，是指与国际贸易活动相关的物流活动，如货物集运、分拨、包装、运输、仓储、装卸、加工、报关、保险和单证处理等活动。而广义的理解是国际物流包含国际贸易物流和非国际贸易物流两大部分，是指货物在国与国地区与地区）之间的实体移动以及相关信息跨越国境的传递。其中非国际贸易物流是指由非对等交易活动引起的国际间的物流活动，如跨越国界的国际邮件、国际展品、国际军火、个人、家庭或组织间的实物赠予、国际间的公益活动等。

ThreekeyaspectsinthedefinitionofInternationalLogistics:canbecalled“biglogistics”or“macro-logistics”crucialingredientofInternationalTradeserveInternationalTradeandMulti-nationalOperation,inpursuitofthecost-effectiveandtransferofthegoodsfromthesupplyingplacetothedemandingplaceinthelowestrisk

国际物流的内涵可以从以下几个方面来理解：国际物流是国内物流的延伸和进一步扩展，是跨国界的、范围扩大了的物流活动，称为“大物流”；国际物流是国际贸易活动的重要组成部分，是伴随着国际贸易和国际分工合作形成的；国际物流的总目标是为国际贸易和跨国经营服务，即选择最佳的方式和路径，以最低的费用和最小的风险，将货物从一个国家（地区）的供给方运到另一个国家（地区）的需求方，使国际物流系统整体效益最大。

CharacteristicsofInternationalLogisticsInvolvingmorelinksandhavingalongercycle

物流环节多，周期长Beingmuchmorecomplicatedthandomesticlogistics物流作业复杂Beinginexposuretogreaterrisks物流过程具有高风险性

InvolvingmorelinksandhavingalongercycleBesidesthecommonlinkssuchastransportation,warehousing,packing,materialhandlingandinformationmanagement,etc.,internationallogisticsincludessomespeciallinksbecauseitconductslogisticalactivitiesacrossnationalboundaries.Forinstance,whengoodsand/ormaterialsareshippedintooroutofacountry,thelinksofinspectionanddeclarationarerequired.Sincegoodsininternationaltransportationareexposedtogreaterrisksofbeingdamagedorlost,insuranceshouldbeeffectedongoods.

BeingmuchmorecomplicatedthandomesticlogisticsThecomplexityismainlygeneratedfromthesignificantdifferencesoflogisticalregulations,infrastructuresandtechnologiesamongdifferentcountriesandregions.Inmostcases,internationallogisticsusesthecombinationofvarioustransportationmodes,whichgreatlyincreasesthecomplexityoftransportation.

Anotherfactorthatgreatlycontributestothecomplexityisthesheeramountofdocumentationrequiredforinternationallogisticaloperations.Whiledomesticlogisticaloperationscangenerallybecompletedbyusingonlyaninvoiceandabilloflading,internationallogisticaloperationsrequiresubstantialdocumentationregardingordercontents,transportation,financingandgovernmentcontrol.BeinginexposuretogreaterrisksPoliticalrisks：therisksincurredbypoliticalreasonssuchastheinstabilityofthecountryorregion(includingstrikes,unrests,orwars)andthechangeofthepoliticalandeconomicrelationshipbetweencountriesandregionsCurrencyrisks：nationalcurrencyexchangeratesandmonetaryinterestratesoftenvarywiththetransactionalsituationofinternationalfinancialmarketandfluctuategreatly,leadingtotheinstabilityoftherelativevalueofsettlementcurrencyininternationallogisticsNaturalrisks：therisksincurredbynaturalcalamitiesincludingearthquakes,tsunamis,stormsandothernaturaldisasters,whichoftenresultintransportationaccidentsandlogisticsservicebreakdowns.OperationsofInternationalLogisticsBasiclinksofIL(基本业务活动)Transportation运输Warehousing仓储Materialhandling装卸搬运Packaging包装Distribution配送Processing流通加工Information信息处理Transportation：Itreferstothephysicalmovementofgoodsfromapointoforigintoapointofconsumptionandcaninvolverawmaterialsbeingbroughtintoproductionprocessand/orfinishedgoodsbeingshippedouttothecustomer.Transportationassumesagreaterroleinmanylogisticssystems.2)Warehousing：Warehousingisoftenreferredtoasthestorageofgoods.Broadlyinterpreted,thisdefinitionincludesawiderangeoffacilitiesandlocationsthatprovidewarehousing,includingthestorageofironoreinopenfields;thestorageoffinishedgoodsinproductionfacility;andthestorageofrawmaterials,industrialgoodsandfinishedgoodswhiletheyareintransit.

