2026年国际商务英语一级考试练习题100道有完整答案

2026年国际商务英语一级考试练习题100道第一部分单选题(100题)1、Whatdoestheacronym'FOB'standforinIncoterms2020?

A.FreeonBoard

B.FreeofCharge

C.FreightonBoard

D.FreeOverboard

【答案】：A2、Thedocumentthatliststhedetailedcontentsofashipmentiscalleda().

A.Proformainvoice

B.Billofexchange

C.Packinglist

D.Insurancecertificate

【答案】：C3、Theterm(FOB)standsfor______.

A.FreeonBoard

B.FreightonBoard

C.FreeofCharge

D.FreightofBill

【答案】：A4、Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofnon-verbalcommunicationinabusinessnegotiation?

A.Speakinginaclear,audiblevoice.

B.Maintainingeyecontactandnoddingtoshowunderstanding.

C.Usingpreciselegalterminologyinthecontract.

D.Sendingafollow-upemailsummarizingpoints.

【答案】：B5、Inaformalbusinessemail,whichsalutationismostsuitablewhenaddressingapotentialclientwhosenameandgenderareunknown?

A.DearSir/Madam

B.Heythere

C.ToWhomItMayConcern

D.DearFriend

【答案】：A6、Ininternationalbusiness,'tariffs'primarilyreferto:

A.Taxesimposedonimportedgoods.

B.Subsidiesprovidedtodomesticexporters.

C.Regulationsonproductsafetystandards.

D.Voluntaryexportrestraintsbetweencountries.

【答案】：A7、InbusinessEnglish,whichexpressionismostappropriateformakingatentativesuggestioninateamdiscussion?

A.Wemustdoitthiswayorelsewe'llfail.

B.Perhapswecouldconsiderexploringalternativesuppliers.

C.Idemandthatwechangetheplanimmediately.

D.Thisideaisdefinitelythebestone,noquestionsasked.

【答案】：B8、Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesa'LetterofCredit'(L/C)ininternationaltrade?

A.Adocumentguaranteeingpaymentfromthebuyer'sbankuponpresentationofcompliantshippingdocuments.

B.Aloanagreementbetweenthebuyerandsellerfordeferredpayment.

C.Acertificateoforiginfortheexportedgoods.

D.Aninsurancepolicycoveringdamagetotheshipment.

【答案】：A9、A(standbyLetterofCredit)isprimarilyusedto______.

A.financetheshipmentofgoods

B.guaranteeperformanceorpaymentobligations,servingasabackuppaymentmechanism

C.replaceabillofladingasatitledocument

D.provideinsurancecoverageforgoodsintransit

【答案】：B10、TheIncotermsrulethatplacesmaximumresponsibilityontheselleris().

A.EXW

B.FCA

C.DDP

D.CIF

【答案】：C11、A______letterofcreditcannotbechangedorcancelledwithouttheagreementofallpartiesinvolved.

A.revocable

B.irrevocable

C.transferable

D.confirmed

【答案】：B12、AccordingtotheUnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods(CISG),whendoestheriskoflosspasstothebuyerifthecontractinvolvescarriageofgoodsandnospecificplacefordeliveryisstated?

A.Whenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarrier

B.Whenthegoodsaredeliveredatthebuyer'spremises

C.Whenthecontractissigned

D.Whenthesellerreceivespayment

【答案】：A13、The(WTO)disputesettlementmechanismisprimarilydesignedto______.

A.Imposeeconomicsanctions

B.Provideaforumfornegotiationandadjudicationoftradedisputes

C.Setglobalproductstandards

D.Offerloanstodevelopingcountries

【答案】：B14、WhichofthefollowingrepresentsthecorrectINCOTERMforasituationwherethesellerisresponsiblefordeliveringgoodsclearedforexportandpaysfortransportationtothenameddestination?

A.FCA(FreeCarrier)

B.CIP(CarriageandInsurancePaidto)

C.DDP(DeliveredDutyPaid)

D.EXW(ExWorks)

【答案】：B15、WhatisthemainobjectiveoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)?

A.Toprovideloansfordevelopingcountries

B.Topromotefreetradebyreducingtariffsandotherbarriers

C.Toregulateglobalcurrencyexchangerates

D.Toenforceinternationallaborstandards

【答案】：B16、Incoterms2020rulesarepublishedby______.

