商务英语综合教程课件 Unit 4 Public Relations

PublicRelationsUnit4Introduction PublicRelations(PR)isbecomingmoreandmoreimportantinthebusinessworld.Itisstillayoungindustry.Generally,PRmeansaprocesstoinfluencepublicopinion,throughsoundcharacterandproperperformance,basedonmutuallysatisfactoryandtwo-waycommunication.Thisunitfocusesontheconnotation（内涵）ofPRandtheskillsofmakingagoodPRplan.Discussion1.Inyouropinion,whatfunctionsdoesPRhave?2.Howdoyouexplain“Guanxi”inChinesetoyourforeignfriends?Contents目录ListeningandSpeakingReading：Passage2Reading：Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingListeningandSpeakingTask1Martinisacollegestudent.Laurelworksinpublicrelations(PR)departmentofalocalcompany.OnedayLaurelvisitedMartininthecollege,andMartintooktheopportunitytoaskherforsomeinformation.Listentotheirconversationandfillintheblanks.L—LaurelM—MartinM:Laurel,couldyoupleasetellmewhat1ofyourjobis?L:Well,Iamresponsibleforplanningandmanagingthe2.M:Whatisthat?L:Inotherwords,dealingwiththepress,televisionandradio,aswellascommunications with

3.M:Howwouldyou4withinthecompany?L:Well,themostimportantroleofPRistocommunicatewiththepublic.M:Thatseemslikeatoughjob.L:Our5istogiveanaccurateimageofthecompany,itsbrandsanditsvalues.M:Itsoundsgreat.L:Wehavetomakesurethatthepublichasa6ofthecompany.M:Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthe7andPRDepartment?L:Marketingistofindcustomers’needsandmakethemsatisfied.MarketingDepartment8the publicthroughadvertising,butwedealwiththepressandwebmedia.ListeningandSpeakingM:Interesting!Howtomake9saysgoodwordsforyou?L:Trytomakesurethatmediahaveapositiveunderstandingofwhatourcompanyisdoing.10

