英文导游词；语篇；显性连贯

AbstractEnglishtourcommentaryisanimportanttooltointroduceChinesescenicspotsandspreadChineseculturetoforeigntourists.ThepurposeofthispaperistostudytheexplicitcoherenceoffiveofficialEnglishtourcommentariesofGuangdongprovince.Qualitativeandquantitativemethodsareadoptedinthisthesis.Theresultssuggestthatreiterationandcollocationarewidelyappliedinlexicalcohesion,whilereferenceandconjunctionarepresentedmorefrequentlyingrammaticalcohesion.Inconclusion,thispapersummarizesthecharacteristicsofgrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesionofEnglishtourcommentariesandfindsthatgrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesionplayanimportantroleindiscoursecoherence.Keywords:Englishtourcommentary;discourse;explicitcoherence摘要英文导游词是向外国游客介绍中国景点,传播中国文化的重要工具。本文的目的是研究广东省五篇官方英文导游词的显性连贯问题。通过定性和定量的方法展开研究,结果发现,在词汇衔接中,重现和复现比较常用,而在语法衔接中,照应和连接的使用频率较高。综上所述，本文总结了英文导游词在语法衔接和词汇衔接方面的特征并发现语法衔接和词汇衔接对语篇连贯起着不可忽视的作用。关键词：英文导游词；语篇；显性连贯1IntroductionBackgroundofthePresentResearchHallidayfirstproposedtheconceptof"cohesion"in1962.Hepublished“CohesioninEnglish”withHassanin1976whichmarkedthecreationofcohesiontheoryandmadetheword“cohesion”becomeatermofdiscourselinguisticsfromacommonwordtowidelyusedone.Nowadays,withthedevelopmentofeconomyandprosperityoftourisminChina,millionsofforeigntouristsvisitChinaeveryyear.Therefore,Englishtourcommentaryplaysamajorroleinintroducingtheworld'sculturalheritage,spreadingChineseculture,andpromotingexchangesamongcountriesaroundtheworld.However,therearealwayssomecoherenceproblemsinEnglishtourcommentaries,sointhispaper,wewillstudyexplicitcohesioninEnglishtourcommentariesfromthewebsiteofGuangdongtourguidequalificationexamination.1.2QuestionsandHypothesesofthePresentThesisWiththedevelopmentoftourism,moreandmoreforeigntouristsareinterestedinChinesescenicspots.Manyscholarshavestudiedtourcommentariesfromtheperspectivesoftranslationandinterculturalcommunication,buttheyseldomstudythediscoursecoherenceofEnglishtourcommentaries.However,coherenceasanessentialfeatureofEnglishtourcommentarycanbedividedintoexplicitcoherenceandimplicitcoherence.ThispaperstudiesEnglishtourcommentariesfromtheperspectiveofexplicitcoherence,andexplicitcoherenceisseparatedintogrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesion.Therefore,thefollowingquestionscanbeputforward:HowdoesthegrammaticalcohesionmanifestinEnglishtourcommentary?HowdoesthelexicalcohesionembodyinEnglishtourcommentary?Reinhart(1980)putforwardthatexplicitcoherenceshouldobeythreeprincipleswhicharecohesion,consistencyandrelevance.Ontheonehand,grammaticalcohesioncanbemanifestedfromtheperspectivesofreference,ellipsisandsubstitutionandconjunction.Ontheotherhand,lexicalcohesioncanbereflectedinEnglishtourcommentarybyreiterationandcollocation.1.3MethodologyofthePresentResearchThispaperisbuiltonfiveEnglishtourcommentariesfromGuangdongTourGuideQualificationExaminationWebsiteinordertoexploretheexplicitcoherencefeaturesofdiscourse.Thefollowingmethodswillbeusedinresearch:Descriptivemethod.TheexplicitcoherenceoffunctionallinguisticsisapplicabletodescribeEnglishtourguideswithdetails.Inductivegeneralization.Builtonthemechanismofexplicitcoherence,Englishtourcommentariesaredividedintogrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesion,whichmakesexplicitcoherencetheoryclearer.Qualitativeandquantitativemethods.Thefrequencyandfeaturesofdifferentcoherencepatternswillbeverifiedbystatisticsofcorpus.1.4PurposeandSignificanceofthePresentResearch1.4.1PurposeThespecificresearchpurposeofthispaperisasfollows:Firstly.ThispaperappliesquantitativeandqualitativeresearchmethodstoprovetheembodimentofgrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesionintheEnglishtourcommentariesinGuangdong.Secondly,thethesisaimstousetheself-constructedcorporaforfurtherpracticalapplicationsinthefuture.Itcanbeusedintranslationtohelppeopleusecohesivedevicestotranslate.Thirdly,thepaperexploresthefeaturesofexplicitcoherenceinEnglishtourcommentaries.1.4.2SignificanceThereistheoreticalandpracticalsignificanceinthisresearch.Onthetheoreticallevel,thepreviousstudiesontourcommentariesmainlyfocusontranslationandcross-culture,whiletheresearchondiscoursecoherenceofEnglishtourcommentariesisless.ThethesisstudiesexplicitcoherenceinEnglishtourcommentariestoexplorethefeaturesofdiscoursecoherence.Inpracticalneed,asChina'seconomicdevelopmentandnationalattentionontourism,foreignvisitorsarecuriousaboutChineseculture,andEnglishcommentariesinscenicspotsintroductionareaveryimportantroleintheprocess,notonlyisthewayofthetourguidetointroduceforeigntouristsattractions,isalsothekeytoforeigntouriststoreceiveattractionsrelatedinformation.1.5TheOrganizationoftheThesisThispaperconsistsofintroduction,body,conclusionandreference,andthebodyiscomposedofthreechapters.Thefirstchapteristheintroduction,whichmainlyintroducestheresearchproblem,hypothesis,method,purposeandsignificance.Thesecondchapteristheliteraturereview,whichmainlyintroducesthepreviousresearchonEnglishtourwordsandexplicitcoherence.Thethirdchapteristhetheoreticalframework,whichsortsoutanddefinestheexplicitcoherenceoftermsandtheconceptoftourguidewords,andanalyzestherelationshipbetweenthecharacteristicsoftourguidewordsanddiscoursecoherence,whichlaysacertaintheoreticalfoundationforthefollowingresearch.ThefourthchapteristheexplicitcoherenceanalysisofEnglishtourcommentary,whichmainlyanalyzesandsummarizesthefeaturesofgrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesionintheEnglishtranslationofthetourguides.Ingrammaticalcohesion,thispapermainlystudiesthreegrammaticalcohesivedevices:reference,ellipsisandconjunctioninEnglishtourguides.Inlexicalcohesion,thispapermainlystudiesthelexicalrepetitionandlexicalcollocationintourguides.Thefifthchapterservesastheconclusion,mainlyincludingthemajorfindingsandlimitations,aswellasthefurther-directions.2LiteratureReview2.1PreviousStudiesofExplicitCoherenceHanlidayandHasan(1976)putforwardthattextualcoherenceisrealizedthroughformalcohesion.Thesecohesivedevicescanbedividedintogrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesion.Ontheonehand,grammaticalcohesioncanbedividedinto:reference,ellipsis,substitutionandconjunction;ontheotherhand,lexicalcohesionconsistsofrepetition,synonyms,antonyms,hyponym,generalwords,etc.WhatHanlidayandHasancalljunctioniscalledexplicitcohesion.Thisdiscoveryhasgivenmanyscholarsapreliminaryunderstandingofexplicitcoherence.Reinhart(1980)proposedthatcoherencecanbedividedintoexplicitandimplicitcoherence,believingthatexplicitcoherencemustmeetthefollowingthreeconditions:cohesion,consistencyandrelevance.Cohesion,thatis,thesentencesinatextareformallycohesive;consistencykeepspacewithsentences;relevancereferstothecontextandsubjectofasentence.Thisboundaryprovidesaclearunderstandingforscholarstostudycoherence.InChina,ZhangandLiu(2003)developedconditionofdiscoursecoherenceintotwocategories:"internalcondition"and"externalcondition".Theinternalconditionofdiscoursecoherence,thatis,explicitcoherenceaffectsandrestrictsdiscoursecoherencefromtheperspectiveofdiscoursemeaningandcohesivemechanism.Bydividinginternalconditionsandexternalconditions,thethesispointsoutthedirectionforsubsequentscholarstostudydiscoursecoherence.In2005,YaowrotethepaperdiscussesexplicitcoherenceandimplicitcoherenceinEnglishandChinesetexts