考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷611

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷611

一、阅读（补全短文）（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共

20分。）

[A]Ifsuchanegativebiasagainstcreativityispresentintimesofuncertainty,itmight

explainwhysomanynotableinnovationswereinitiallyrejected.Theimplicationsfor

todayareparticularlyrelevant,asfewexecutiveswouldclaimthatthey'renotworkingin

anuncertainindustry.Thesameuncertainlythattriggerstheneedforcompaniesto

innovatemayalsobetriggeringexecutivestoberejectingthediscoveriesthatcouldhelp

themgainacompetitiveadvantage.Theideasthatcouldkeepcompanyalivearebeing

killedtooquickly.[B]Considersomewell-knownexamplesfromhistory.Kodak's

researchlaboratoryinventedthefirstdigitalcamerain1975butdidn'tpursueit.Instead

theypaidvirtuallynoattentionasSonydevelopedadifferentprototypeandstoicthe

futureofdigitalphotographyoutfromunderneaththem.Xeroxdevelopedthefirst

personalcomputer,butdidn'tinvestenoughinthetechnologyandallowedSteveJobs

andAppletosnatchtheopportunityaway.TheUSNavyrejected13submissionsfrom

WilliamS.Simsregardinganinnovativenewfiringmethod.Itwasn'tuntilSimsappealed

toPresidentTheodoreRooseveltthathisimprovedmethodwasrecognized.[C]Injusta

fewyears,theprogramhasalreadyproducedhugegainsforthecompany.Initsfirstyear

alone,theMutualFunaccountedfor50percentofthecompany'snewbusinessgrowth.

Moreimportantthantheimmediaterevenue,theideamarkethascreatedaculturewhere

newideasarerecognizedanddevelopedthroughouttheentirecompany,a

democratizationofrecognition.|D|Whenmostorganizationstrytoincreasetheir

innovationefforts,theyalwaysseemtostartfromthesameassumption:"weneedmore

ideas."They'llstarttalkingabouttheneedto"thinkoutsidethebox"or"bluesky"

thinkinginordertofindafewideasthatcanturnintoviablenewproductsorsystems.

However,inmostorganizations,innovationisn'thamperedbyalackofideas,butrathera

lackofnoticingthegoodideasalreadythere.It'snotanideaproblem;it'sarecognition

problem.|E]Inaddition,it'sasystembasedontheassumptionthateveryoneinthe

companyalreadyhasgreatideasandthemarketjustmakesthembetteratfindingthose

ideas.It'snotanidea-solution;it'sarecognition-solution.[F]Onepossiblesolutiontothis

"ideakilling"problemistochangethestructurethatideashavetomovethrough.Instead

ofusingthetraditionalhierarchytofindandapproveideas,theapprovalprocesscouldbe

spreadacrossthewholeorganization.That'stheapproachRhodeIsland-basedRite-

Solutionshastakenforalmostadecade.Rite-Solutionshassetupan"ideamarket"on

theirinternalwebsitewhereanyonecanpostanideaandlistitasa"stock"onthemarket,

called"MutualFun."Everyemployeeisalsogiven$10,000invirtualcurrencyto

"invest"inideas.Inadditiontotheinvestment,employeesalsovolunteerloworkon

projectideastheysupport.Ifanideagathersenoughsupport,theprojectisapprovedand

everyonewhosupporteditisgivenashareoftheprofitsfromtheproject.[G]These

aren'tjustfunexamplesofsmartpeopleandestablishedcompaniesbeinghilariously

wrong,theyactuallyreflectabiasweallshare—abiasagainstnewandcreativeideas

whenwe'refacedwithevensmallamountsofuncertainty.That'stheimplicationsofa

studypublishedlastyearbyateamofresearchersledbyWharton'sJenniferMueller.