A.WorldTradeOrganization

B.InternationalChamberofCommerce

C.UnitedNations

D.InternationalMonetaryFund

【答案】：B17、Acompanythatbuysgoodsfromonecountryandsellsthemtoanotherwithoutprocessingiscalleda().

A.manufacturer

B.distributor

C.retailer

D.tradingcompany

【答案】：D18、Insupplychainmanagement,whatdoes'just-in-time'(JIT)inventorysystemaimtoachieve?

A.Maximizinginventorylevelstoavoidstockouts

B.Reducingwastebyreceivinggoodsonlyastheyareneeded

C.Storingrawmaterialsinmultiplelocations

D.Delayingpaymentstosuppliers

【答案】：B19、Whenpreparingforavideoconferencewithinternationalclients,whichpracticeshouldbeavoided?

A.Testingaudioandvideoequipmentbeforehand

B.Wearingprofessionalattire

C.Schedulingwithoutconsideringtimezonedifferences

D.Havingrelevantdocumentsready

【答案】：C20、Inthecontextofinternationalbusiness,'CulturalIntelligence'(CQ)refersto:

A.Theabilitytospeakmultiplelanguagesfluently.

B.Thecapabilitytofunctioneffectivelyinvariousculturalcontexts.

C.Theknowledgeofglobaleconomichistory.

D.Theskillofnegotiatingtradetariffs.

【答案】：B21、Theprocessofadaptingmarketingstrategiesandproductfeaturestosuitthelocalcultureandpreferencesofaforeignmarketisknownas______.

A.Globalstandardization

B.Marketsegmentation

C.Localization

D.Marketpenetration

【答案】：C22、Ininternationalbanking,whatisaSWIFTcodeusedfor?

A.Toencryptfinancialdata

B.Toidentifyspecificbanksandbranchesforwiretransfers

C.Tocalculateexchangerates

D.Toverifycustomeridentity

【答案】：B23、Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofnon-verbalcommunicationinabusinessnegotiation?

A.Speakinginaclear,audiblevoice.

B.Maintainingeyecontactandnoddingtoshowunderstanding.

C.Usingpreciselegalterminologyinthecontract.

D.Sendingafollow-upemailsummarizingpoints.

【答案】：B24、Youarewritingafollow-upemailafterajobinterview.Whichsubjectlineismosteffective?

A.Thankyou

B.InterviewFollow-up:[YourName]-MarketingManagerPosition

C.Checkingin

D.Fromtheinterviewyesterday

【答案】：B25、Inadocumentarycollection,the(collectingbank)actsas______.

A.thebuyer'sagenttomakepayment

B.anintermediarybetweentheexporter'sbankandtheimporter

C.theguarantorofpaymentfortheexporter

D.theinsurerofthegoods

【答案】：B26、Whichdocumentisissuedbyacarriertoacknowledgereceiptofgoodsforshipment(andservesasevidenceofthecontractofcarriage)?

A.CommercialInvoice

B.BillofLading

C.CertificateofOrigin

D.PackingList

【答案】：B27、Inaformalbusinesspresentation,whichopeningismosteffective?

A.Okay,so...let'sgetstartedIguess

B.Goodmorningeveryone,thankyouforyourtimetoday.I'llbediscussing...

C.Heyfolks,thanksforcoming.TodayIwanttotalkabout...

D.Caneveryonehearme?Let'sbegin

【答案】：B28、Whatistheprimarypurposeofa'SWOT'analysis?

A.Totracksalesperformanceoverfourquarters.

B.Toevaluateacompany'sStrengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,andThreats.

C.TocalculatetheStrength,Weight,Output,andTimeofaproduct.

D.Tomanageaproject'sSchedule,Work,Organization,andTeam.

【答案】：B29、Whenacountry'scurrencydepreciates,itsexportsgenerallybecome______.

A.Moreexpensiveforforeignbuyers

B.Lessexpensiveforforeignbuyers

C.Unchangedinprice

D.Subjecttohighertariffs

【答案】：B30、Ininternationalmarketing,'glocalization'refersto().

A.Sellingonlyglobalproducts

B.Adaptingglobalproductstolocalmarkets

C.Creatingentirelynewproductsforeachmarket

D.Standardizingallmarketingactivities

【答案】：B31、UndertheUCP600,bankshaveamaximumof()bankingdaysfollowingthedayofpresentationtoexaminedocuments.

