新医学大学英语视听说教程2（智慧版）-课件 Unit 3 Chemistry in health care

Unit3Chemistryinhealthcare目录LearningobjectivesunderstandsentencestresswhilespeakingdetectcohesivedeviceswhilelisteningexplainhowAIpowersbiochemistryinmedicine01020304identifytheapplicationofchemistryinmedicalscienceOpeningup

1.

Matchthefollowingpicturesrelatedtomedicalsupplieswiththeircorrespondingchemicalprinciples.A.SunscreenconvertsUVraysintoheat.B.Alcoholkillsgermsonskin.C.Teststripsdetectbloodsugarlevels.D.Bandagesreleasegerm-fightingmedicine.

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）ABDCOpeningup2.Describeanexperiencewhereyouusedamedicalproductbasedonchemistry.Explainthesceneandtheprinciplebehindit.Viewingandspeaking

Pre-viewing

Chemistryhasplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofmedicine,helpingmoveitfromancienttheoriestowardmoderndiagnosticandtherapeutictools.Howexactlyhasthegrowthofchemicalknowledge–suchasdiscoveriesaboutbloodcomponents,pHbalance,ormolecularstructures–drivenkeychangesindiagnosisandtreatment?Viewingandspeaking

Viewing

1.humor

/ˈhjuːmə/n.体液2.bile/bail/n.胆汁3.phlegm

/flem/n.黏液4.bloodletting/ˈblʌdˌletiŋ/n.放血疗法5.laryngitis/ˌlærinˈdʒaitis;ˌlærənˈdʒaitəs/n.喉炎6.pneumonia

/njuːˈməʊniə/n.肺炎7.hormone

/ˈhɔːməʊn/n.激素8.CoulterCounter

库尔特计数器Viewingandspeaking

1Viewing1.Howdidmedicaldiagnosisevolvefromfocusingonthe“balance”ofbloodtoanalyzingits“composition”?Watchthevideoandfillintheblanks.Viewingandspeaking

1Viewing1.ThecaseKathymentionsfocusesonhow__________functionsinthefieldofmedicine.2.Forhundredsofyears,doctorsbelievedthatwhenapersonfeltunwell,oneofthefourhumorswas_______________.3.Thetoolsemployedforbloodlettingwerejustwipedclean,putonashelf,andreusedlaterbecausethe__________hadn’tbeendevelopedbackthen.chemistryoutofbalancegermtheoryViewingandspeaking

1Viewing4.WhenGeorgeWashingtonpassedaway,hisdoctorswere____________forcausinghisdeath.5.WiththeCoulterCounter,obtainingabloodcountcanbefinishedinunderaminuteandishighly___________.condemnedaccurateViewingandspeaking

1Viewing2.Watchthevideoagainanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).()1.AccordingtoHippocrates’theory,thefourhumorsincludedyellowbile,blackbile,tears,andblood.()2.Amongnumeroustreatmentsinhistory,themosteffectiveonewasbloodletting.Viewingandspeaking

FFViewingandspeaking

1Viewing()3.TheAstrupapparatusisusedtomeasurethepHbalanceoracidiclevelinhumanblood,whichbecamepopularinintensivecareunitsglobally.()4.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,knowledgeaboutvitaminsandhormoneshelpedchangethinkingabouthowthehumanbodyoperates.()5.Acentrifugewasoneofthetoolsusedinthepastforbloodletting-relatedprocessesbecauseitcouldseparateblood.Viewingandspeaking

TFFViewingandspeaking

ViewingScriptsHi,I’mKathyTusslerfromtheChemicalHeritageFoundation,andthiscaseisallabouttheroleofchemistryinmedicine.Forcenturies,physiciansbelievedinHippocrates’theoryofthefourhumors.Theywereyellowbile,blackbile,phlegm,andblood.Feelinggood?Yourhumorsareinbalance.Notfeelingsogood?Well,oneofthemisoutofbalance.Viewingandspeaking