1、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题要选文章首段，段首含特指表达的均不能作为开篇段落，故可先

排除A(首句含suchanegativebias)^C(首句含theprogram)>F(首句含this“idea

kiHing”problem)以及G(首句含These)。B、E位置已给出，剩下D,该段先指出多

数组织在处理创新问题时的一般思路，接着以转折带出“创新问题其实是对好点子

的识别问题''这一观点，起到引题作用，故D为首段。

2、

标准答案：G

知识点解析：本题在B之后。B主要谈及一些企业或组织由于无法识别优秀创意面

错失发展机会的例子(examples),备选段落中只有G出现了examples。G首句的

These…examples指的就是B所举的例子，两段间逻辑联系紧密，B举例子，G总

结例子，指出多数人都对创新持有偏见，语义连贯。故本题选G。

3、

标准答案：A

知识点解析:本题在G之后。G谈到人们对创新的偏见(bias),同样提到bias的只

有A。A首句的suchanegativebias…即指G讲的abiasagainstnew

and...uncertaintyoG提出“人们普遍对创新想法持有偏见”，A则运用此观点来解释

高管容易过快扼杀好点子的原因，A接在G后面，语义连贯，逻辑合理。

4、

标准答案：F

知识点解析：本题在A之后。A末尾提及能让公司保持活力的想法总是过早被扼

杀(Theideas...arebeingkilledtooquickly),F首句中的this"ideakilling^problem即指

代A末尾说的这个问题。A先指出问题所在，F接着为该问题提供解决方案

(possiblesolution),两段逻辑紧密，语义连贯。故本题选F。

5、

标准答案：C

知识点解析：F介绍了Rite-Solutions公司鼓励创新的机制；C讲述该机制的积极作

用，iheprogram指代F介绍的点子市场机制，而thecompany则指Rite-Solutions公

司。C放在F之后语义衔接自然、逻辑合理。

[A]Westworidchallengesustoconsiderthedifferencebetweenbeinghumanandbeinga

robot.FromthebeginningofthisnewserialisationonHBOweareconfrontedwith

scenesofgraphichuman-on-robotviolence.ButtherobotsinWestworidhavemorethan

justhuman-likephysicalbodies,theydisplayemotionincludingextremepain;theysee

andrecogniseeachother'ssuffering;theybleedandevendie.Whatmakesthis

acceptable,atleastwithinWestworld'snarrative,isthattheyarejustextremelylife-like

humansimulations;whiletheirbehaviourisrealisticallyautomated,thereis"nobody

home".|B]Forasci-fifan,fascinatedbythenatureofhumanintelligenceandthe

possibilityofbuildinglife-likerobots,it'salwaysinterestingtofindanewangleonthese

questions.Asare-imaginingoftheoriginal1970ssciencefictionfilmsetinacowboy-

themed,hyper-realadultthemeparkpopulatedbyrobotsthatlookandactlikepeople,

Westworiddoesnotdisappoint.[C]Butagainstthesevoicesareotherdistinguished

expertstryingtoquellthepanic.ForNoamChomsky,theintellectualgodfatherof

modernAI,alltalkofmatchinghumanintelligenceintheforeseeablefutureremains

fiction,notscience.Oneoftheworld'sbest-knownroboticists,RodneyBrookshascalled

onustorelax:AIisjustatool,notathreat.[D]Butfromthestart,thisnotionthata

machineofsuchcomplexityisstillmerelyamachineisunderminedbyconstant

remindersthattheyarealsosomuchlikeus.Thedisturbingmessage,echoingthatof

previoussci-ficlassics,suchasBladeRunnerandAT,isthatmachinescouldonedaybe

soclosetohumanastobeindistinguishable—notjustinintellectandappearance,but

alsoinmoralterms.|E]Virtually,wearefarfrombeingabletoreplicatehuman

intelligenceinrobotform.Ourcurrentsystemsaretoosimple,probablybyseveralorders

ofmagnitude.Buildinghuman-levelAIisextremelyhard;asBrookssays,wearejustat

thebeginningofaverylongroad.ButIseethepathalongwhichwearedevelopingAIas

oneofsymbiosis,inwhichwecanuserobotstobenefitsocietyandexploitadvancesin

artificialintelligencetoboostourownbiologicalintelligence.[F]Atthesametime,by

presentinganalternateviewofthehumanconditionthroughthetechnologicalmirrorof