withthepressandjournalistsareveryimportant.Thetrustbetweeneachotherisessential.M:Isee.L:Ifyouareinterestedinthefield,youmaycometoourcompanyinthesummervacation.M:Really?L:Yeah,youcanbeaninternhere.M:Great!Thanks.L:Youarewelcome.NewWordsandExpressions1.accurate a.exact准确的2.journalist n.awriterfornewspapersandmagazines记者3.essential a.absolutelynecessary;vitallynecessary本质的，必要的，重要的4.intern n.anadvancedstudentorgraduategainingsupervisedpractical experience实习生ListeningandSpeakingTask2Task3Accordingtowhatyouheardandyourunderstandingoftheconversation,trytoretellthemaincontentinyourownwords.Listentotheconversationagainanddecidewhetherthestatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).1.MartinisaPRmanagerinalocalcompany.2.PRisresponsibleformarketingresearch.3.ThereishardlyanydifferencebetweenPRdepartmentandMarketingdepartment.4.JournalistsareobstaclesofPRdepartment.5.Thetrustbetweenthecompanyandpressisessential.ListeningandSpeakingTask4Task5Workinpairstomakeupaconversation.IntroducetoyourfriendaboutwhatPublicRelationsDepartmentdoes.Inthesummervacation,MartinandLaurelmetagain.Shetoldhimaboutherexperienceinthecompany.Listentotheirconversationandfillintheblanks. L—LaurelM—MartinL:Hey!Itisyou!M:Hello.Itisgreattoseeyouagain.Bytheway,thankyouforthe1yousenttomelasttime.L:Mypleasure.Howisitgoing?M:Great!Iamexcitedaboutthis.Iheardthatyoudidverywell.L:Thanks.WhenCherryrelauncheditsbrandherein2023,itwouldbefairtosaythatthecompany hadan2.M:Really?HowbigachallengewasthisforthePRDepartment?L:Unfortunately,Cherry3bythepublicatthetime.Thereusedtobealotofboringoldjokes aboutCherrycarsaboutthequalityofcentralengineering.Thestrangethingisthattherealitywas actuallyquitedifferent.M:Sohowdidyougoaboutcommunicatingthisrealitytothepublic?L:Weputahugeemphasisonadvertising,everythingfromnationaladvertisingtopoint-of-sale productsintheshowrooms.OuroverallaimwastocampaignthequalityofCherry.M:AndwhatroledoesthePRDepartmentplay?L:Well,4howsuccessfulandeffectiveadvertisingare,thepublicisalwaysawarethatthe companyhascomplete5themessageandcontentoftheadvertising.ListeningandSpeakingM:Thatiscorrect.L:Whenthepublicreads6thingsintheirfavoritemagazinesornewspapers,it’sthejournalist’s7 thatinfluencespeople.So,ourjobistocommunicatethequalityofCherrytothemotoring press.M:Havingseentheverypositivepressthecompanynowenjoys,youobviouslymanagedtodo that,buthow?L:Oneofthefirstpressevents8wasatriptoseethemanufacturingplanttoshowthemjust howgoodthefacilitywas.M:Great.IwishsomedayIcouldbelikeyouinthisarea.L:Iamsureyouwill.M:Oh,itistimeforthemeeting.Nice9withyou.L:10.M:Seeyou.L:Seeyouaround.ListeningandSpeakingNewWordsandExpressions1.emphasis n.specialimportanceorsignificance强调2.point-of-sale a.oforrelatingtoorbeingthelocationwheresomethingis purchased销售点的，售货点的3.overall a.includingeverything整体的4.aware a.havingorshowingrealizationorperception意识到的，觉察到的5.plant n.buildingsforcarryingonindustriallabor工厂ListeningandSpeakingTask6Task7Accordingtowhatyouheardandyourunderstandingoftheconversation,trytoretellthemaincontentinyourownwords.Task8Listentotheconversationagainandanswerthefollowingquestionsorally.1.WhatwasCherry’ssituationin2023?2.WhatdidLaurel’steamfocusonwhendealingwiththeproblem?3.WhatroledidthePRDepartmentplayinsolvingtheproblem?4.WhatmeasuresdidLaurel’steamtake?5.WhatisMartin’sdream?Workinpairstomakeupaconversation.Talktoyourfriendabouthowtotackleanimageproblemofacompany.Contents目录ListeningandSpeakingReading：Passage2Reading：Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingReadingIntensiveReadingWhatIsPublicRelations?

Publicimagemakesup63%ofthevalueofmostcompanies.Whenthere’samishaporwhenthecompany’sreputationbreaksdown,itaffectsthecompany’sexistence.Ittakesaroundfourtosevenyearstoovercomeanegativereputation.Henceithasbecomeimportantforacompanytoinvestingoodpublicrelationsstrategiestomaintainabeneficialrelationshipwiththepublic.DefinitionofPublicRelationsPublicrelationsisastrategiccommunicationprocesswhichiswidelyusedtobuildmutuallybeneficialrelationshipswiththepublicbycompanies,individuals,andorganizations.Apublicrelationsspecialistdraftsaspecializedcommunicationplanandusesmediaandotherdirectandindirectmediumstocreateandmaintainapositivebrandimageandastrongrelationshipwiththetargetaudience.ObjectiveofPublicRelationsThemainobjectiveofpublicrelationsistomaintainapositivereputationofthebrandandmaintainastrategicrelationshipwiththepublic,prospectivecustomers,partners,investors,employeesandotherstakeholderswhichleadstoapositiveimageofthebrandandmakesitseemhonest,successful,important,andrelevant.ReadingFunctionsofPublicRelations Publicrelationsisdifferentfromadvertising.Publicrelationsagenciesdon’tbuyads.Theydon’twritestoriesforreporters,andtheydon’tfocusonattractivepaidpromotions.Theyratherpromotethebrandbyusingeditorialcontentappearingonmagazines,newspapers,newschannels,websites,blogs,andTVprograms，whichhasthird-partyvalidationandhenceisn’tviewedwithskepticismbythepublic.Thefunctionsofpublicrelationsmanagerandpublicrelationsagenciesasfollows. Draftingstrategiestosupportbrand’severycampaignandnewmovethrougheditorialcontent. Writinganddistributingpressreleases. Planningandexecutingspecialpublicoutreachandmediarelationsevents. Writingcontentfortheweb(internalandexternalwebsites). Developingacrisispublicrelationsstrategy. Handlingthesocialmediapresenceofthebrandandrespondingtopublicreviewsonsocialmediawebsites.