Viewingandspeaking

1ViewingThereweremanytreatmentswhenyouwereill,butoneofthemostpopularwasbloodletting.Allthetoolsthatyouseeherewereusedfortheprocessofbloodletting.Itwasverysimple.Theysimplytookaknife,cutyourvein,andcollectedthatbloodinabowlforlaterstudy.Sincetherewasnogermtheoryatthetime,atbest,oncethebloodlettingwasdone,theywouldwipeoffthetool,placeitontheshelf,anduseitagainanotherday.Noteitherahumanorananimal.It’samazingtomethatanybodysurvivedthatprocess.Viewingandspeaking

Viewingandspeaking

1ViewingOneofthehazardsofbloodlettingisdemonstratedinGeorgeWashington’sfate.In1799,hecamedownwithlaryngitisandpneumonia,andinthecourseofoneday,hisdoctorstookalmosthalfhisblood.Notsurprisingly,hediedthenextday.Hisdoctorswerecondemnedforhavingkilledhim.Butfrankly,forthetime,bloodlettingwasstate-of-the-artmedicine.Keepinmindthattheywerenotonlytryingtokeephisbloodinbalance,theywerealsotryingtostudyittodeterminethecauseofhisillness.Viewingandspeaking

Viewingandspeaking

1ViewingInthebeginningofthe20thcentury,whenmoreknowledgeaboutvitaminsandhormonescamealong,thethinkingabouttheoperationofthehumanbodybegantochange.Nolongerweretheytryingtokeepthefourhumorsinbalance,nowitwasacaseofkeepingthechemicalsinbalance.Andoncethatnotiontookhold,manynewdeviceswerecreatedtostudythechemicalandcellularstructureofthebody.Viewingandspeaking

Viewingandspeaking

1ViewingAmongthemistheAstrupapparatus,whichmeasuresthepHbalanceoracidiclevelinhumanblood.Andwiththesuccessofthisdevice,itrapidlygaineduseinintensivecareunitsallovertheworld.Andthisdevice,theCoulterCounter,changedtheprocessofgettingabloodcountfromatediouserror-pronetestthattookatleastanhourtoatestthathappenedinlessthanaminuteandwasextremelyaccurate.Viewingandspeaking

Viewingandspeaking

1Viewing3.Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.Comparetherelianceonancienttheories(likebloodletting)inthepastwiththeuseofmodernscientificequipment(liketheCoulterCounterandAstrupapparatus)mentionedinthevideo.Howshouldwebalance“traditionalexperience”and“scientificverification”inmedicaldevelopment?Andhowshouldwetreatmethodsthatseemeffectivebutcannotyetbescientificallyexplained?Viewingandspeaking

Listeningandspeaking

News1.urine/ˈjʊərɪn;ˈjʊərən/sample

尿液样本ListeningandspeakingNews1.Listentoapieceofnewsandfillintheblanks.1.Thestudyrevealedthattwo-tofour-year-oldsintheUnitedStatesareroutinely__________toawidevarietyofpotentiallyharmfulchemicals.2.________________maybeposedbychemicalswhicharenotroutinelymonitored.HealthrisksexposedListeningandspeakingNews1.Listentoapieceofnewsandfillintheblanks.3.________institutionsacrosstheUnitedStatesconductedtheresearchthroughjointefforts.4.Urinesamplesfrom201childrenwere__________forchemicals.5.Forbrainandbodydevelopment,________________isthemostcrucialstage.earlyhildhoodMultipleanalyzedListeningandspeaking

NewsScript

Anationalstudypublishedin

EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology

findschildrenaged2to4yearsintheUnitedStatesareroutinelyexposedtoabroadrangeofpotentiallyharmfulchemicals.Manyofthechemicalstheresearchersidentifiedarenotroutinelymonitoredandmayposehealthrisks.Listeningandspeaking