life-likerobots,Westworidcausesustoreflectthatweareperhapsalsojustsophisticated

machines,albeitofabiologicalkind-anideathathasbeenforcefullyarguedbythe

philosopherDanielDennett.TheunfortunaterobotsinWestworidhave,atleastinitially,

noinsightintotheirexistentialplight.Theyenterintoeachnewdayprogrammedwith

enthusiasmandhope,oblivioustoitspre-scriptedviolenceandtragedy.Wemaypity

theseautomatonsfortheirfate——buthowcloselydoesthisblinkeredignoranceandbelief

inconvenientfictionsresembleourownhumanpredicament?[G]Westworidarrivesata

timewhenpeoplearealreadyworriedaboutthereal-worldimpactofadvancesinrobotics

andartificialintelligence.PhysicistStephenHawkingandtechnologistElonMuskare

amongthepowerfulandrespectedvoicestohaveexpressedconcernaboutallowingthe

AIgenietoescapethebo:tle.Westworld'scontributiontotheexpandingcanonofscience

fictiondystopiaswilldonothingtoquellsuchfears.ChannellingShakespeare'sKing

Lear,amalfunctioningrobotwarnsusinchillingterms:"Ishallhavesuchrevengeson

youboth.ThethingsIwilldo,whattheyare,yetIknownot.Buttheywillbetheterrors

oftheEarth."

1.1A-2・—3.G―4.—♦5.

6、

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题需选文章首段，可先排除段首含But的C和D。E和F分别以

Virtually和Atthesametime开头，也不可能是首段，故也可排除。A、G的位置已

经给出，无需考虑。剩下的是B,该段主要是对电视剧《西部世界》的主题和背景

信息的简单介绍，其内容和行文方式都比较适合作为文章开篇段落，故确定B为

本题答案。

7、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本段接在A后而。A末尾提到剧中的机器人只是跟人类极其相似的

仿真机器,只是“没有内核的躯壳”(whiletheirbehaviour...“nobodyhome")。D

首句说到“机器人即使再复杂也仍然只是一台机器''这个概念被不断削弱，与A末

尾的内容构成转折，而D也正以But开头，带出《西部世界》向观众传递的一个

信息：机器人与人类十分相似。D接在A后面，语义逻辑衔接合理，故本题应选

DoF也是说该剧向观众传递的信息，但段首的Alihesamelime暗示F之前应该先

提及了该剧的另一个启示；而A仅提及该剧促使人们思考人和机器人的区别，并

未指出该剧对人们的具体启示内容，故F不适合接在A后面。

8、

标准答案：F

知识点解析：到本题为止，剩下可选的只有C、E、F。上一段(D)讲的是《西部世

界》对人们的一个启示；F讲述该剧对观众的另一个启示，且F开头的Atthesame

time也提示了前一段应讲述同样方面的内容：故推断F应接在D后面.C,E均为

对人工智能发展的乐观分析，但下一段(G)讲的仍是对人工智能的担忧，而G开头

并未含任何转折之意，可知C、E都不可能放在D和G之间。综上所述，最终确

定本题选Fo

9、

标准答案：C

知识点3析：本段紧接在G之后。G讲述的是悲观派对发展人工智能的恐惧心

态，C则为持乐观态度的人对人工智能的看法，二者在语义上构成转折，C开头的

But正表达了这一逻辑。此外，C开头的[hesevoices也与G中的(hepowerfuland

respectedvoices相对应，故本题答案选C。E是对人工智能发展现状而说明，以及

对人工智能和人类在未来发展的展望，似乎在语义上也能与G衔接。但从E提到

的a$Brookssays可知，Brook这个人在前文应该已有所提及。综观各段，只有C

对RodneyBrook作了简单介绍，可见该人名在C是首次出现，即C应在E之前，

故排除Eo

10、

标准答案：E

知识点解析：最后一段常为带有总结性质的段落，E既指出了人工智能的发展现

状，也对其将来的发展作出了预测，正好对前文的争议做一个总结，故本题答案选

Eo

[A]PunitShah,aresearcheratKing'sCollegeLondon,investigatedhowtheperception

ofinternalbodilysensationsisrelatedtoemotionandhowthismay,inturn,belinkedto

howwemakedecisions.First,Shahgaveagroupoftypicaladultsagamblingtaskto

measuretheirsusceptibilitytotheframingeffect.Theywerelateraskedtoclosetheir

eyesandcounttheirheartbeatstomeasurehowwelltheymonitoredinternalsensations.

Theiremotionalawarenesswasalsomeasuredusingaquestionnaire.Shahdiscovered

thatpeoplewhoweregoodatmonitoringtheirheartbeat-peoplewho"followedtheir

heart"一weremostguidedbyemotionandparticularlysusceptibletotheframingeffect.

