生产与服务设施选址课件

LocationStrategy生产与服务设施选址OperationsManagementNeedforLocationDecisionsMarketingStrategyGrowthDepletionofResourcesCostofDoingBusinessNatureofLocationDecisionsImportanceLongtermcommitment/costsServiceandNumberofFacilitiesNumberofFacilitiesResponseTimeLogisticsandFacilityCostsResponseTimeNumberofFacilitiesTotalLogisticsCostsCustomerDCWhereinventoryneedstobeforaoneweekorderresponsetime-typicalresults-->1DCCustomerDCWhereinventoryneedstobefora5dayorderresponsetime-typicalresults-->2DCsCustomerDCWhereinventoryneedstobefora3dayorderresponsetime-typicalresults-->5DCsCustomerDCWhereinventoryneedstobeforanextdayorderresponsetime-typicalresults-->13DCsCustomerDCWhereinventoryneedstobeforasameday/nextdayorderresponsetime-typicalresults-->26DCsPercentServiceLevelWithinPromisedTimeTransportationCostBuild-upasafunctionoffacilitiesCostofOperationsNumberofFacilitiesInventoryFacilitiesTotalCostsLaborNatureofLocationDecisionsImportanceLongtermcommitment/costsObjectivesProfitpotential潜在利润OptionsExpandexistingfacilitiesAddnewfacilitiesMoveAFrameworkforGlobalSiteLocationPHASEISupplyChainStrategyPHASEIIRegionalFacilityConfigurationPHASEIIIDesirableSitesPHASEIVLocationChoicesCompetitiveSTRATEGYINTERNALCONSTRAINTSPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGIESCOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTPRODUCTIONMETHODSFACTORCOSTSGLOBALCOMPETITIONTARIFFSANDTAXINCENTIVESREGIONALDEMANDPOLITICAL,EXCHANGERATEANDDEMANDRISKAVAILABLEINFRASTRUCTURELOGISTICSCOSTSLocationDecisionSequenceCountry©1995CorelCorp.Region/Community©1995CorelCorp.Site©1995CorelCorp.一、设施选址的基本问题设施选址包括两个方面的问题：第一、选位，即选择什么地区（区域）设置设施。第二、定址。地区选定后，具体选择在该地区的什么位置。具体决策时，实际要考虑的是四种选择：扩展现有的工厂、增加新地点、放弃现有地点、保持原有状态。LocationDecisionFactorsRegionalFactorsSite-relatedFactorsMultiplePlantStrategiesCommunityConsiderationsInfluencingFactorsStrategicTechnologicalMacroeconomicPoliticalInfrastructure基础设施CompetitiveLogisticsandfacilitycosts二、影响选址的因素（一）选择建厂地区的基本要求

1、接近市场

2、接近原材料产地

3、水、电、气等基础设施完备

4、气候条件能满足生产技术要求（二）选择建厂城镇的基本要求

1、当地城镇建设规划允许

2、劳动力市场：劳动力的成本和可得性

3、当地生活条件较好

4、当地工资水平较低（三）选择建厂用地的基本要求

1、地质条件适于建厂

2、有可靠的水源保证

3、有足够的用地面积和扩展余地

4、靠近水陆交通要道

5、有利于三废（水、电、气）处理三、单设施选址的方法１、生产成本比较分析法（成本、利润、产量定址分析）假设：（1）当产出在一定范围内，固定成本不变。（2）可变成本与一定范围内的产出成正比。（3）所需的产出水平可以近似估计。（4）一般只包括一种产品。EvaluatingLocationsCost-volumeAnalysisDeterminefixedandvariablecostsPlottotalcostsDeterminelowesttotalcostsExample1:Cost-VolumeAnalysisFixedandvariablecostsfor

fourpotentiallocationsExample1:SolutionExample1:Solution800700600500400300200100 0AnnualOutput(000)8101214166420$(000)ABCBSuperiorCSuperiorASuperiorD

２、分级加权评分法步骤：把所有影响选址因素列出清单，并按各影响因素的重要程度确定权数。对每个候选地址在每个因素下评级打分。把各方案所得分数与权数相乘再加总，得到各方案的总分。此种方法中，得分最高的方案较优。

３、重心法CenterofGravityMethodDecisionbasedonminimumdistributioncostsCenterofGravityMethod

重心法Findslocationof

singledistributioncenterservingseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforservicesConsidersLocationofexistingdestinations

Example:Markets,retailersetc.VolumetobeshippedShippingdistance(orcost)Shippingcost/unit/mileisconstant

CenterofGravityMethodSteps

重心法的步骤PlaceexistinglocationsonacoordinategridGridhasarbitraryorigin&scaleMaintainsrelativedistances

CalculateX&Ycoordinatesfor‘centerofgravity’GiveslocationofdistributioncenterMinimizestransportationcostCenterofGravityMethodEquationsdix =xcoordinateoflocationiWi = Volumeofgoodsmovedtoorfromlocationidiy =ycoordinateoflocationiXCoordinateYCoordinateCenterofGravityExample四、多设施选址的方法MultipleCenter-of-GravityApproachMixed-IntegerLinearProgramming

混合整数规划SimulationMethods

仿真方法HeuristicMethods启发式方法

MultifacilityLocation

AllocatingDemandtoFacilitiesP1P2W1W2C1C2C30542345212(50000)(100000)(50000)DemandCapacity=60000Capacity=140000Objective：MIN=0

P11+5

P12+4

P21+2

P22+3

W11+4

W12+5

W13+2

W21+1

W22+2

W23;DemandConstraints：

W11+W21=50000;W12+W22=100000;W13+W23=50000;SupplyConstraints:P11+P12=140000;P21+P22=60000;LogisticsBalance：

P11+P21-W11-W12-W13=0;P11…P22>=0;

P12+P22-W21-W22-W23=0;W11…W23>=0.

在计算机上用优化软件运算