NewsScript

TheresearchwasconductedbymultipleinstitutionsacrosstheUnitedStatesincoordinationwiththeEnvironmentalinfluencesonChildHealthOutcomes(ECHO),aprogramsupportedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH).Listeningandspeaking

NewsScript

Theresearchersanalyzedurinesamplesfrom201childrenaged2to4years.Theytestedfor111chemicals.Theirstudyfoundthat96chemicalsweredetectedinatleastfivechildren,48chemicalswerefoundinoverhalfofthechildren,and34chemicalsweredetectedinmorethan90%ofchildren-includingninechemicalsnotcurrentlytrackedinnationalhealthsurveysliketheNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey

(NHANES).Listeningandspeaking

NewsScript

“Ourstudyshowsthatchildhoodexposuretopotentiallyharmfulchemicalsiswidespread.Thisisalarmingbecauseweknowearlychildhoodisacriticalwindowforbrainandbodydevelopment,”saidtheresearcher.“Manyofthesechemicalsareknownorsuspectedtointerferewithhormones,braindevelopmentandimmunefunction.”Listeningandspeaking

NewsThenewshighlightsthatyoungchildrenfacewidespreadexposuretounmonitoredchemicalsduringtheircriticaldevelopmentstage.Fromwhichperspectives(e.g.,policy,scientificresearch,family,etc.)doyouthinkweshouldreducesuchrisks?Provideexamplestosupportyourview.2.Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestion.Listeningandspeaking

Conversation1.pupil/ˈpjuːpəl/n.瞳孔2.twitch/twitʃ/v.抽搐；抽动3.insecticide/inˈsektisaid/n.杀虫剂；杀虫药4.pharmacist/ˈfɑːrməsist/n.药剂师5.antidote/ˈæntidoʊt/n.解毒剂6.toxic/ˈtɒksik/a.有毒的；有害的7.dosage/ˈdoʊsidʒ/n.剂量；用量8.kidney/ˈkidni/n.肾脏Listeningandspeaking

Conversation1.A.Aheartattack.B.Chemicalpoisoning.C.Astroke.D.Foodpoisoning.2.A.Hewasterriblyhitinacaraccident.B.Hedranksomeliquidaboutanhourago.C.Heaccidentallyfelldownfromaheight.D.Hehadanunexpectedheartattack1.Listentoaconversationandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.√√Listeningandspeaking3.A.Drytongueandlips. B.Dilatedpupils.C.Twitchinglegmuscles.D.Highfever.4.A.Theirchemicalstructurecancombinewithtoxicsubstances.B.Theycanonlybetakenorallyforeffectivelycuringpoisoning.C.Theycaneliminatetoxicitywithoutcausinganyside effects.D.Theyneedtobeusedwithin10minutesafter insecticidepoisoning.√√Listeningandspeaking5.A.StopmedicineAimmediately.B.PrescribemedicineBforaweek.C.Changetoanothertypeofmedicine.D.IncreasethedosageofmedicineA.√Listeningandspeaking

Conversation1.Accordingtothedoctor’sjudgment,whatmaytheunconsciouspatienthavesufferedfrom?​2.Howdidthepatientloseconsciousness?​3.Whichofthefollowingisasymptomoftheunconsciouspatient?​4.Whatdoesthepharmacistsayaboutthemechanismoftheantidotes?​5.WhatdoesthedoctorplantodoforthepatienttakingmedicineA?QuestionsListeningandspeaking

Conversation（

）1.Theunconsciouspatient’spupilsareconstricted.（

）2.Thepharmacistthinksit’seasytodeterminewhether therewillbeadrug-druginteractionbetween medicineAandmedicineBwithoutknowingtheir specificcomponents.2.Listenagainanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).TFListeningandspeaking

Conversation（

）3.Thepharmacistwarnsthatcompetitionbetweendrugsmay increaseside-effectsorreducetheirefficacy.（

）4.Thedosageofsomedrugsiscalculatedbasedonthe patient’sbodysurfacearea.