Dealingwithgovernmentandlegislativeagenciesonbehalfoftheorganization. Dealingwithpublicgroupsandotherorganizationswithregardtosocialandotherpoliciesoftheorganizationandlegislationofthegovernment. Handlinginvestorrelations.Reading

Typesofpublicrelations Accordingtothefunctionsofthepublicrelationsdepartmentoragencies,publicrelationscanbedividedintothefollowing7types: MediaRelations:Establishingagoodrelationshipwiththemediaorganizationsandactingastheircontentsource. InvestorRelations:Handlinginvestors,events,releasingfinancialreportsandregulatoryfilings,andhandlingqueriesandcomplaintsfrominvestors,analysts,andmedia.. GovernmentRelations:Representingthebrandtothegovernmentwithregardtofulfillmentofpolicieslikecorporatesocialresponsibility,faircompetition,consumerprotection,employeeprotection,etc. CommunityRelations:Handlingthesocialaspectofthebrandandestablishingapositivereputationinthesocialniche,likeenvironmentprotection,education,etc. InternalRelations:Counselingtheemployeesoftheorganizationwithregardtopolicies,courseofaction,organization’sresponsibilityandtheirresponsibility.Cooperatingwiththemduringspecialproductlaunchesandevents. CustomerRelations:Handlingrelationshipswiththetargetmarketandleadconsumers.Conductingmarketresearchtoknowmoreaboutinterests,attitudes,andprioritiesofthecustomersandcraftingstrategiestoinfluencethesameusingearnedmedia. MarketingCommunications:Supportingmarketingeffortsrelatingtoproductlaunch,specialcampaigns,brandawareness,image,andpositioning.ReadingNewWordsandExpressions1.mishap n.anunfortunateaccidentorpieceofbadluck小事故，不幸，灾祸2.stakeholder n.apersonorcompanythathasinvestedinabusinessandownspartof it利益相关者，参与人3.editorial n./a.anarticlegivingopinionsorperspectivesoforrelatingtoan article;statingopinionsorgivingperspectives社论，编辑的4.validation n.anactorprocessofvalidating有效，生效，核实5.skepticism n.anattitudetodoubtwhatothersaccepttobetrue怀疑态度，怀疑

主义，怀疑论6.distribute v.togiveoutsomethingtoanumberofpeople分发，分配，分销，

分散7.execute v.toputaninstructionorplanintoeffect执行，实施，实行ReadingNewWordsandExpressions8.presence

n.thephysicalexistenceofsomethinginaplaceataparticulartime存在，在场9.legislative

a.involvedinthewritingandpassingoflaws立法的，有立法权的10.filing n.theactivityofstoringfilesintheirproperplace归档，存档，存档档案11.query n./v.arequestforinformation;toasksomethingasaquestion询问，疑问12.fulfillment n.theactofdoingsomethingthatispromisedorexpected实现，履行，完成，

满足13.niche n.anareaofthemarketspecializinginonetypeofproductorservice（产品或服

务的）商机14.counsel v.toadvisesomebodyonaparticularcourseofaction建议，提供专业咨询15.Priority n.thestateofhavingmostimportanceorurgency优先，优先权，重点16.position n./v.theplacewheresomebodyorsomethingis;toputsomebodyorsomethingin aparticularorsuitableplace定位，（市场或产品）定位ReadingTask9Choosethecorrectoptiontocompletethesentencesbasedonyourunderstandingofthepassage.1.Ittakesabout

foracompanytoovercomeabadreputation.A.4to7yearsB.longtimeC.littletime2.Publicrelationsis

usedbycompaniestobuildgoodrelationshipwithpublic.A.auselesstoolB.astrategiccommunicationprocessC.aself-centeredmeans3.Oneofthefunctionsofpublicrelationsmanageris