[B]Theresearchdemonstratesthat"followingyourheart"isrelatedtocomplexdecision­

making,whichbuildsonrecentworkshowingthatheartbeatperceptionislinkedto

survivalinthefinancialmarkets.However,italsosuggeststhatlisteningtoyourheart

andbeingintouchwithyouremotions—usuallyseenaspositivethings—mayleadto

decisionsthatarcnotsorational.[C]Decisionsarcbasedonthewaychoicesarcframed.

Thisisbecausepeopleuseemotionwhenmakingdecisions,leadingtosomeoptions

feelingmoredesirablethanothers.Forexample,whengiven£50,wearemorelikelyto

gamblethemoneyifwestandtolose£30thanifwearegoingtokeep£20.[D|But

whataboutpeoplewithpooremotionalawarenessanddifficultiesmonitoringtheir

heartbeat?Researchhasshownthatthesethingsareimpairedinpeoplewithalexithymia,

otherwiseknownas"emotionalblindness."Asemotionalblindnessismorecommonin

peoplewithautism,Shahtestedagroupofadultsdiagnosedwiththiscondition.

Replicatingpreviousresearch,peoplewithautismshov/edasmallerframingeffect.It

wasfoundthatpeoplewithautismwereabletomonitortheirheartbeatjustaswellas

peoplewithoutautism,buttherewasnorelationshipbetweenhowwelltheydidthis,or

emotionalawareness,andtheirsusceptibilitytotheframingeffect.[E]Althoughboth

optionsaremalhematicallyequivalent,thethoughtoflosingmoneyevokesapowerful

emotionalresponseandwearemorelikelytogambletotrytoavoidlosingmoney.This

cognitivebias,firstdescribedbythepsychologistDanielKahnemaninthe1980s,is

knownasthe"framingeffect.'1Despitethisphenomenonbeingwelldocumented,

scientistsarestilltryingtounderstandwhyouremotionshavesuchapowerfulinfluence

ondecisionmaking.[F]Thesefindingsaddtoevidenceshowingthatpeoplewithautism

thinkdifferentlytotypicalpeople.Althoughthisisrelatedtothedifficultiesthey

experienceinsocialsituations,thisdifferentwayofthinkingmaysometimesbe

advantageousinsituationswhereitisitbettertofollowyourheadandnotyourheart.|G|

Thisindicatesthatpeoplewithautismuseadifferentstrategywhenmakingdecisions.

Insteadofusingintuitionandemotionlikepeoplewithoutautism,theywerenot

followingtheirheartanddon'tuseemotionalinformationtoguidetheirdecisions.

Instead,theyvieweddifferentlyframed,butnumericallyequivalent,optionsmore

rationallythantypicalpeople.Sotheygambledjustasmuchasnon-autisticpeople,but

didsousingthenumericalinformationinsteadofmakingdecisionsbasedonhowthose

numbersmadethemfeel.

1.—2.TAT3.Ti.一B-5.

11、

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本段可用排除法。A和B位置已经给出，无需考虑。D开头的But、

E首句的bothoptions、G首句的Thisindicates...,以及F开头的Thesefindings

都表明这几段均不可能是首段。C开篇点题，指出作出决策取决于选择被描述的方

式，符合文章首段的常用开篇方式，故本题选C。

12、

标准答案：E

知识点解析：C末尾举了一个关于赌博心态的例子，提到两种不同的思维方式会导

致不同的选择。E首句的bolhoptions即对应C所举例子中的两种不同的心态，且

E首句解释了例子中说的“准备会输掉30磅”的心态会让人更乐意去赌博的原因。E

接在C之后语义连贯、逻辑紧密，故为答案。D首句的But提示该句与上文构成对

比关系，上文应提及与“情绪觉察能力差、不善于监测自身心跳的人”相对的男一类

人，这与C的内容不符。F开头的Thesefindings在C中也找不到所指，无法衔

接。G首句提至心这表明自闭症患者……”，而C并未提及自闭症患者，无法得出G

首句的推论，G开头的This在C中找不到所指。故最终确定本题选E。

13、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题接在A之后。A主要讲述针对框架效应所做的一项实验，末尾