（

）5.Elderlypatientswithliverandkidneyfunctionimpairments mayneedanincreaseddosageofdrugs.2.Decide

whethereachof

the

followingstatements

is

true(T)or

false(F).TTFListeningandspeaking

ConversationDoctor:Hello,thisistheEmergencyDepartment.We’vejustadmittedanunconsciouspatient.Hisfriendsaidhedranksomeliquidaboutanhourago,andthenlostconsciousness.Hismouthiswet,pupilsareconstricted,andlegmusclesaretwitching.Thesesymptomssuggestchemicalpoisoning,maybeinsecticide.Pharmacist:Thisistheon-callpharmacistspeaking.Isee.Inthatcase,youcangivehimeffectiveantidotesforinsecticidepoisoning.Thechemicalstructureofthesedrugscancombinewiththetoxicsubstances,thuseliminatingthetoxicity.Script

Listeningandspeaking

ConversationDoctor:Great.Thanksfortheadvice.Anotherthing,wehaveapatientwhohasbeentakingmedicineAforawhile,andnowIwanttoprescribemedicineBforherforaweek.Doyouthinktherewillbeanydrug-druginteractions?Pharmacist:It’shardtosaywithoutknowingthespecificcomponentsofthedrugs.Theremaybeacompetition,whichcouldleadtochangesinthebloodconcentrationofthedrugs,increasingtheriskofside-effectsorreducingtheefficacy.Isuggestyoumonitorthedruglevelsinherbodyduringthetreatment.Script

Listeningandspeaking

ConversationDoctor:Okay,Iwill.Bytheway,Ioftengetquestionsfrompatientsabouttheappropriatedosageofdrugs.Howdoyouusuallydeterminethat?Pharmacist:Well,itdependsonvariousfactors,suchasthepatient’sage,weight,andoverallphysicalcondition.Forsomedrugs,thedosageiscalculatedaccordingtothepatient’sbodysurfacearea,whichisrelatedtoheightandweight.Andforelderlypatientsorthosewithliverandkidneyfunctionimpairments,thedosagemayneedtobereduced.Script

Listeningandspeaking

ConversationWhyisitimportanttoconsiderfactorslikeage,weight,andliverandkidneyfunctionswhendeterminingdrugdosage?Whatpotentialrisksmightariseifthesefactorsareignored?3.Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.Speakingskill

UnderstandingsentencestressInspokencommunication,whenitisnecessarytodrawattentiontoaspecificpartofasentence,thecorrespondingwordsshouldbepronouncedmoreloudlyandforalongerdurationthanotherwordsinthesentence.Additionally,forlisteningtests,itisusefultopayattentiontohowspeakersusesentencestress.Sentencestressfollowsclearpatternsthatalignwiththesemanticfocusofastatement.First,contentwordsthatcarrycoremeaningareprioritizedforstress,whilefunctionwordslikearticles,prepositions,andconjunctionsareusuallyweakened.Speakingskill

UnderstandingsentencestressForexample,inthenews,“Manyofthechemicalstheresearchersidentifiedarenotroutinelymonitoredandmayposehealthrisks,”“chemicals”and“healthrisks”areemphasizedasthekeysubjectsandconsequences,makingthecoremessageimmediatelyclear.Besides,stresscanbeadjustedtoreinforcespecificintentions,suchascontrast,emphasis,orcounteringassumptions.Forinstance,inthevideo,“Nolongerwerethey…nowitwasacaseofkeepingthechemicalsinbalance,”thestresson“chemicals”istohighlightthecontrastwiththeoldtheoryof“fourhumors,”emphasizingtheshiftinmedicalthinking.Speakingskill