.A.developingacrisisstrategyB.diningwithcustomersC.winingwithclients4.

areoneofthetypesofpublicrelations.A.FriendrelationsB.OffspringrelationsC.Communityrelations5.

aretohandlerelationshipwiththeleadingconsumers.A.CustomerrelationsB.InvestorrelationsC.InternalrelationsReadingTask10Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothepassage.Task11Fillintheblankswithoutreferringtothepassage.1.Whataretheobjectivesofpublicrelations?2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenpublicrelationsandadvertising?3.Inyouropinion,whicharethemosttheeimportantfunctionsofpublicrelations?4.Accordingtothepassage,howmanytypesofpublicrelationsarethere?5.Whatisgovernmentrelationsdoing? Publicimagemakesup1ofthevalueofmostcompaniestoday.Whenthecompany’s

2breaksdown,itaffectsthecompany’sentirecorporateexistence.Ittakesaround4to7yearstoovercomea3reputation.Henceithasbecomeimportantforacompanytoinvestingoodpublicrelations4tomaintainabeneficialrelationshipwiththepublic.Publicrelationsisastrategic

5processwhichiswidelyusedtobuildmutuallybeneficialrelationshipswiththepublicbycompanies,individuals,and6.Apublicrelationsspecialistdraftsaspecializedcommunication

7andusesmediaandotherdirectorindirectmediumstocreateandmaintainapositivebrand8andastrongrelationshipwiththetargetaudience.ReadingTask12CompletethesentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebracketsintoEnglish. 1.Anyonewhowishesto

