南非小额贷款机构的征信制度

CreditReportingbyMicroLendingInstitutionsinSouthAfrica

南非小额贷款机构的征信制度

AcasestudybyPresentedbyFrankLenisaTel:+27218832332Email:frank@compuscan.co.zaAgenda

briefbackgroundtoCompuScan

CompuScan的背景简介anoverviewofMCI’sinSouthAfrica

南非小额贷款机构概览

thecreditinformationthatweprovide

我们提供的信用信息MCIreportingrequirements

小额贷款机构的征信要求registryconsultationpricing

征信局咨询定价theinformationsystem

信息系统supportandtrainingneedsofMCI’s

小额贷款机构需要支持和培训thebenefittoborrowers

对借款者的好处andthefutureoutlook.

未来展望BackgroundonCompuScan

背景简介CompuScanisacreditreportingandriskinformationcompanyforMicroCreditInstitutions(MCI’s)

CompuScan是针对小额贷款机构征信和风险信息管理的公司WeprovideMCI’swithcreditinformation,systems,methodologiesandtrainingtomanagesustainablecreditoperations,andshareborrowerinformationinordertoavoidborrowerover-indebtednessandrecklesscreditgranting

我们向小额贷款机构提供信用信息、系统、方法及训练来维持信贷业务，与借款者分享信息以避免借款者过度借债以及不计后果的授信。CompuScanwasformallyestablishedin1995andhasbecometheleaderinitsfield,

CompuScan于1995年正式成立，现在已经成为征信领域的佼佼者了。Operatingthroughout

业务遍及南非、纳米比亚、博茨瓦纳Wedevelop,hostandmanageinformationtechnology(IT)requirementsin-house.In1999,Compuscanwasawardedthe“SunandOracle”partneroftheyearaward

我们在公司内部开发并管理信息技术

1999年，公司被授予“太阳神灵”称号SouthAfricaNamibiaBotswanaMCI’sinSouthAfrica

南非的小额贷款机构MCI’sareconsumerfinancecompaniesthatprovideunsecuredsmallcashloansnotexceedingR10000(US$1515.15)toborrowerswithingovernmentcontrolledregulationsR10000(US$1515.15)

小额贷款机构是消费者金融公司，它们在政府控制的法规范围内向借款者提供无担保的小额现金贷款，其额度不超过10000兰特(1515.15美元)Themicrocreditindustryestimatedannualturnoverbetween20and30billionRand(3.03and4.55billionUS$)估计每年的小额信贷总额为200到300亿兰特(30.3

到45.5亿美元）MCI’sthatprovidemicrocredit:提供小额贷款的机构MCInstitutionType类型MCEntitiesMCBranchesBanks银行92387PublicCompanies*公营企业415PrivateCompanies私营企业13524803#mainlysmallcompanies主要是小公司NGO/Non-Profits**非政府组织/非盈利性机构1754Cooperatives/Creditunions合伙人组织/信用联盟242Total总计14097301*Pty’s/CC’s/Trustshavebeengroupedtogether.**

NGO/Non-Profitsprovidessmallloanstosmall/microbusinesses.BanksandprivateMCIarefor-profitandupthebiggestmarketshareofthemicrocreditindustry

银行和私营小额贷款机构是赢利性的，占据了小额贷款市场的最大份额TheNGO’s/Non-Profitsprovidessmallloanstomicro/smallbusinessesandonlymakesupasmallpercentage(approximately1-2%)ofthemarket

非政府组织或非盈利性机构也向小型企业提供小额贷款，但只占据市场的一小部分，约为1－2％Themicrocreditindustryhasa5-8%marketshareofthetotalconsumercreditindustryinSouthAfrica

小额贷款占据了南非总的消费者贷款的5－8％MCI’sinSouthAfrica

南非的小额贷款机构CompuscanMainconsumerCRTransunionITC主要消费者征信局环联ITCMainconsumerCRExperian主要消费者征信局益百利Managed/synchronised

Banks/NBFIs银行/非银行金融机构Socio-Demo.Data&PublicRegistriesE.g.courts,liensUtilities

公用事业CreditinformationprovidedtoMCI’s

向小额贷款机构提供的信用信息MCI&ConsumerdataMerchants商业企业Banks/LargerMCI’s银行/较大的小额贷款机构

3000MCIsubscribers+_50%ofMCImarket3000个小额贷款机构用户，占小额贷款市场的50％

CompuscanMCIdatabasePrivate私人数据库NLRMCIdatabasePublic公共数据库MCI&Consumerdata小额贷款机构和消费者数据MCIdata小额贷款机构数据Banks/LargerMCI’s银行/较大的小额贷款机构MCI&Consumerdata小额贷款机构和消费者数据CompuscanCRNLROtherdatasourcedfrommainCR来自主要征信局的其它数据MCIrepaymentdata小额贷款机构还款数据MCI&consumerrepaymentdata小额贷款机构和消费者还款数据Consumercollectiondata回收消费者贷款的数据MCIcollectiondata小额贷款机构回收贷款的数据Contact-abilitydataCivilcourtjudgments