3)Materialhandling:Materialhandlingisconcernedwithmovingrawmaterial,work-in-process,andfinishedgoodsinto,through,andoutofeachfacility.4)Packing：Itismainlyconcernedwithprotectingtheproductinthecourseofshipmentandstorgage.5)Informationmanagement:Itiswhatlinksallareasoflogisticssystemtogether.Thegrowthofreasonablypricedcomputersandsoftwarehasputsophisticatedmanagementinformationsystemwithinthereachofeventhesmallestorganization.SpeciallinksofIL(特有业务活动)

CustomsClearance：Whengoodsareshippedinandoutofacountry'scustomsterritory,theconsignors,consigneesorotheragentsoftheimportedandexportedgoodsarerequiredtoapplytotheCustoms.Theyneedtofillintheformsnamed“CustomsDeclarationforImportsandExports”withtheattacheddocumentsrequiredbyCustomsforexamination.Thedeclarationisanactivitythatmustbecarriedoutwhenthegoodsflowintooroutofthecustomsterritoryofacountry.CargoInsurance：Duetolongdistance,multipleloading,unloadingandstorageactivities,andvariouskindsofunpredictablerisksduringinternationallogisticstransportation,cargotransportationinsurancemustbeeffectedinordertoreducethelossesarisingfromcargodamageorloss.F.P.A.,W.P.A.,andAllRisksarethethreebasicinsurancecoversofmarinetransportationprovidedbyPeople’sInsuranceCompanyofChina(P.I.C.C).InternationalSettlement：Thepaymentofinternationaltradeisquitecomplex.Thecommonlyusedsettlementmodesincluderemittance,collectionandletterofcredit.报关：报关是指货物在进出关境时，由进出口货物的收、发货人或其他代理人按照海关的规定格式填报《进出口货物报关表》，随附海关规定交验的单证，向海关办理报关手续。报关是货物进出入一国关境时必须进行的一项活动。由于国际物流项下的货物必然需要出入不同国家的关境，所以报关是国际物流不可缺少的特有业务环节之一。国际货物运输保险：国际物流运输距离长，装卸保管次数多，在物流过程中可能会遇到难以预测的各种风险，因此为了减少货物灭损而产生的损失，必须对国际物流中的货物办理运输保险。我国海洋运输的基本险别分为平安险、水渍险和一切险三种，其承保责任范围依次增大。国际结算：国际物流活动中的结算支付方式较为复杂。一般使用的结算支付方式有汇付、托收和信用证。第二节国际物流与国际贸易的关系

RelationshipbetweenInternationalLogisticsandInternationalTradeMajorcontents:UnderstandtherelationshipbetweenInternationalLogisticsandInternationalTradeUnderstandnewrequirementsofInternationalTradeRelationshipbetweenInternationalLogisticsandInternationalTradeinternationallogisticsprovidesfundamentalsupportsforinternationaltradeAttheinitialstageofsigninginternationaltradecontract,shippingtermsmustbestipulatedclearly.Then,goodsshouldbetransportedacrosscustomsterritoriesfromthesupplyingplacetothespecifieddemandingplacebymeansofatleasttwotransportationmodesstrictlyinaccordancewiththestipulationsofshippingterms.Itisthroughtheprocessofinternationallogisticsthatthesellerfulfillsthedeliveryofproductsandpresentationofrequireddocumentsandthebuyeracceptsdocumentsandgoodsandmakesthepayment.Withoutinternationallogistics,neitherthephysicalmovementofgoodsnortherelatedvalue-addedprocessofproductscanbecompleted.