A.3

B.5

C.7

D.10

【答案】：B32、Ininternationalbusiness,'tariffs'primarilyreferto:

A.Taxesimposedonimportedgoods.

B.Subsidiesprovidedtodomesticexporters.

C.Regulationsonproductsafetystandards.

D.Voluntaryexportrestraintsbetweencountries.

【答案】：A33、WhatistheprimaryfunctionoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)?

A.Toprovideloansfordevelopingcountries

B.Tooverseeglobaltraderulesanddisputeresolution

C.Tosetinternationalcurrencyexchangerates

D.Toregulatemultinationalcorporations

【答案】：B34、WhatisthepurposeofaNon-DisclosureAgreement(NDA)ininternationalbusiness?

A.Toenforceexclusivedistributionrights.

B.Toprotectconfidentialinformationsharedduringnegotiations.

C.Toguaranteepaymentforgoodsdelivered.

D.Tooutlinemarketingstrategies.

【答案】：B35、Whichofthefollowingisacommonnon-tariffbarriertotrade?

A.Importtariff

B.Exportquota

C.Importquota

D.Value-addedtax

【答案】：C36、InbusinessEnglish,'totouchbase'means:

A.Toendarelationshippermanently.

B.Tomakecontactorcheckinwithsomeoneforanupdate.

C.Toavoidsomeonecompletely.

D.Tosignaformalagreement.

【答案】：B37、Inacontract,theclausestating'ThisagreementshallbegovernedbythelawsofEngland'isa()clause.

A.forcemajeure

B.jurisdiction

C.arbitration

D.applicablelaw

【答案】：D38、InbusinessEnglish,whatdoesthephrase'totableanissue'meaninBritishEnglishcontexts?

A.Topostponediscussionindefinitely

B.Tobringamatterforwardforimmediatediscussion

C.Toremoveanitemfromtheagenda

D.Toassignresponsibilityforanissue

【答案】：B39、Whenpreparingabusinesspresentationforaninternationalaudience,whatisanessentialconsideration?

A.Usecomplexjargontodemonstrateexpertise.

B.Speakonlyinyournativelanguageandprovidenotranslation.

C.Adaptvisualstobeculturallyneutralandavoididioms.

D.Rushthroughslidestocovermorecontent.

【答案】：C40、Ifacompanywantstoemphasizetheurgencyofaletter,whichnotationmightitincludeintheheader?

A.CC:DepartmentHead

B.Encl:Invoice#123

C.URGENT

D.RE:Follow-up

【答案】：C41、Ifacontractissigned'subjecttoboardapproval',whatdoesthisimply?

A.Thecontractislegallybindingimmediately.

B.Thecontractwillonlybecomeeffectiveifthecompany'sboardofdirectorsratifiesit.

C.Theboardhasalreadyrejectedtheterms.

D.ThecontractrequiresasignaturefromtheCEOonly.

【答案】：B42、Inthecontextofsupplychainmanagement,whatdoes'Just-in-Time'(JIT)inventorymanagementaimtoachieve?

A.Receivinggoodsjustbeforetheyareneededintheproductionprocesstoreduceholdingcosts.

B.Shippingproductstocustomersonthesamedaytheyareordered.

C.Purchasingrawmaterialsinbulkwellinadvanceofproduction.

D.Ensuringthatinventoryisstoredatmultiplelocationsforsafety.

【答案】：A43、Whichtypeoftariffisimposedspecificallytoprotectdomesticindustriesfromforeigncompetition?

A.Revenuetariff

B.Protectivetariff

C.Countervailingduty

D.Antidumpingduty

【答案】：B44、Whatdoestheterm'FOB'standforininternationaltrade?

A.FreeOnBoard

B.FreeofBusiness

C.FreightonBoard

D.ForwardofBusiness

【答案】：A45、Theprocessofbringinggoodsintoacountryfromabroadisknownas______.

A.Exporting

B.Importing

C.Re-exporting

D.Transshipment

【答案】：B46、Inaletterofcredittransaction,thebankthatissuestheL/Cattherequestoftheapplicant(importer)iscalledthe______.