1.Bloodlettingwasstate-of-the-artmedicine.(Toemphasizetheadvancednatureofbloodlettingtherapyatthetime)2.Thesechemicalsmayinterferewithhormonesandbraindevelopment.(Toemphasizetheprimarytargetsofchemicalhazards)3.TheCoulterCounterchangedthebloodcounttestfromtedioustoaccurate.(Toemphasizethecorechangesbroughtaboutbytheequipment)Markthestressedwordsinthefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheintendedmeaningwithinthebrackets,thenpracticeoralreadinginpairstoappreciatehowstressinfluencessemanticfocus.____________________________________________________________________________________Listeningandspeaking

Passage11.penicillin/ˌpeniˈsilin;ˌpenəˈsilən/n.盘尼西林；青霉素

2.sanitation/ˌsæniˈteiʃən/n.公共卫生Listeningandspeaking

Passage11.Intoday’shealthcare,chemistryhasanimpactonhowwemakedrugs,diagnoseillnesses,and____________.2.Amajorityofdrugsusedfortreating,curing,andpreventingdiseasesordisordersaremadefromsome___________________.3.Chemistryformsthebasisofpharmaceuticalscience,helpingscientistsformulatedrugswiththeright____________________.1.Listentoapassageandfillintheblanks.treatpatientschemicalcompositionschemicalscompoundsListeningandspeaking

Passage14.Chemistryhelpsbuildtoolsfordiagnosis,liketestsforbloodsugarandcontrastagentsthatimprove____________.5.Besidesdrugsubstances,chemistryisalsoimportantinotheraspectsofmedicalsystems,likeintheprinciplesofsterilization,sanitation,diagnosis,____________,etc1.Listentoapassageandfillintheblanks.MRIscansdiseasecourseListeningandspeaking

Passage12.Listenagainanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).()1.tudyandknowledgeofchemistryarehardlyrequiredforprofessionals.()2.Accordingtothepassage,chemistryisportrayedasdispensableforclinicians,beingrelevantmainlytolaboratoryscientists.()3.Penicillin,oneofthefirstantibiotics,wasfound throughchemicalstudy.FTFListeningandspeaking

Passage12.Listenagainanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).()4.Sterilizationandsanitationpracticesinhospitalsrelymoreonphysicalmethodsthanonchemicalprinciples.()5.Understandingchemistrycanhelphealth-careprofessionalsprovidemoreaccuratemedicalsupporttopatients.FTListeningandspeaking

Passage1Intoday’shealthcare,chemistryhasanimpactonhowwemakedrugs,diagnoseillnesses,andtreatpatients.Inadvancingmedicine,chemistryplaysakeyrole,fromcreatingantibioticstodevelopingtestsfordiagnosis.Doyouknowthatamajorityofdrugswhichareusedfortreating,curing,andpreventingdiseasesordisordersaremadefromsomechemicalcompounds?Keepingtheabovequestioninmind,studyandknowledgeofchemistryareindispensableforprofessionalsinvolvedinthehealthcaresector,includingdoctors,nurses,andpharmacistsaswell.Script

Listeningandspeaking

Passage1Itisundeniablethatchemistryissignificantinmanyaspectsoftheday-to-daylifeofhealth-careprofessionals.Chemistryisoneofthefoundationsofpharmaceuticalscience.Ithelpsscientistsformulatedrugswithappropriatechemicalcompositions,studyhowdrugsinteracttokeeppatientssafe,buildtoolsfordiagnosis,liketestsforbloodsugarandcontrastagentsthatimproveMRIscans,andcomeupwithwaystocleanandsterilizetostopinfectionsfromspreading.Takepenicillinasanexample.Itwasoneofthefirstantibioticsfoundthroughchemicalstudy,anditcausedarevolutioninmedicine.Script

Listeningandspeaking

Passage1Besidesdrugsubstances,chemistryisalsoimportantinotheraspectsofmedicalsystems,likeintheprinciplesofsterilization,sanitation,diagnosis,diseasecourse,etc.Thus,chemistryhelpsensurepreciseandsafemedicalsupportforpatients.Script