NewRequirementsofInternationalTradeHigherqualityHighersafetyMoreefficiencyLowercostRealandaccurateinformation1)QualityRequirements:Withthechangeofinternationaltradestructure,thegoodsunderinternationaltradehaveswitchedfromtraditionalprimaryproductsandrawmaterialstomanufacturedproductswithhigh-valueandfinemachining.Thus,highqualitylogisticsservicesarerequired.Inaddition,diversifiedcustomerneedsininternationalmarketshaveledtothetrendofsmall-lot,multi-specieslogistics,drivingthedevelopmentofleananddiversifiedinternationallogistics.2）SafetyRequirements:Internationallogisticshasthefeaturesofwidegeographicalspan,longcycle,andcomplicatedlinksandissubjecttovariousnaturalandpoliticalfactorsincludingweather,geographicalconditions,politicalsituations,wars,strikes,etc.Thus,whenmakingdecisionsontheroutesandmodesofinternationallogisticstransportation,firmsshouldtakeintoaccountssuchfactorsasweather,geographical,politicalandeconomicconditionsofcountriesandregionsalongtheroute.

3）EfficiencyRequirements:Inordertoaccelerateinternationallogisticsprocess,large-scalespeciallogisticsequipment,includingspecialshippingvessels,handlingequipment,berths,etc.shouldbeappliedonthebasisofthefullconsiderationofthefeaturesofcargoes.4）CostRequirements:Internationallogisticsalwaysinvolvesmanycomplicatedlinksandlastsalongperiodoftime.Thereisgreatpotentialforcontrollingandreducingthetotalcostsintheareaofinternationallogistics.

5）InformationRequirements:Informationistheonlydriverwhichfacilitatesboththeaccelerationoflogisticsprocessandthecostsavingoftheentirelogisticssystem.ThetrendofinformationininternationallogisticsrequiresthatEDIdeclaration,electronicinspectionandquarantineandelectronicspacebookingbewidelyused.第三节国际物流的发展

IntroductionofInternationalLogisticsMajorcontents:UnderstandtheevolutionofInternationalLogisticsUnderstandtheimportanceofInternationalLogisticsineconomicglobalizationUnderstandthedriversandbarriersofthedevelopmentofInternationalLogisticsFirstperiod:1950s-1980sAfterWorldWarII,internationaleconomicexchangesfurtherextendedandbecameincreasinglyactive.Especiallyaftertheoilcrisisofthe1970s,internationaltradebecameveryhugeinvolume.Furthermore,transactionqualityrequirementsunderinternationaltradewereraisedtoahigherlevel.Underthiscircumstance,systematiclogisticsappeared.Withtheincreaseofinternationaltrade,large-scalelogisticscameintobeingandlarge-scalelogisticsequipmentwasinventedin1960s,suchas200-thousand-tonoiltanker,100-thousand-tonoreship,etc.Inthe1970s,internationalcontainersandinternationalcontainervesselsandportsdevelopedrapidly,whichsatisfiedtherequirementsoftransportingmediumandsmallsizedcargoes.Majorscheduledlinersofinternationalshippingroutesallputcontainervesselsinuse,whichgreatlyimprovedtheservicelevelofinternationallogistics.EvolutionofInternationalLogisticsFirstperiod:1950s-1080s

第二次世界大战以后，国际间的经济交往才越来越扩展，越来越活跃，尤其在七十年代的石油危机以后，国际间贸易从数量来讲已达到了非常巨大的数字，交易水平和质量要求也越来越高。在这种情况下，原有为满足运送必要货物的运输观念已不能适应新的要求，系统物流就是在这个时期进入国际领域。

六十年代开始形成了国际间的大数量物流，在物流技术上出现了大型物流工具，如二十万吨的油轮，十万吨的矿石船等。

七十年代，石油危机的影响，国际物流不仅在数量上进一步发展，船舶大型化趋势进一步加强，而且出现了提高国际物流服务水平的要求，大数量、高质量服务型物流从石油、矿石等物流领域向物流难度最大的中、小件杂货领域深入，其标志是国际集装箱及国际集装箱船的大发展，国际间各主要航线的定期班轮都投入了集装箱船，一下子把散杂货的物流水平提高了上去，使物流服务水平获得很大提高。七十年代中、后期国际物流的质量要求和速度要求进一步提高，这个时期在国际物流领域出现了航空物流大幅度增加的新形势，同时出现了更高水平的国际联运。