A.AdvisingBank

B.NegotiatingBank

C.IssuingBank

D.ConfirmingBank

【答案】：C47、UndertheIncoterms®2020rules,whichtermplacesthemaximumobligationontheseller(includingimportclearanceandpaymentofduties)?

A.EXW(ExWorks)

B.FCA(FreeCarrier)

C.DDP(DeliveredDutyPaid)

D.CIF(Cost,InsuranceandFreight)

【答案】：C48、Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriateclosingforaformalbusinessletter?

A.Sincerelyyours

B.Bestregards

C.Cheers

D.Thanksalot

【答案】：A49、Inaformalbusinessemail,whichsalutationismostsuitablewhenaddressingapotentialclientwhosenameandgenderareunknown?

A.DearSir/Madam

B.Heythere

C.ToWhomItMayConcern

D.DearFriend

【答案】：A50、Whichpaymenttermininternationaltradegivesthesellerthemostsecurity?

A.OpenAccount(paymentafterreceiptofgoods).

B.DocumentaryCollection(bankhandlesdocumentsforpayment).

C.AdvancePayment(paymentbeforeshipment).

D.Consignment(paymentaftergoodsaresold).

【答案】：C51、WhatisthemainfunctionofaBillofLadinginshipping?

A.Itservesasareceipt,contractofcarriage,anddocumentoftitletothegoods.

B.Itcalculatesthecustomsdutiesfortheimport.

C.Itprovidesthebuyer'scredithistory.

D.Itliststhemarketingplanfortheshipment.

【答案】：A52、Underthetermsof______,thesellermustcontractforinsurancecoveringthebuyer'sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.

A.FCA

B.FOB

C.CFR

D.CIF

【答案】：D53、UndertheWTO'sMost-Favored-Nation(MFN)principle,whatisrequired?

A.Countriesmustgranteachotherthesametradeadvantagesastheirmostfavoredpartner.

B.Countriesmusteliminatealltariffsonimportsfromdevelopingnations.

C.Countriescanonlytradewiththeirmostfavoredpoliticalallies.

D.Countriesmustofferthelowestpossibletariffstoalltradingpartners.

【答案】：A54、A______isadocumentissuedbyacarriertoashipper,acknowledgingreceiptofgoodsforshipment.

A.CommercialInvoice

B.PackingList

C.BillofLading

D.CertificateofOrigin

【答案】：C55、Whatisthemainpurposeofmarketsegmentationininternationalmarketing?

A.Toreduceproductioncosts

B.Todivideheterogeneousmarketsintohomogeneousgroups

C.Tostandardizeproductsglobally

D.Toeliminatecompetition

【答案】：B56、Whenproofreadingabusinessdocument,whicherroristhemostcriticaltofix?

A.Aminorinconsistencyinfontsizebetweentwoparagraphs.

B.Afactualerrorinthedatapresentedinachart.

C.Using'affect'insteadof'effect'inasinglesentence.

D.Forgettingtoaddaclosingsalutation.

【答案】：B57、Whichdocumentisissuedbyacarriertoacknowledgereceiptofcargoforshipmentandservesasacontractofcarriage?

A.CommercialInvoice

B.PackingList

C.BillofLading

D.CertificateofOrigin

【答案】：C58、Whichdocumentisrequiredbytheimportingcountry'scustomstoverifythecountrywherethegoodswereproduced?

A.BillofExchange

B.InsurancePolicy

C.CertificateofOrigin

D.PackingList

【答案】：C59、Whichtypeofmeetingwouldbemostappropriateformakingafinaldecisiononamajorproject?

A.Brainstormingsession

B.Boardmeeting

C.Informalcatch-up

D.Trainingworkshop

【答案】：B60、Acompanythatproducesgoodsinonecountryandsellstheminanotherwithoutmodificationispursuinga()strategy.

A.Globalstandardization

B.Localadaptation

C.Transnational

D.Multidomestic

【答案】：A61、Whichdocumentisrequiredforclaimingpreferentialtarifftreatmentunderafreetradeagreement?

A.CertificateofInsurance

B.CertificateofOrigin

C.PackingList

D.BillofLading

【答案】：B62、WhichofthefollowingisNOTatypicalcomponentofacommercialinvoiceininternationaltrade?