Listeningandspeaking

Passage1Somepeoplearguethatchemicaldrugs(e.g.,penicillin)andsterilizationtechnologiesarethecornerstoneofmedicalprogressandshouldbeusedwithoutrestriction,whileotherspointoutthatoverrelianceonchemicalmethodscanleadtoriskssuchasantibioticresistance.Whichviewdoyousupportmore?Explainyourreasonswithreal-lifeexamples.3.Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestion.Listeningandspeaking

Passage21.indigenous/inˈdidʒənəs/people原住民2.biome/ˈbaɪiəʊm/n.生物群系3.compensation/ˌkɔmpənˈseiʃən/n.补偿；赔偿4.medicinalherb

草药5.forage/ˈfɔridʒ/v.觅食Listeningandspeaking

Passage21.Listentoapassageandfillintheblanks.1.Chemistryplaysafundamentalandcomplexroleinhumanhealthacrossmultiplesustainabledimensions,both___________________.2.Chemistryhasinfluencedthecourseofhumanevolutionthroughtraditionalmedicine,agriculture,healthcare,and________________________.positiveandnegativeenvironmentalinteractions

Listeningandspeaking

Passage21.Listentoapassageandfillintheblanks.3.Thelong-termroleofchemistryinhumanhealthanddevelopmenthasnotonlysupportedsurvivalbutalsoenhancedthequalityoflifeandincreased________.4.Inrecenttimes,indigenousknowledgehasbeenappropriatedbysomelargecorporationswithoutproperrecognitionor_____________.longevitycompensationListeningandspeaking

Passage21.Fillintheblanksaccordingtowhatyouhear.5.Theuseofchemicalsdatesbacktothedawnofcivilization,beginningwithearlyhuntersand_________.gatherersListeningandspeaking

Passage22.Listenagainandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.1.A.Betweenthe16thand17thcenturies.B.Betweenthe17thand18thcenturies.C.Betweenthe18thand19thcenturies.D.Betweenthe19thand20thcenturies.√Listeningandspeaking

Passage22.Listenagainandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.2.A.Largecorporations.B.Modernscientists.C.Indigenouspeoples.D.Medicalprofessionals.√Listeningandspeaking

Passage22.Listenagainandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.3.A.Throughsystematicscientificresearch.B.Bychanceorthroughobservation.C.Bylearningfromancientbooks.D.Throughguidancefrommedicalexperts.√Listeningandspeaking

Passage21.Whenwaschemistryrecognizedasanexactscience?2.Whichgrouporiginallydiscoveredmuchoftheknowledgethatadvancedhumanhealth?3.Howdidearlyhumansdiscovertheapplicationsofchemicalcompounds?Questions

Listeningandspeaking

Passage2Chemistryplaysafundamentalandcomplexroleinhumanhealthacrossmultiplesustainabledimensions,bothpositiveandnegative.Althoughthisfieldwasrecognizedasanexactsciencebetweenthe17thand18thcenturies,influencedbyfieldslikemetallurgyandpharmacy,chemistryhasimpactedthecourseofhumanevolutionthroughtraditionalmedicine,agriculture,healthcare,andenvironmentalinteractions.Thisancientrelationshipwithchemistryhasnotonlyensuredsurvivalbutalsoimprovedthequalityofhumanlifeandincreasedlongevity.Script

Listeningandspeaking

Passage2Muchoftheknowledgethathasadvancedhumanhealthwasoriginallydiscoveredbyindigenouspeoples,eachtiedtotheirlocalbiomes.Inmoderntimes,thisknowledgehasbeenexploitedbysomelargecorporationswithoutproperrightsorcompensation,whiletheoriginalknowledgeholdershavebeendisplacedorevenexterminated.However,theirunderstandingofplantsfortreatingdiseases,suchasmedicinalherbs,hasbeenandcontinuestobeusedtocureandalleviatepain,significantlycontributingtotheincreasedlongevityofhumanity.Script