Secondperiod:1980s-1990sInthe1980s,withthechangesofcustomerrequirementsinanewera,internationallogisticsfocusedonsolvingthechallengesraisedby"low-volume,high-frequency,multi-types"logistics.Manynewtechnologiesandmethodsappearedandwereputinuse.Basedonthesenewlogisticstechnologies,modernlogisticsbasicallycoveredallkindsoflogisticalobjects,includinglarge-quantitygoods,unifiedpackingcargoes,aswellas"multi-types,low-volume"goods.Inthecasethatinternationallogisticsvolumeceasedtoincrease,leanlogisticssprungandtheautomationandmechanizationoflogisticsweregreatlyimproved.WiththeapplicationoflogisticsinformationsystemandEDIsystem,internationallogisticsmovedtoanewdevelopingstage.Informationenabledthedevelopmentoflogisticstomovetowardthedirectionoflowercost,betterserviceandleaneroperation.Thistrendbecamemoreprominentininternationallogisticsthanindomesticlogistics.Almosteveryfunctionalareaofinternationallogisticsdependedgreatlyoninformation.Accurateandtimelytransferofinformationbecamethecornerstoneinanylogisticssystem.Itcanbeconcludedthatin1980sand1990sinternationallogisticsenteredtheeraoflogisticsinformation.Secondperiod:1980s-1990s

八十年代前、中期国际物流的突出特点是：在物流量基本不继续扩大情况下出现了“精细物流”，物流的机械化、自动化水平提高，同时，伴随新时代人们需求观念的变化，国际物流着力于解决“小批量、高频度、多品种”的物流，出现了不少新技术和新方法，这就使现代物流不仅覆盖了大量货物、集装杂货，而且也覆盖了多品种的货物，基本覆盖了所有物流对象，解决了所有物流对象的现代物流问题。八十年代在国际物流领域的另一大发展，是伴随国际物流，尤其是伴随国际联运式物流出现的物流信息和首先在国防物流领域出现的电子数据交换（EDI）系统。信息的作用，使物流向更低成本、更高服务、更大量化、更精细化方向发展，许多重要的物流技术都是依靠信息才得以实现的，这个问题在国际物流中比国内物流表现的更为突出，物流的几乎每一活动都有信息支撑，物流质量取决与信息，物流服务依靠信息。可以说，八十年代、九十年代国际物流已进入了物流信息时代。

Thirdperiod:1990s-Theconceptsandrolesofinternationallogisticshavebeenwidelyrecognizedbygovernmentsaroundtheworldandmanycountrieshavebeguntotakemeasurestopromotesmoothinternationallogistics.Doingbusinesswithglobaltradingpartnersdefinitelyrequiresinternationalorevengloballogisticsactivities,includinginternationallogisticsfacilities,internationallogisticstechnologies,internationallogisticsservices,cargotransportation,packaginganddistributionprocessing.Almosteverycountryaroundtheworldhasextensivelyimplementedboldexplorationofthetheoriesandpracticesofinternationallogistics.Thereisaglobalconsensus:State-lesslogisticsshouldbecarriedoutundertheframeworkofthewholeworld.Onlythroughtheextensivecooperationamongcountriesinthefieldofinternationallogistics,theprosperityofworldeconomycanbeachieved.

Nowadays,withthewideapplicationofhigh-techapproaches,includingnetworktechnologies,barcodeandradiofrequencytechnologies,andsatellitepositioningsystem,etc.,inthearenaofinternationallogistics,thetrendofinformationhasbeenmoreprominentandtheleveloflogisticsservicehasbeensignificantlyimproved.Leadinglogisticscompanieshaveinvestedheavilyintheconstructionandimprovementoflogisticsinformationsystem.Itcanbearguedthatthe-twenty-firstcenturywillbeabloomingeraoftheinformationtrendofinternationallogistics.Thirdperiod:1990s-

国际物流的概念和重要性已为各国政府和外贸部门所普遍接受，并开始采取措施努力促进国际物流的顺利进行。贸易伙伴遍布全球，必然要求物流国际化，即物流设施国际化、物流技术国际化、物流服务国际化、货物运输国际化、包装国际化和流通加工国际化等。世界各国广泛开展国际物流方面的理论和实践方面的大胆探索。人们已经形成共识：物流无国界，只有广泛开展国际物流合作，才能促进世界经济繁荣。DriversofInternationalLogisticsGlobalization

