能源系统中的储能技术发展与展望

APERSPECTIVEONENERGYSTORAGETECHNOLOGIESANDAPPLICATIONSFORPOWERSYSTEMS

GauthierDELILLE

Researchengineer&projectmanagerEDF’sR&Dgauthier.delille@edf.frGlobalSolar+EnergyStorageCongress&Expo2018July4th,2018Asagloballeaderinlow-carbonenergy,theEDFGroupcoverseverysectorofexpertise,fromgenerationtotradingandtransmission&distributiongrids.EDFbuildsontheexpertiseofitspeople,itsR&Dandengineeringskills,itsexperienceasaleadingindustryoperatorandtheattentivesupportofitscustomerstodelivercompetitivesolutionsthatsuccessfullyreconcileeconomicgrowthwithclimateprotection.

ABOUTEDF35.1MILLIONCLIENTSWORLDWIDE152,033EMPLOYEESWORLDWIDE€69.6BILLIONANNUALREVENUE580.8TWhELECTRICITYGENERATION87%CO2FREE(NODIRECTEMISSIONS)CopyrightEDF20184strategicprioritiesinlinewiththeEDFGroup’sCAP2030project:Develop&testnewenergyservicesforcustomers.Preparetheelectricalsystemsandnetworksofthefuture.Consolidateanddevelopcompetitiveandzero-carbongenerationmixes.SupporttheGroup’sinternationalgrowthbydevelopingresearchpartnerships.EDF’sR&Dinanutshell.CopyrightEDF2018R&Dthroughouttheworld.With3centresinFranceand6abroad,EDFconductsresearchbothnationallyandatinternationallevel.EDF’sR&Dinanutshell.EDFLABParis-Saclay

1500workstations/6R&DdepartmentsCopyrightEDF2018Storagerationale,asimplestory?Source:EDFR&DForeachsystem,asuitablemixmustbefoundtosupporttheenergytransition:GenerationflexibilityConsumptionflexibilityGriddevelopmentStorage,underallitspossibleforms(electricity,heat,H2)ReS=>storage?Choosingtherighttechnologiesandimprovingtheiruseinancomplexandchanginglandscape.Whatarethemostrelevantusecasesinagivensystem?SomethoughtsontheindicatorstocomparetechnologiesandonthechallengeofbatterycharacterizationContextescanstronglyvary,andtechnicalconstraints,societalwill,oreconomicscanleadtodifferentapproaches:illustrationthroughseveralEDFusecasesCopyrightEDF2018CHOOSINGTHERIGHTTECHNOLOGIESANDIMPROVINGTHEIRUSEHowtoestablishameritorderinanincreasinglycomplexandchangingtechnologicallandscape?Anincreasinglycomplextechnologicallandscape.PHSCAESSecondsMinutesHoursPowerEnergyBatteriesFlywheelsFlywheelsBatteriesCompressedAirPumpedhydroHydrogenHeat&coldstorageBeyond«

electricity

»storage,towardsmulti-energyvectorsoptimisationDaysMonthsCopyrightEDF2018UltracapacitorsSource:StoreneticSource:SaftAnincreasinglycomplextechnologicallandscape.

Batteriesarebecomingmoreandmorematureproducts.CopyrightEDF2018Pb-acid(wetcells,PbC,…)+Cost,safety-Lifetime,densityVariousbatterytechnologiesarecompeting(notexhaustive)WiderangeofpricesandperformancesSodium(NaS,ZEBRA,...)Redox-flowLithium-ion(NMC,LFP,…)+Lifetime,density-Efficiency,flexibility+Lifetime,flexibility-Efficiency,density+Lifetime,costs,densityStationarybatterystoragesystemBank+Conversionsyst.+EMS,auxiliaries…=1MWtestplantatConceptGrid,EDFLABLesRenardièresManyperformanceindicatorsmustbeconsideredwhenanalyzingagiventechnology.Someexamples:costandcostperspective,lifetime(calendarandcyclelife),environmentalimpact,maturity,efficiency,reliability,etc.TheLCOS(LevelizedCostOfStorage)isaninterestingindicatortocomparesimilartechnologies,takingintoaccounttheefficiencyparameter.LCOScalculationofastoragedoingarbitrageonspotmarket:Illustrativeexample:190k€annuity/y

for1MW-6h,2000MWhdischarged/year,80%efficiency,i.e.2000/0,8=2500MWhchargedatprice~30€/MWh=2500*30=75k€ofvariableOPEX=>LCOS=(190000+75000)/2000=132.5€/MWh.LCOScannotgivethestorage“systemvalue”:itisamarginalindicator,mainlyusefultocomparetechnologies.Ithas,asfortheLCOE,severallimitationsandnotablydoesnotallowtoestablishtheprofitabilityofastorage.Andevenforcomparisonpurposes,LCOScanbeinsufficienttofullyreflectthecomplexityoftheconsideredtechnologies.Inparticular,characterizinglifetimeischallenging.Somethoughtsontechnologycomparison.