（分销我们的产品）canphonethecompanydirectly. 2.Iwouldliketobesureofyourwillingnessto

（和我们一起执行这个计划）. 3.IwouldhavebeenfailinginmydutyifIdidnot

（建议阻止）theplan. 4.Youareinasocietywhere“personalresponsibility”doesn’tseemto

（是一个优先事项）. 5.Thecompanyistryingtolaunchitsnewproductwith

（最佳定位）.Contents目录ListeningandSpeakingReading：Passage2Reading：Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingReadingDevelopingaPRCampaignPlan Apublicrelations(orPR)campaignallowsyoutocontrolthespreadofinformationaboutyouandyourbusiness,creatingamedianarrativethatpositionsyoutoattractcustomerswithouttheexpenseoftraditionaladvertising.However,publicrelationsdoesn’thappenallonitsown.TocreateandimplementaPRcampaign,youneedacomprehensiveplanthatyourbusinesscanfollow,measure,andimproveon. Toachieveyourpublicrelationsobjectivesandreachyourcustomers,youneedtomakeamediaplan.Theplanoutlines: Whoyouwanttoreach Whatyouwanttoachieve Whatyouaregoingtodo Howyouwillevaluateyoursuccess Youcancreateasuccessfulmediaplan,andstructureyourpublicrelationscampaigninfollowingsixsteps.ReadingStep1:DefineYourObjective Defineandwritedownyourobjectives.Whatwillyourpublicrelationscampaignbedesignedtoachieve?Doyouwantto: Establishyourexpertise? Buildgoodwillwithyourcustomers,suppliers,orcommunity? Createandreinforceyourbrandandprofessionalcorporateimage? Createpositiveperceptionsofyourcompanyandservices? Introduceanewserviceorproducttoyourmarket? Generatesalesorleads? Mitigatetheimpactofnegativepublicityoracorporatecrisis? Onceyouknowwhatyourpublicrelationsaretryingtoachieve,youcanconstructamediaplanthatisbuiltaroundthatobjective.ReadingStep2:EstablishClearGoals Expresscleargoalsforyourcampaign.Unlikeyourobjective,whichisqualitative,yourgoalsshouldbequantitative.Thesegoalsshouldbeinlinewithyouroverallbusiness,marketing,andsalesobjectives.Whenestablishingthesegoals,usetheSMARTmethod.Yourgoalsshouldbe: Specific.Whatistheidealoutcomeyouaretryingtocreate? Measurable.Howwillyoumeasurethesuccessofthecampaign? Achievable.Howcanyouaccomplishyourgoalswithintheconstraintsofyourresources,suchasbudgetorstaffhours? Realistic.Areyousettingagoalthatmakessenseforthescopeofyourpublicrelationscampaign? Time-based.Howlongdoyouhavetoaccomplishyourgoalsandobjectives?ReadingStep3:IdentifyYourTargetMarket Inmarketing,everythingisdeterminedbyyourtargetcustomer.Identifywhoyouaretryingtoreach,whatthosecustomerscareabout,andwheretheycanbefound,youcancreateablueprintforyourentirecampaign,including: Whoyouwanttocommunicatewith Whatkeymessageyouwillsend Whichmediaplatformsyouwilluse Howyouwillgainconsumerattentionandtrust Whatlanguage,images,ortopicsyoushoulduse Onceyouknowwhomakesupyourtargetmarket,youcanbegincreatingaplanforwhereandwhenyourPRcampaignwillappear,aswellaswhatitwillsay.Itcanbehelpfultolookatpublicrelationsoutreachthatyourcompetitorshavedone,whichwillgiveyouanideaofwhichmediaoutletstotarget,aswellaswhatmessagesyoushouldandshouldnotsend.ReadingStep4:ResearchOpportunities Begintoresearchandplanopportunitiesforyourmediacampaign.Whatcommunicationvehicleswillyouusetogetyourmessagetothepublic?Examplesmayinclude:PressreleasesandarticlesAppearingasasourceinmediastoriesCustomersuccessstoriesLetterstotheeditorPressconferences,interviewsRadio,television,orpodcastappearancesSeminars,workshops,orspeakingengagementsEventsponsorships Asyoubeginresearchingopportunities,reachouttocontactsyoualreadyhaveinthemediaorexploreopportunitiesforcreatingnewmediarelationshipssuchasthroughnetworkingevents.ReadingStep5:CreateaSchedule Onceyouhaveconnectedwithyourmediacontactsandknowwhatopportunitiesareavailable,createascheduleforyourpublicrelationscampaignthatincludes:WhatoutletsyouwillbeappearinginWhatsortofappearanceyouoryourcompanywillmakeAnyfollow-upactionsyouwillneedtotakeafterwardAsocialmediaoremailscheduleforpublicizingeachappearance Asyoucreateyourschedule,considerwhatelsewillbehappeningwithothermarketingandsaleseffortsduringorafteryourcampaign.ReadingStep6:MeasureYourProgress Finally,putmeasuresinplacetotracktheresultsofyourpublicrelationscampaign.Thesecaninclude:LeadacquisitionandconversionSalesnumbersAdditionalmediainquiriesChangesinsocialsentimentPreordersforanewproductorserviceAttendancenumbersatworkshopsorevents Aftereachstageofyourcampaign,sitdownandreviewtheresults.Didyouachievethedefinedobjectivesandgoalsofthiscampaign?Shouldyouconsidermodifyingyouroriginalplan?Ifso,howandwhy?Tobesuccessful,youmustmeasureandtracknotonlyyourmediaappearancesbutthedetailsofthecampaign'sresults.ReadingNotes 1.Socialsentiment:Sometimesknownasbrandsentiment,isawayofmeasuringtheemotionsbehindsocialmedia.社交舆情，是一种衡量社交媒体上反映出来的顾客情绪的方法。消费者表现出热情、快乐和兴奋的情绪时，则称之为积极的社交舆情；反之，生气、恼怒和沮丧的顾客情绪为消极的社交舆情；顾客似乎是满意的，但却不表达出任何特定的感觉，则为中性的社交舆情。