经济全球化和世界一体化是国际物流发展的背景DevelopmentofInternationalTrade

国际贸易是国际物流产生和发展的根本前提DevelopmentofMultinationalCompanies

跨国公司的发展需要国际物流支撑

BarriersofInternationalLogisticsBarriersofmarketenteringthreshold:Marketentrybarriersincludemarketentryrestriction,informationinsufficiencyandtariffbarrierInternationalmarketrisks:thepricesofinternationaltradecommoditiesaregreatlyinfluencedbyexchangeratefluctuations,thusaffectingthetimedistributionoflogisticsdemandsNon-standardizationbarriersofLogisticsinfrastructure:vastdifferencesremaininlogisticsinfrastructuresandfacilities,includingtransportandmaterialhandlingequipment,warehousingfacilities,portsfacilitiesandcommunicationsystemsetc.,amongdifferentcountriesandregions.MarketentrybarriersMarketentryrestrictionmeansusinglegislationorjudicialpracticestorestricttheentryofimportcommoditiesintoacountry'sdomesticmarket.Thehurdleofinformationinsufficiencycanalsobecalledasinformationasymmetrybarrier.Asfarasforeignenterprisesareconcerned,itisquitedifficultforthemtoobtainadequateinformationaboutmarketsize,competitionstatusaswellasimportproceduresandrequireddocuments.Inmanycases,thelackofinformationoftenleadstodefectivedocuments.Underthesecircumstances,shipmentswillbepostponedorevenbedetained,whichnotonlyleadstologisticsprocessinterruptsbutalsosometimesincursclients'claims.Inaddition,inordertoprotecttheirdomesticmarketsandlocalenterprises,somecountriesusebothtariffandnon-tariffbarrierstorestrictinternationaltrade.Toacertainextent,thesemeasuresincreasethedifficultiesandcostsofinternationallogisticsoperations.市场进入壁垒包括市场进入限制、信息可得性、关税和非关税壁垒等。市场进入限制往往是通过立法或司法实践对进口商品制造障碍来限制其进入一国的国内市场。信息可得性也可称为信息的不对称障碍。对于外国企业来说，除有关市场规模、人口和竞争状况等直接的信息相当有限外，关于进口业务和有关单证方面的信息往往也难以掌握。此外，为保护本国市场和企业，一些国家还通过关税和非关税壁垒来限制国际贸易，也在一定程度上增加了国际物流运作的难度和成本。InternationalmarketrisksUndertheglobalenvironment,thepricesofinternationaltradecommoditiesaregreatlyinfluencedbyexchangeratefluctuations,thusaffectingthetimedistributionoflogisticsdemands.Forexample,distributorssellingGermanautopartsintheUSwouldmakereplenishmentsofpartsaslateaspossibletoreducetheriskandinvestmentofinventoryiftheeuroagainsttheU.S.dollarisinthedecreasingperiod.Otherwise,keepinginventoryofpartswouldfacilitateitsimplementationofthelow-coststrategy.Therefore,exchangeratefluctuationsaffectingthepricesofinternationaltradecommoditiesactuallyincreasethecomplexityofinternationallogisticsoperations.Inresponsetothis,manufacturershavetoextendtheleadtimeofinventoryandtransportation.non-standardizedbarrieroflogisticsinfrastructureandfacilitiesNowadays,vastdifferencesremaininlogisticsinfrastructuresandfacilities,includingtransportandmaterialhandlingequipment,warehousingfacilities,portsfacilitiesandcommunicationsystemsetc.,amongdifferentcountriesandregions.Althoughinrecentyearsthedegreeofcontainerstandardizationhasbeenraised,bigdifferenceofmeasurement,capacity,weightandtrackspecificationoftransportvehiclesstillexists.Wheneveritisnotstandardized,thecostanddurationoftheinternationallogisticswilldefinitelyincrease.