LCOScomputation.

CopyrightEDF2018Somethoughtsontechnologycomparison.

Focusonageing.Forasamecelltechnology,ageingcanvarywidelydependingontheuse.50801000StateOfHealth(%)NumberofcyclesSollicitation1Sollicitation2Sollicitation3Source:testsbyEDF’sR&DCopyrightEDF2018Somethoughtsontechnologycomparison.

Focusonageing.Forasameuse,ageingcanvarywidelydependingontheselectedcell.50801000StateOfHealth(%)NumberofcyclesSource:testsbyEDF’sR&DCellmodeln°1Cellmodeln°2Cellmodeln°3CopyrightEDF2018Somethoughtsontechnologycomparison.

Thepricelistshouldnotbetheonlycriterion.Averylargebatteryofferexistsandisgrowing.Whencomparingexisting&futurecosts,somekeyparametersmustnotbeoverlooked:Energycapacitycost(€/kWhuseable)=Energycapacitycost(€/kWhinstalled)/alpha.Wherealphaislowerthan1anddependsonthetechnology.

AwarrantedcapacitykWhwarranted(andassociatedcost)canbedefinedthesameway.Lifetime:calendar&cyclelife,stronglydependentontheuse.Efficiency,footprint(=>costofland),maturity(=>permitting),environmentalimpact…Interestofstandardizationtoproviderobustcomparisonmetrics.Interestofreinforcedperformanceknowledge/characterization.Atthecellandmodulelevel

Newdedicatedtestingfacility

EDFLABLesRenardièresCopyrightEDF2018Somethoughtsontechnologycomparison.13ControlcentreLowvoltageResidentialareaMotor-generatorAmplifiersforhardwareintheloop

real-timesimulation

Mediumvoltagenetwork‘RLC’cells

120-km

networkMW-scale

storagetestingAtthesystemlevel

ConceptGridLaboratory

EDFLABLesRenardièresCopyrightEDF2018SecondsMinutesHoursFrequencyregulationCongestionmanagementPeakshavingMonthsDaysServicesLoadshiftingSource:EDFR&DCopyrightEDF2018PHSCAESPowerEnergyBatteriesFlywheelsHydrogenHeat&coldstorageUltracapacitorsTechnologiesInadditiontothetechnologicaldiversity,awiderangeofusecases!WHATUSECASESINAGIVENSYSTEM?AperspectivetakingthecontextintoaccountandafewillustrationsfromEDFprojects.Electricitystoragematrix.

2017-2025horizon.Descriptionoftheusecasesconsideredherein(manyotherdefinitions!):Arbitrageonthepricesofelectricity,generallyondayaheadmarkets.Ensurethatmaximumdemandwillbesatisfied.Reservesthatcanbeactivatedforseveralhours.Theshortesttermreserves,reactinginafewsecondsforsomeminutes.Reservesactivatedinafewminutes,forgenerallylessthanonehour.T&Dsupportbasedonactiveand/orreactivepower.Abilitytohelppowerplantstorestartevenwhennotconnectingtothegrid.Allowingacustomertooptimizetheutilizationofhisowngeneration.Otherservicesadecentralizedstoragecanprovide(mainlybilloptimization).SmoothinglocallytheoutputofaPVorofawindpowerplant.Storageallowingtooperateamicrogrid.CopyrightEDF2018Electricitystoragematrix.

2017-2025horizon.UsecasescontextsForeachintersection,weproposetobroadlycharacterizetheinterestofstorageovertheconsideredtimehorizon.CopyrightEDF2018Electricitystoragematrix.

2017-2025horizon.CopyrightEDF2018Electricitystoragematrix.

2017-2025horizon.NiceGridprojectSeinislandproject5MW@ToucanRuralelectrificationprogram“Mysun&I”

offerVENTEEAprojectandpromisingmultiservicebusinesscase49MW@WestBurton20MW@McHenry20MW@

Frenchislands

5GWFrenchPHS,12millionwaterheaters,LongtermstudiesSomeexamplesofEDF’sassets,researchandprojects.Source:EDFR&DCopyrightEDF2018Electricitystoragematrix.