民法判定Contact-abilitydata与客户的联系能力Previousenquires与客户的联系能力Scores,verifications,alerts评分、核实、警告Alerts,verifications警告和核实Defaults违约Previousenquires事前问询Datausage

数据使用70%ofsubscribersconsultandreportonCompuscanandtheNLR,20%arebeingrecruited.10%areprohibitedfromusingtheNLR(notregisteredwithRegulator).Ofthe70%,12%usevalueadddatafrommainCR.70％的用户向Compuscan和NLR咨询和报告信息；20％正在登记；10％被禁止使用NLR（没有向监管者登记）在70%的用户中,12%使用了来自主要征信局的增值数据

Pricing

定价Data数据StandardPrice标准价格CompuScanCreditcheckR433.20(US$65.64)p/m(includes100freeconsultationspermonth)NLR+summaryconsumerdataNLR加上总的消费者数据R2.51(US$0.38)eachconsultationNLR+detailconsumerdataNLR加上详细的消费者数据R5.13(US$0.70)eachValueadddatafrommainCR.来自主要征信局的增值数据R5.13(US$0.70)–R11.90(US$1.80)Dependingonchoiceofdata依赖于数据选择Pricebandofmajoritysubscribers.AverageMCIexpenditureisapproximatelyR690.00(US$104.55)p/m.

VolumediscountsareprovidedtothebiggerMCI’s较大的小额贷款机构可以使用贷款额度折扣Includesaccesstothefullsystemfunctionality,enablingtheMCItoconsult,report,andcomplywithregulatoryrequirements

包括整个征信体系功能的实现，使得小额贷款机构能够咨询、报告以及满足监管要求ThedataiscompleteandsufficienttoenabletheMCItotesttheabilitytorepayandmeasurecreditrisk,aswellasmonitorthedebtportfolio

数据必须完整和充足，使小额贷款机构能够衡量信用风险并对债务组合进行监管MCI’sdatareportingrequirements

小额贷款机构的征信要求MCI’sarerequiredtoreportonallloansgranted,payments,re-advancementsandclosuresofaccounts

要求小额贷款机构对其授信、支付、再授信及帐户取消等信息进行报告MCI’sarerequiredtoreportallloansgrantedwithin48hourstotheNLR,andallaccountsthatareclosedforwhateverreasonwithin48hours.

要求小额贷款机构在48小时内向NLR报告所有贷款以及不管什么原因取消的帐户PaymentProfiledata(accountrepaymentdata)mustbesubmittedonamonthlybasis:

支付数据（帐户偿还数据）必须按月递交MCI’sthatprovideshorttermloans(shorttermlenders)submitinformatA

提供短期小额贷款的机构以格式A的形式递交MCI’sthatprovidetermloans(termlenders)submitinformatB

提供分期小额贷款的机构以格式B的形式递交FormatAislessonerousthanB,butitspreferredthatshorttermlenderssubmitinformatB

虽然格式A比格式B简练，但是建议短期贷款者使用格式BCompuScaninformationsystem信息系统CompuScanprovidescreditinformationtoitsMCIsubscribersthroughleading-edgeonlineservices

公司通过一流的网络服务向它的客户提供信用信息Systemhandles500000consultationspermonth系统每月都要处理500，000的问询Systemmakesuseof:web-basedplatformtelephoneandfax(complementary)CPU-to-CPU(integrationintodebtormanagementsystems)系统由以下部分组成：网络平台电话和传真（补充作用）中央处理器对中央处理器（融合到债务人管理系统中）Consultationreportsinstantlyavailable(singleand/orbatch)viaweb/CPU-to-CPU

通过网络或中央处理器马上就可获得问询报告Systemprovides‘tools’forcreditapplicationprocessingandaccountmonitoring

系统提供信用申请处理和帐户监测的工具MCIReporting(i.e.accountcreation/closures/payments)performedviaweb/CPU-to-CPU(singleand/orbatch)instantaneouslyorovernight