在全球环境下，国际贸易商品价格受汇率变动的影响很大，从而影响着物流需求的时间分布。不同国家和地区运输和材料搬运设备、仓库设施和港口设施以及通信系统等存在着很大的差异。尽管近年来提高了集装箱标准化程度，但在全球运输设备中，运输工具的尺度、能力、重量和轨道规格等方面依然存在着较大的差异，当其未被标准化时，国际物流的费用和时间势必会增加。NewtrendsMultinationalcompanyisbecomingthemajordemanderanddriverofinternationallogisticstheoperationofinternationallogisticswillbeincorporatedintoglobalsupplychaintheservicescopeofinternationallogisticswillcontinuetoexpandandintegratedserviceproviders(ISP)willoccupytheleadingpositioninternationallogisticswillenteranewstageofdevelopmentfocusingoninformation,automationandintelligencegreenlogisticsandgreensupplychainwillbeoneofthedominantglobaltrends首先，跨国公司将成为未来国际物流的主要需求者和推动力。其次，国际物流的运作将融入全球供应链管理。第三，国际物流服务范围将进一步扩大，一体化物流服务提供商将占据主导地位。第四，国际物流将进入信息化、自动化和智能化发展阶段。最后，绿色物流和绿色供应链将成为世界性发展趋势。ChapterTwelveInternationalSupplyChain

第十二章国际供应链

管理学院陈艳Objective(教学目的)UnderstandtheglobalizationtrendofSupplyChainUnderstandtheglobalstrategiesoftheSupplyChainUnderstandhowtoorganizeforgloballogisticsKeyPointsandDifficultPoints

（教学重点及难点）

KeyPoints（教学重点）:globalizationtrendofSupplyChain,globalstrategiesoftheSupplyChain,organizingthegloballogistics

DifficultPoints（教学难点）:globalstrategiesoftheSupplyChain,organizingthegloballogistics

GlobalizationTrendof

SupplyChain

Globalbrandsandcompaniesnowdominatemostmarkets.Overthelasttwodecadestherehasbeenasteadytrendtowardstheworldwidemarketingofproductsunderacommonbrandumbrella－whetheritbeCoca-ColaorNike,AppleorToyota.Atthesametimetheglobalcompanyhasreviseditspreviouslylocalizedfocus,manufacturingandmarketingitsproductsinindividualcountries,andnowinsteadwilltypicallysourceonaworldwidebasisforglobalproduction.Thelogicoftheglobalcompanyisclear:itseekstogrowitsbusinessbyextendingitsmarketswhilstatthesametimeseekingcostreductionthroughscaleeconomiesinpurchasingandproductionandthroughfocusedmanufacturingand/orassemblyoperations.目前市场上销售的产品大部分都是一些世界级公司的知名品牌。在过去的20年里，那些人们耳熟能详的品牌，其产品的全球化营销已经发展成为一种稳健的态势。不论是可口可乐、耐克、苹果还是丰田公司，都是如此。于此同时，全球化企业调整了先前的以区域为中心的战略，不再是在每个独立的国家内部独立生产、销售产品，取而代之的是全球范围内采购、生产、配送。

这些世界级公司的想法简洁明了：力求依靠采购和生产方面的规模经济以及集中化的制造和组装作业来降低成本，同时扩张它的销售市场以壮大其商业规模。GlobalStrategiesoftheSupplyChain(1)FocusedFactoriesTheideabehindthefocusedfactoryissimple:bylimitingtherangeandmixofproductsmanufacturedinasinglelocationthecompanycanachieveconsiderableeconomiesofscale.Theglobalbusinesswilltreattheworldmarketasonemarketandwillrationalizeitsproductssothatremainingfactoriesproducefewerproductsinvolumescapableofsatisfyingperhapstheentiremarket.