ReadingNewWordsandExpressions1.narrative n.theartorprocessoftellingastoryorgivinganaccountofsomething

叙述，讲故事2.expertise n.specialskillorknowledge专长，专门知识或技能3.leads n.apositionaheadofallcompetitors领先，领导4.mitigate v.toreducetheharmfuleffectsofsomething减轻，缓解5.qualitative a.concerningthequalityofsomething定性的，质量的6.quantitative a.concerningtheamountornumberofsomething定量的，数量的7.outreach n.theextentofthereachofsomebodyorsomething外展服务8.outlet n.awayprovidinggoodsorservices出口，出路9.vehicle n.amediumforcommunicatingorexpressing载体，媒介物10.pressreleases

新闻发布ReadingNewWordsandExpressions11.pressconferences

记者招待会12.podcast n.amultimediafile,suchasaradioprogramormusicvideo播客，

播客节目，播客服务，播客系统13.sponsorship n.moneygiventoanorganizationtohelptopayforsomething资

助，主办，赞助款14.follow-up n.furtheractionorasubsequentevent后续行动，后续事物15.track v.tofollowtheprogressordevelopmentofsomething跟踪（进展

情况），追踪16.acquisition n.theactofacquiringsomething收购，购置，获得物17.conversion n.achangeinthenature,formorfunctionofsomething转变，转

化，转换ReadingTask13Lookthroughthepassagequicklyandchoosethebestanswerfromthechoices.1.InordertodevelopaPRcampaign,youneed

.A.agoodbookB.talentcolleaguesC.anoverallplan2.Whichoneistrue?A.DefiningyourgoalsisthefirststeptomakeaPRcampaignplanB.EstablishingcleargoalsisthefirststeptomakeaPRcampaignplanC.ResearchingopportunitiesisthesecondsteptomakeaPRcampaignplan3.Thecampaigngoalsshouldbe_________________.A.qualitativeB.quantitativeC.comprehensive4.Accordingtothepassage,whatisoneofthecommunicationvehicles?A.AprivatecarB.TVplaysC.TVappearance5.TobesuccessfulinPRcampaign,younotonlypayattentiontoyourmediaimage,butalsoto_____________.A.thereputationofthemediaB.themarketingmixC.thedetailsofthecampaign’sresultsReadingTask14Completethefollowingsentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage. 1.InordertocreateandimplementaPRcampaign,youneeda__________planthatyourbusinesscanfollow. 2.Goalsofpublicrelationcampaignshouldbeinlinewithyouroverallbusiness,marketing,andsales_________.

3.Itcanbehelpfultolookatpublicrelations_____________thatyourcompetitorshavedone,whichwillgiveyouanideaofwhichmediaoutletstotarget.4.Onceyouhaveconnectedwithyourmediacontacts,create____________foryourpublicrelationscampaign.5.Aftereachstageofyourcampaign,sitdownand____________.Contents目录ListeningandSpeakingReading：Passage2Reading：Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingCaseStudy Beingproactivewillallowmostcompanies,especiallyinacrisissituation,toremaincalm.Proactiveplanningmeansbeingpreparedforunanticipatedevents.Proactivecrisismanagementplansensurethatthereisamethodicalapproachinplacetohandleawidevarietyofcrises.Allbusinesses,largeorsmall,shouldmakeahabitofthispractice. Greenergy,aCalifornia-basedpowercompanywithanumberofsubsidiariesinotherwesternstates,hasexperiencedaseverecrisis.Aturbinebladefromagenerationwindmillbrokesuddenlyandstruckagroupofnearbypicnickers.Inordertoaddresstheissuetothepublics,thePRteamwentintoaction. Anybadinformationisspreadveryquickly,especiallywithoutpositivenewsfrombusinesswhenithappens.Whentheincidentoccurred,thePRimmediatelyfoundthesourceofinformation,andtimelyreportedittotheGeneralManager. Whenthetruthwasfoundout,itwasalready2pm.ImmediatelyPRdepartment,LawDepartment,CustomerServiceDepartmentandotherrelevantpersonnelandbranchesheldanemergencymeetingandagreedontheneedtoclarifythemattertothepublic,andthuseliminatedthepossibleadverseimpact.Thankfully,theDirectorofPublicRelationshadestablishedacrisismanagementplaninadvance,whichallowedthePRteamtoreacttothesituationquickly,andminimizedbothcapitallossandharmtoreputationofthecompany.CaseStudyTask15Workingroups,anddiscussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartners.1.HowimportantisPRdepartmentinacompany?2.WhatPRshoulddowhencrisishappens?3.Whatisproactiveplanninginyouropinion?Contents目录ListeningandSpeakingReading：Passage2Reading：Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingGrammarandUsage1．引导名词性从句的关联词NounClauses名词性从句