提到善于监视自己心跳的人最容易受情感支配、受框架效应影响；D则讲情绪觉察

能力差、不善于监测自身心跳的人的情况。两段构成对比和对照，D开头的Bui起

到衔接和过渡的作用。F和G开头均为“这（些发现）表明自闭症患者……”这类表

达。但上文并未提及与自闭症相关的信息，无法得出这类推论，F、G两段均可排

除。故本题选D。

14、

标准答案：G

知识点解析：上一段(Dj主要讲述关于自闭症患者的实验结果：自闭症患者也能跟

正常人一样监测自己的心跳，但他们却表现出较弱的框架效应。前文提及善于监视

心跳的人特别容易受到框架效应影响，而这个实验结果却与之不符，G对这种不符

作出了解释一因为自闭症患者使用不同的策略来做决定，其中段首的This指代

D讲的实验结果。G接在D之后逻辑合理，故答案选G。

15、

标准答案：F

知识点解析：最后一段需要选择带有总结性质的段落，F首句的Thesefindings总

结概括上文提到的研究结果，并谈到这些发现对于指导现实行动有何作用，符合末

段的行文特点，故答案为F。

|A|Sonexttimeyourchildcountsusingherfingers,oryouseeyouremployees

spreadingoutinformationovertheirdesksandwalls,bereassured:theyarenotlimitedin

theircapacitytothinkwell,noraretheyhandicapping(heirabilitytodoso.Infact,they

areenhancingtheirabilitytothink.Yourminddoesnorthinklikeacomputer,hutit

thinkswiththeobjects(includingcomputers)andpeoplearoundyou.Andourcapacityto

thinkandreasonwell,atanygivenmoment,dependsasmuchonourcognitiveabilities

asitdocsontherichness-orpaucity-ofmaterialthingswhichsupportourthinkingand

decision-making.[B]Ourabilitytothinkandreasonhasbeentrainedandtestedinreal

worldsituationsthatrestrictourabilitytouseourhands.Forexample,atschool,children

quicklylearntocount"intheirheads"withoutusingtheirfingersasprops.Theimplicit

assumptionthatunderpinsthepracticeisthattrulyintelligentbehaviororiginatesfrom

theinnerpartsofthebrain,andthebrainalone.Recentresearchstronglychallengesthis

assumption,showinginsteadthatpeople'sthoughts,choicesandinsightscanbe

transformedbyphysicalinteractionwiththings.Inotherwords,thinkingwithyourbrain

alone—likeacomputerdoes—isnotequivalenttothinkingwithyourbrain,youreyes,

andyourhands-ashumansfrequentlydo.ConsideragameofScrabble:players

naturallytouch,moveandre-arrangethetilestheyreceive.Ifthinkingweresimplydone

"inthehead",what'sthepurposeofthesemoves?[C]Toputthistothetest,researchers

designthinkingtasksunderlaboratoryconditionsduringwhichpeoplecanphysically

interactwiththepropertiesoftheproblem.Interactivityinevitablybenefitsperformance.

Inpartthisisbecausechangesinthephysicalenvironmentmakeiteasierforpeopleto

rememberwhatinformationtheyareconsidering.Butalsodynamicallychangingthe

problem'sconfigurationpromptsnewpossibilitiesforaction,orunveilsnewwaysof

solvingproblems.Peoplearemorecreativeandmoreefficientwhensolvingproblems

withtheirhands:thinkingisanembodiedactivityembeddedinaphysicalenvironment.

[D]Theyalsoappliedthisapproachtothestudyofcomplexstatisticalreasoning.

Previousresearchhadfoundthat,dependingontheeaseofmeniallyrepresentingthe

statisticalinformationpresented,between11percentand40percentofpeoplesucceeded

insolvingthesereasoningproblemsusingjustpenandpaper.[E]Infact,thesemovesare

integraltotheprocessofgeneratingwords.Asplayersreconfigurethephysicalproperties

oftheirenvironment,theyarenotsimplymakingiteasierforthemtothink;theyare

thinking.Movescanbedeliberateorserendipitous.Thissuggeststhatthinkingis

fundamentallyrelational:itunfoldsalongaseriesofphysicalchangesintheenvironment

thatattimesaffects,andattimesisaffectedby,aseriesofbiologicalchangesinthe

brain.|F|Researchersrecentlyappliedthisapproachtoastudyofcreativityandinsight.

Whileposingaproblempresentedwithaclassicpencilandpaperformatneverledtoa

breakthrough,thosewhocouldusephysicalartefactstobuildamodeloftheproblem

weremuchmorelikelytoreachsomeinsight,nomatterthedifferencebetweenthe

participants'cognitiveabilities.[G]Theypresentedthesameinformationonapackof

cardsthatrcasonerswerefreetosprcacioutan