2017-2025horizon.NiceGridprojectSeinislandprojectRuralelectrificationprogram“Mysun&I”

offerSomeexamplesofEDF’sassets,researchandprojects.Source:EDFR&DQuicklyillustratedinthispresentationVENTEEAprojectandpromisingmultiservicebusinesscase49MW@WestBurton20MW@

Frenchislands

12millionwaterheatersand5GWPHSinFrance,longtermstudies20MW@McHenry5MW@ToucanCopyrightEDF2018EDFoperates5GWofPHS,andanalyzedtheroleofstorageina60%RESEuropeansystem.

PHS&hotwaterheatershavebeencontributingformorethan40yearstooptimizetheFrench&Europeanpowersystems.Theseassetsaremore&moreused…buttheirprofitabilitytendstodecrease.OvercapacityinEurope&lowCO2price=>reducedspreads.ImportanttohaveamarketreflectingthevalueofPHS,particularlyasprofitabilityiscurrentlyverylow.Example:timedependentgridtariff.Yearlyoperationalbenefitsofa6-hstorageforarbitragehttp://ufe-electricite.fr/IMG/pdf/livre_blanc_hydro_vdef_bd.pdf

6PHS,4GWofdaily&weeklypumping12millionsoftanks,20TWhofflexibleloadCopyrightEDF2018WhataboutinfuturehighRESscenarios?

Storageisinstrongcompetitionwithotheroptimizationlevers,particularly:Deployingthermalbackup(OCGT)&allowingcurtailmentDeployingmoreinterconnectionsSource:EDF60%RESintegrationstudyinEuropeTheinterestofmorestorageforgenerationoptimizationdependsonthecountry,ontheotheralternatives,onstoragecosts…GridandconventionalbackupmightfaceacceptanceissuesNetbenefitintervalasafunctionofstoragecostandinstalledcapacityWeeklystorage(40h)systembenefitsina60%RESEuropeM€/yFranceGermany+AustriaUKAddedGWofstorageNetsystembenefitsintervalGrossbenefitEnergyshifting&peakshavinginEuropeTECHNICALANDECONOMICANALYSISOFTHEEUROPEANELECTRICITYSYSTEMWITH60%REShttps:///publication/280310640_Technical_and_Economic_Analysis_of_the_European_Electricity_System_with_60_Renewables

CopyrightEDF2018Frequencycontrolbybatteriesisarealitytodaybutwillremainalimitedmarket.

ImpactofdynamicsupportonthefrequencyresponseofanisolatedgridtoalargelossofgenerationWestBurtonBplantbeforeApril2017The49-MWESSinplaceinDecember2017EDFhasseveralfacilitiesinoperation:20MWinMcHenry(US),49MWco-locatedwithWestBurtonBCCGTplant(UK).SeveralprojectsintheFrenchislands,wherefastreserveproductscanhelpsupportfrequencystability.Thesemarketsarelimited.Ultimatelybythetotalamountofreserveagivenpowersystemneeds.FrequencycontrolinvariouscontextsCopyrightEDF2018The2MW/5MWhToucanbatteryallowssmoothing5MWofPVgenerationinGuyana.

RESsmoothinginislandsLocallysmoothingRESgenerationcanmakesenseinweak&constrainednetworks.Whereasinstronggrids,aggregationoflocalgenerationprofileshasaverypowerfulimpact,andsuchlocalsmoothingwouldprobablymakelesssense.2MW/5MWhstorageunit5MWPVTypicalpowerprofileover1day

CopyrightEDF2018Storageasanalternativetogridreinforcement?

DistributionsupportinvariouscontextsDemonstratorsconfirmedthetechnicalfeasibilityofT&Ddeferralbystorage.Somevaluecanbecreatedbut,takingintoaccounttheotheralternativessuchascurtailment,itseemsmorerealistictoconsiderthisservicewithinastackofrevenues.DedicatedenergystorageMulti-servicesenergystorage?Increasingstorage’sinterest?CurtailmentCurtailmentGenerationdisconnectionDisconnection&storageStorageGridreinforcementPoweroftheaddedPVunit(MW)creatingtheconstraintDiscountedcostofthesolutionperMWofPV(k€/MW)StoragecostinDelilleetal.,CIRED2013:350€/kWh+750€/kWComparisonofseveralgridconnectionsolutionsforanewPVplantandeffectofastackofrevenuespayingfor2/3ofthestorageunit.CopyrightEDF2018TOCONCLUDESummary&perspectivesStoragerationale,asimplestory?Source:EDFR&DForeachsystem,asuitablemixmustbefoundtosupporttheenergytransition:GenerationflexibilityConsumptionflexibilityGriddevelopmentStorage,underallitspossibleforms(electricity,heat,H2)ReS=>storage?Choosingtherighttechnologiesandimprovingtheiruseinancomplexandchanginglandscape.Whatarethemostrelevantusecasesinagivensystem?Somethoughtsontheindicatorstocomparetechnologies