小额贷款机构通过网络或中央处理器立刻或隔夜进行报告Paymentprofilesautomaticallycompiled&submittedtomainCRonbehalfofMCImonthly

支付款项自动按月递交给主要征信机构MCIsupport/training

对小额贷款机构的支持和培训

Thetrainingandsupportarekeytosuccess-MCI’srelyheavilyonourtrainingandsupportservice.培训和支持是成功的关键－－小额贷款机构严重依赖于培训和支持Supportandtrainingprovided:已提供的支持和培训On-siteatMCI’s

网上服务Callcentre(inbound&outbound)–6daysaweek

电话中心（内部和外部）－－每周6天ContactwithMCI’severy6-8weeks

每周跟小额贷款机构联系6－8次Inaddition,skillstraininganddevelopmentprogramsincreditmanagementprovidedviaCompuScan’strainingdivision

另外，对信用管理的技术培训和发展规划在CompuScan的培训部展开OutcomesaretoimprovedMCIstandards/professionalismandpromotebestpractice

结果是要得到更完善的标准和专业素质，来推动最好的实践BankingsectortrainingauthorityrecentlyfundedaskillstraininganddevelopmentprojecttoMCI’stothevalueofR78million(US$12million)银行部门的培训主管最近为小额贷款机构的技术培训和发展计划筹集了一笔价值7800万兰特（1200万美元）的资金Benefittoborrowers(1)

对借款者的好处MCI’smusttestaborrower’sabilitytorepaypriortoenteringintoaloanagreement

(affordability)小额贷款机构必须在达成贷款合同之前检测借款者的偿付能力DatausedtotestabilitytorepayfromMCI/consumerdata来自小额贷款机构或消费者的用于检测偿付能力的数据TodayMCI’saremakingmoreinformedlendingdecisionsduetomorecomprehensiveMCI/consumerdata,attributedtotheNLR

如今，由于提供了更加详实的贷款机构或消费者数据，小额贷款机构制定贷款决策的信息就更加丰富AfricanBank,SouthAfrica’slargestMCI,reportedintheir2004interimresultsthattheirnon-performingloansweredecreasing

非洲银行及南非最大的小额贷款机构的2004年中期报告就表明它们的不良贷款正在减少

Thiscanbetakenasanindicatorthatlevelsofborrowerover-indebtednessaredeclining,leadingtoatrendoffewerjudgmentsandsummonsesfordebts

借款者过度借债水平正在下降这一点可以被看作一个指标，表明了法律纠纷不断减少的趋势Graphsshowamarkeddeclineinthepercentageofjudgmentsandsummonsesfordebtsinthelast12monthperiod.

下图显示在过去了12个月中债务纠纷是显著减少的Benefittoborrowers(2)对借款者的好处Benefittoborrowers(3)对借款者的好处Interestratedeclinetrendhasbeennoticedinthelast18monthperiodbythelargerMCI’sthatprovideshorttermloans,

由较大的小额贷款机构在过去的18个月里提供的短期贷款表明，利率呈下降趋势Thiscanbeattributedtoincreasedcompetitiveforcesintheshorttermloansmarket,mainlybythebiggerMCI’sthatprovideshorttermloans,

这一点归功于短期借贷市场的激烈竞争，这种竞争主要是由提供短期贷款的较大型机构引起的ButanassumptioncanalsobemadethatduetotheMCIabilitytomakemoreinformeddecisionsviaCRdataresultsinincreasedMCIefficiency.Thusthesavingsderivedfromgreaterefficiencies,passontoconsumerbymeansoflowerinterestrates.

但是我们仍然可以作出这样的判断，即由于征信局提供了数据，小额贷款机构就有能力作出更细致的决策，从而增加了小额贷款机构的效率。所以，更高效率带来的成本节约通过更低的利率转移到了消费者Anothernoticeabletrendisthattheloansize(capitalamount)hasstartedtoincreaseslightlyinthelast12months,

另外一个趋势是在过去的12个月里，贷款规模开始轻微地增加了ThiscouldbeattributedtotheMCIabilitytomakemoreinformeddecisionsviaCRdata,

这一点也是由于小额贷款机构可以获得更多信息而能作出更加周密的决策了Butalsotothefactthattheborrowers’debtrepaymentsareslightlylower,duetobetterinterestrates.

但同时也是由于更有利的利率使得借款者的偿付成本降低了WheretoforCompuScan

未来发展方向Inthelocalmarket,thefocusisonproductdevelopment:

在当地市场，主要是产品开发ApplicationandbureauscoresforMCI’s