A.Incoterms®2020rule

B.Descriptionofgoodsandquantities

C.Countryoforigin

D.BillofLadingnumber

【答案】：D63、Inthecontextofanti-dumpinginvestigations,theterm(normalvalue)typicallyrefersto______.

A.thepriceofthelikeproductintheexportingcountry'sdomesticmarket

B.theaverageworldmarketpricefortheproduct

C.thepriceatwhichtheproductissoldtoathirdcountry

D.thecostofproductionintheimportingcountry

【答案】：A64、Whichorganizationisresponsibleforsettinginternationalstandardsforqualitymanagementsystems?

A.WTO

B.ISO

C.IMF

D.WorldBank

【答案】：B65、The'principleofcomparativeadvantage'suggeststhatcountriesshouldspecializeinproducinggoodswheretheyhave().

A.thelowestabsolutecost

B.thelowestopportunitycost

C.themostadvancedtechnology

D.thelargestdomesticmarket

【答案】：B66、Incross-culturalbusinessmeetings,whatisakeyrecommendationforeffectivecommunicationwithJapanesecounterparts?

A.Speakloudlyanddirectlytoemphasizeyourpoints.

B.Avoidsilenceandfillanypauseswithconversation.

C.Bepatientwithsilence,asitmayindicatecontemplationratherthandisagreement.

D.Useaggressivebodylanguagetoshowconfidence.

【答案】：C67、Inthecontextofinternationalmarketing,'marketsegmentation'involves______.

A.Settingauniformpriceforallmarkets

B.Dividingabroadmarketintosubsetsofconsumerswithcommonneeds

C.Sellingthesameproductworldwidewithoutadaptation

D.Choosingasingledistributionchannelforallcountries

【答案】：B68、WhatisthemainfunctionofaBillofLadinginshipping?

A.Itservesasareceipt,contractofcarriage,anddocumentoftitletothegoods.

B.Itcalculatesthecustomsdutiesfortheimport.

C.Itprovidesthebuyer'scredithistory.

D.Itliststhemarketingplanfortheshipment.

【答案】：A69、Ininternationalarbitration,the'seatofarbitration'determines().

A.Thephysicallocationofhearings

B.Theprocedurallawgoverningarbitration

C.Thenationalityofarbitrators

D.Thelanguageofproceedings

【答案】：B70、A'countertrade'transactioninvolves______.

A.Paymentinhardcurrencyonly

B.Theexchangeofgoodsorservicesforothergoodsorservices,partiallyorfully

C.TradebetweentwosubsidiariesofthesameMNC

D.Illegaltradepractices

【答案】：B71、A'SightDraft'underadocumentarycollectionmeansthatthedraftispayable______.

A.Atafuturespecifieddate

B.Uponacceptancebythedrawee

C.Onpresentation(atsight)

D.Aftergoodsaresold

【答案】：C72、Whennegotiatingacontract,thephrase'subjecttoboardapproval'mostlikelymeans:

A.Thedealisfinalandcannotbechanged.

B.Theagreementiscontingentonapprovalbythecompany'sgoverningbody.

C.Thenegotiatorhasfullauthoritytosignimmediately.

D.Thecontractrequiresapprovalfromagovernmentregulator.

【答案】：B73、Thepracticeofsellingthesameproductatdifferentpricesindifferentnationalmarketsisknownas______.

A.transferpricing

B.pricediscrimination

C.dumping

D.parallelimporting

【答案】：B74、Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesa'LetterofCredit'(L/C)ininternationaltrade?

A.Adocumentguaranteeingpaymentfromthebuyer'sbankuponpresentationofcompliantshippingdocuments.

B.Aloanagreementbetweenthebuyerandsellerfordeferredpayment.

C.Acertificateoforiginfortheexportedgoods.

D.Aninsurancepolicycoveringdamagetotheshipment.

【答案】：A75、Whennegotiatingacontract,ifonepartysays'Wecan'tacceptyourofferasitstands,butwearewillingtodiscussa(counter-offer)',whatdoes'counter-offer'mean?

A.Arejectionoftheoriginaloffer

B.Anewoffermadeinresponsetotheoriginaloffer

C.Anacceptanceoftheofferwithminorchanges

D.Arequestformoreinformation

【答案】：B76、A'ConfirmedIrrevocableLetterofCredit'providesthegreatestsecuritytothebeneficiary(exporter)because______.