Listeningandspeaking

Passage2Theuseofchemicalsdatesbacktothedawnofcivilization,beginningwithearlyhuntersandgatherers.Fromthestart,humansexploitedchemicalcompoundsfoundinplants,animals,andores.Manydiscoveriesoftheirapplicationstookplacebychanceorthroughtheobservationofanimalsforagingforfood.Thoughprimitivebytoday’sstandards,thesesubstancesplayedacrucialroleinthesurvivalandsuccessofthehumanspecies.Script

Listeningandspeaking

Passage23.Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.Traditionalmedicineisbasedonknowledgepasseddownforgenerations.Today,chemistryisusedtostudythesetreatmentsinmodernmedicine.Doyouthinktraditionalremediesshouldbescientificallytested,eveniftheiroriginalformischanged?Whyorwhynot?Considerhowtheoriginalknowledgeholdersshouldberespected.ListeningskillDetectingcohesivedevicesJustastrafficlightsregulatetheflowofvehiclesonroads,languageusessignpostsintheformofspecificwordsknownascohesivedevices.Thesewordshelpconnectideasandguidelistenersthroughaspeaker’smessage.Bynoticingthesewordswhilelistening,learnerscanmovefrompassivelyreceivinginformationtoactivelytrackingthespeaker’strainofthought.Asaresult,theycanidentifyboththemainideasandtheunderlyingmeaningmoreaccurately.Cohesivedevicesservespecificcommunicativefunctions.Inthevideo,thespeakersays,“Butfrankly,forthetime,bloodlettingwasstate-of-the-artmedicine.”ListeningskillDetectingcohesivedevicesHere,thecohesivephrase“butfrankly”signalsanupcomingfrankevaluation,preparingtheaudienceforacontrastingviewpointthatdefendsthehistoricalpractice.Theycanalsosignalalogicalprogression.Forinstance,Passage1concludeswith“Thus,chemistryhelpsensurepreciseandsafemedicalsupportforpatients.”Theword“thus”createsacause-effectlinkthatpresentsthesubsequentstatementasalogicalconclusionoftheprecedingfacts.ListeningskillDetectingcohesivedevicesCohesivedevicesalsoservetoaddinformationorprovideconcreteevidence.InPassage1,thephrase“Takepenicillinasanexample”introducesaspecificcasetoillustratethegeneralpowerofchemicaldiscovery.Similarly,thetransition“Besidesdrugsubstances”signalsthatthetopicisbeingexpandedtoincludeothermedicalaspectslikesterilization.Intheconversation,thedoctoruses“Anotherthing”toshifttoanewquestionaboutdruginteractions,alertingthepharmacisttoachangeinfocus.ListeningskillDetectingcohesivedevicesToleveragethesesignposts,practice“activeanticipation.”Whenyouhearanadditionmarkerlike“moreover”or“besides,”prepareforasupportingpoint;whenyouhearacontrastmarkerlike“however,”expectacounter-argument.Byconsciouslytrackingthesedevices,youcanmapoutthelogicalframeworkofthediscourseinreal-time.MedicaltermsCompletethesentenceswiththewordsinthebox.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.Changetheformifnecessary.pharmacistantidotesanitationhormonetoxicpneumoniainsecticidedosageCompletethesentenceswiththewordsinthebox.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.Changetheformifnecessary.1.Theelderlypatientwasadmittedtotheintensivecareunitduetosevere__________,whichrequiredantibiotictreatmentandoxygensupport.2.Diabetesmellitustype1iscausedbythebody’sinabilitytoproducesufficientinsulin,akey________thatregulatesbloodglucoselevels.MedicaltermspneumoniahormoneCompletethesentenceswiththewordsinthebox.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.Changetheformifnecessary.3.Accide