(1)集中化生产

集中生产的理念很简单：通过限制在单一制造点的产品种类和产品组合，企业可以达到相当大的规模经济。全球化企业将整个国际市场视为一体，使产品生产合理化，这样保留下来的工厂生产的产品种类比原来少，但却能满足整个全球市场的需求。Mars就是这样运作的一个公司，它的策略包括两个方面：一方面至少把一个区域的需求当作一个整体来管理；另一方面按照种类逐个厂地集中生产产品，从而合理化它的产品生产能力，因此它在莫斯科销售的M&M产品很有可能是在美国生产制造的。更具说服力的例子是宝洁公司，它只在两个工厂生产Pringles（品客）薯片产品，却能满足全球的需要。

(2)CentralizationofInventoriesInthesamewaythattheadventofglobalizationhasencouragedcompaniestorationalizeproductionintofewerlocationssotoohasitledtoatrendtowardsthecentralizationofinventories.Makinguseofthewell-knownstatisticalfactthatconsolidationinventoryintofewerlocationscansubstantiallyreduceinventoryrequirement,organizationshavebeensteadilyclosingnationalwarehousesandamalgamatingthemintoregionaldistributioncentersservingamuchwidergeographicalarea.(2)库存的集中化管理

全球化在促使企业将它们的产品更合理地分配到更少的制造工厂进行集中生产的同时，也相应地引起了库存集中化这一发展趋势。数据表明，把库存整合到少数各个地方能有效地降低库存需求。利用这一统计结构，许多企业开始逐步关闭面向单个国家的仓库，取而代之的是把库存集中到几个区域配送中心（RDC），而这些配送中心能为更多国家和地区提供服务。(3)PostponementandLocalizationPostponement,ordelayedconfiguration,isbasedontheprincipleofseekingtodesignproductsusingcommonplatforms,componentsormodulesbutwherethefinalassemblyorcustomizationdoesnottakeplaceuntilthefinalmarketdestinationand/orcustomerrequirementisknown.Theadvantagesofthestrategyofpostponementareseveral.Firstly,inventorycanbeheldatagenericlevelsothattherewillbefewerstock-keepingunitsandhencelessinventoryintotal.Secondly,becausetheinventoryisgeneric,itsflexibilityisgreater,meaningthatthesamecomponents,modulesorplatformscanbeembodiedinavarietyofendproducts.Thirdly,forecastingiseasieratthegenericlevelthanatthelevelofthefinisheditem.Furthermoretheabilitytocustomizeproductslocallymeansthatahigherlevelofvarietymaybeofferedatlowertotalcost-thisistheprincipleof"masscustomization".延迟策略正在被越来越多的企业所接受。产品的延迟或者说推迟所依据的原则是：使用统一的平台、零件或模块来进行产品设计，但只有明确最终用户市场或客户需求时，产品的最后组配或定制化加工才得以进行。延迟策略有以下优点。

第一，存储的库存是标准化零件或模块，这就减少了库存品种的数量，总体库存也相应下降。

第二，由于库存零件及模块的标准化，其灵活性有所增强，这意味者相同的零件、模块或瓶体能组配成千变万化的产品种类。

第三，对于初始产品需求的预测比最终产品的预测要容易得多。在全球市场上，对地方性需求的预测远不如对世界范围内的预测准确度高。Organizingforgloballogistics

（1）StructureandControlIfthepotentialtrade-offsinrationalizingsourcing,productionanddistributionacrossnationalboundariesaretobeachievedthenitessentialthatacentraldecision-makingstructureforlogisticsisestablished.Manycompaniesthatareactiveonaninternationalbasisfindthattheyareconstrainedintheirsearchforglobaloptimizationbystronglyentrenchedlocalsystemsandstructures.Onlythroughcentralizedplanningandco-ordinationoflogisticscantheorganizationhopetoachievethetwingoalsofcostminimizationandservicemaximization.结构和控制

要实现合理化的采购、生产与跨国界配送之间潜在的权衡，建立一个物流中央决策组织机构十分必要。许多活跃在国际舞台上的企业发现，当它们在寻求全球最优化的过程中，各地方的管理系统和贸易结构形成了一种对当地的保护措施，严重限制了企业在该地的发展。要想实现成本的最低化和服务的最优化这双重目标，企业只有通过集中控制计划和组织协调物流才能使这个希望成为可能。（2）CustomerServiceManagementBecauselocalmarketshavetheirownspecificcharacteristicsandneedsthereisconsiderableadvantagetobeachievedbyshapingmarketingstrategieslocally-albeitwithinoverallglobalguidelines.Thisisparticularlytrueofcustomerservicemanagementwheretheopportunitiesfortailoringserviceagainstindividualcustomerrequirementsaregreat.Themanagementofcustomerserviceinvolvesthemonitoring