A.Itcanbeamendedwithoutthebeneficiary'sconsent

B.Itaddstheconfirmationofabankintheexporter'scountry

C.Itisalwayspayableatsight

D.Itrequiresfewerdocuments

【答案】：B77、WhatistheprimarypurposeofanIncotermlikeFOB(FreeOnBoard)inaninternationalsalescontract?

A.Todeterminethepaymentcurrencyforthetransaction.

B.Tospecifythepointatwhichtheriskoflosstransfersfromsellertobuyer.

C.Todefinetheinsurancecoveragerequiredfortheshipment.

D.Tooutlinethemarketingstrategyfortheproductinthebuyer'scountry.

【答案】：B78、Whatdoestheabbreviation'FOB'standforinIncoterms?

A.FreeOnBoard

B.FreightOnBoard

C.FreeofBorder

D.ForwardOnBoard

【答案】：A79、Whatdoestheterm'billoflading'(B/L)representinshippingdocuments?

A.Areceiptforgoodsshippedandadocumentoftitle

B.Aninsurancecertificate

C.Acommercialinvoice

D.Acustomsdeclarationform

【答案】：A80、The'J-curveeffect'ininternationaleconomicsdescribes().

A.thelong-termgrowthpathofadevelopingeconomy

B.theinitialworseningandsubsequentimprovementofatradebalanceaftercurrencydepreciation

C.therelationshipbetweeninflationandunemployment

D.thecycleofforeigndirectinvestment

【答案】：B81、WhatdoestheIncoterm'FOB'(FreeonBoard)typicallyimplyregardingtheseller'sresponsibilities?

A.Thesellerpaysforallcostsincludinginsuranceandfreighttothedestinationport.

B.Thesellerisresponsibleforthegoodsonlyuntiltheyareloadedontotheshipattheportofshipment.

C.Thebuyerisresponsibleforallcostsfromthefactorydoor.

D.Thesellermustdeliverthegoodsduty-paidtothebuyer'swarehouse.

【答案】：B82、WhichofthefollowingisNOTacommonmethodofinternationalpayment?

A.LetterofCredit(L/C)

B.TelegraphicTransfer(T/T)

C.CashonDelivery(COD)

D.DocumentaryCollection

【答案】：C83、Whatdoestheterm'FOB'standforininternationaltrade?

A.FreeonBoard

B.FreightonBoard

C.FreeofBond

D.FreightofBusiness

【答案】：A84、Whatdoes'CIF'meaninthecontextofIncoterms2020?

A.Cost,Insurance,andFreight

B.CarriageandInsurancePaidto

C.CostandFreight

D.CustomsImportFormalities

【答案】：A85、Whichofthefollowingisakeycharacteristicofa'global'corporateculture?

A.Strictadherencetohome-countrymanagementstyles

B.Integrationofdiverseculturalperspectivesintoaunifiedapproach

C.Prioritizingcost-cuttingoveremployeewelfare

D.Decentralizingalldecision-makingtolocalsubsidiaries

【答案】：B86、Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesa'LetterofCredit'ininternationaltrade?

A.Adocumentpromisingpaymentuponpresentationofcompliantdocuments

B.Aloanagreementbetweenbuyerandseller

C.Acertificateofqualityinspection

D.Ashippingdocumentforcustomsclearance

【答案】：A87、Inaformalbusinessreport,whichsectiontypicallysummarizesthemainfindingsandsuggestsacourseofaction?

A.Introduction

B.Methodology

C.ConclusionandRecommendations

D.Appendix

【答案】：C88、Inglobalsupplychainmanagement,'just-in-time'(JIT)inventoryaimsto:

A.Maximizestocklevelstoavoidshortages.

B.Reduceinventorycostsbyreceivinggoodsonlyasneeded.

C.Stockpilematerialsforlong-termproductionruns.

D.Increasewarehousingspaceforbulkpurchases.

【答案】：B89、Inthecontextofbusinessethics,'bribery'isbestdefinedas:

A.Offeringgiftstobuildlong-termrelationships,alwaysacceptable.

B.Providingsomethingofvaluetoinfluenceanofficial'sdecisioninviolationoflaws.

C.Negotiatingdiscountsthroughlegitimatebargaining.

D.Donatingtocharityforcorporatesocialresponsibili