由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。名词性从句在复合句中起名词的作用，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四大类，在句中分别做主语、宾语、表语和同位语。

（1）that

连词that本身没有意义，在从句中不作任何句子成分，在宾语从句中有时可省略。

例如 Ihear(that)hehasjoinedthefootballclub.我听说他已经加入了足球俱乐部。 Thatlighttravelsinstraightlineisknowntoall.众所周知，光是以直线传播的。 ItsohappensthatIknowtheman.碰巧我认识那个人。 Isitcertainthattheywillwin?他们一定会赢吗？GrammarandUsage1．引导名词性从句的关联词

（2）whether和if

连词whether和if本身有意义，意为“是否”，在从句中不可省略。 whether可以引导所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。引导宾语从句时，whether和if有时可互换。

例如 Ididn’tknowwhetherhewouldattendtheconcert.我并不知道他是否参加音乐会。（宾语从句，可用if代替whether）但作“是否”之意时，一般只用whether不用if。 1）引导主语从句并位于句首时 Whethershecomesornotmakesnodifference.她来不来都没有关系。（主语从句，不可用if代替whether） 2）引导表语从句时 Thequestioniswhetherit’sworthtrying.问题是值不值得试一试。（表语从句，不可用if代替whether） 3）引导宾语从句作介词宾语时 Italldependsonwhethertheywillsupportus.（不能用if代替whether）这完全取决于他们是否支持我们。 4）从句后有“ornot”时 Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitornot.他必须回答他是否同意此事。（同位语从句，不可用if代替whether） 5）if可引导宾语从句，也可引导状语从句

使用if引导宾语从句容易引起歧义。

例如 Pleaseletmeknowifyouwanttojoinus.这句话既可以理解为“请告诉我们你是否想加入我们”。也可理解为“如果你想加入我们的话，请告诉我们一声”。为了避免歧义，最好使whether引导宾语从句。

例如 Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttojoinus.请告诉我们你是否想加入我们。GrammarandUsage1．引导名词性从句的关联词

（3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which

连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which等在从句中既起连接作用，同时可以担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。 Nooneknowswhohewaswaitingfor.没人知道他当时在等谁。 Weareworryingaboutwhatweshoulddonext.我们正在为下一步该怎么办而烦恼。 Tellmewhosehouseitis.告诉我这是谁的家。 Letmeknowwhichtrainyouwillbearrivingon.告诉我你会坐哪班火车来。

（4）连接副词where，when，how，why

连接副词where，when，how，why等在从句中既是连接词，又作状语。 Idon’tknowwherewearegoingtohavethemeeting.我不知道我们要在哪儿开会。 Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.她总是考虑怎样才能把工作干好。 WhatIamanxiousabouttoknowiswhenwecanvisitthemuseum.我急于知道我们什么时候可以去参观博物馆。

比较： when引导的时间状语从句和名词性从句中的不同时态。 Pleaseletmeknowwhenyouarrive.当你抵达时，请告诉我一声。（时间状语从句，从句中用一般现在时表示将来。） Pleaseletmeknowwhenyouwillarrive.请告诉我你什么时候抵达。（宾语从句，从句用一般将来时）GrammarandUsage1．引导名词性从句的关