.Peopletellusthatexplicitcoherenceisembodiedinthesurfaceformsoflanguage,suchasthevocabulary,grammarandstructure,withthecohesivechaindescribedbyHallidayandHasan.2.2PreviousStudiesofEnglishTourCommentariesEnglishtourcommentaryiswordstoexplaininEnglishwhenthetouristsareguidedtogosightseeing.Itisatoolfortourguidetoexchangeideaswiththetouristsandspreadculturalknowledgetothetouristsandisoneofthestylesofappliedwritingresearch.Inrecentyears,therehavebeenvariousstudiesonEnglishtourguidesfromsomeperspectives.Fromtheperspectiveoftranslation,in2002,Chenputforwardthreefollowingfeaturesoftranslation.First,theserviceobjectisclear,thatis,touristsarealwaysthestartingpoint.Second,thecorrespondingwordaboutcultureisless,commentariesarerelatedtotheparticularculture.However,therearesomewordscouldnotbeexpressedinEnglish,whichcanbecalledvocabularyblank.Third,therearemanyancientChinesepoemsintourcommentaries.ChenshowedothersthetranslationstrategieswhicharesupplementarymethodinthethesisandencouragedmorescholarstoexploreEnglishtourcommentaries.InthefieldofEnglishguideteaching,withthedevelopmentofinternationaltourism,manyscholarshavestudiedEnglishguidecommentariesinEnglishteaching.In2018,YuebasedonthenaturallandscapeandculturallandscapeofXinjiang,thispaperdiscussestheregionalculturalcharacteristicsoftouristguidesinXinjiangandthetranslationteachingoftouristguidesinhighervocationalcolleges.SomeachievementshavebeenmadeinthetranslationandteachingofEnglishtourguideswhichprovidessomereferencesfortheresearchofthispaper.2.3SummaryThischapterfocusesonthereviewofexplicitcoherenceandEnglishtourcommentaries.ExplicitcoherenceachievedcertainresultsandmanyresearchershavestudieddiscoursecoherenceinEnglishteaching,translationandinterculturalcommunication.However,fewpeoplehavestudiedthediscoursecoherenceinEnglishtourcommentary,sothispaperwillhaveanewviewpointtostudy.3TheoreticalFrameworkInthischapter,thethesisistoprovidethenecessarytheoryexplicitcoherencewhichincludesgrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesion.Andthecomponentsofgrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesionareshown.3.1ExplicitCoherenceReinhart(1980)putforwardthetheoryofexplicitcoherenceandimplicitcoherence.However,explicitcoherenceiswhatHallidayandHassancalledcohesivechain.Explicitcoherenceiscomposedbygrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesion.Grammaticalcohesionincludesreference,substitution,ellipsis,andconjunction;lexicalcohesioniscomposedbyreiterationandcollocation.Byfurtherdividing,reiterationincorporatesrepetition,synonym,hyponymandgeneralword,however,collocationcoversantonymandcomplementarity.3.2GrammaticalCohesionTheexplicitcoherenceofdiscoursereferstotheformofcoherence.In1976,HanllidayandHansan,presentedinthebookCohesioninEnglishsubstitution,ellipsis,conjunctionandlexicalCohesion,fivekindsofCohesion.AnddomesticscholarssuchasHuang(2006)andZhu(1995)summarizedcohesivedevicesasgrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesion.Grammaticalcohesionreferstotheconstructionofexplicitcoherencethroughgrammaticalmeans.GrammaticalcohesioninEnglishcommentariesmainlyconsistsofreference,ellipsisandconjunction.3.2.1ReferenceReferencereferstousegrammaticalmeanssuchaspronounstorepresentthesemanticrelations,whichisinalanguageingredientandanotherlanguagecompositionbetweenexplainingtherelationshipbetweeneachotherinthatsense,namelytoacomponenttodoanotherreferencepointtoillustratetheinformation"itcanmakethediscourseonthestructuremorecompact,makingitthecontinuityofthewhole."Indiscourseanalysis,referenceisgenerallycomposedofpersonalreference,demonstrativereferenceandcomparativereference.Personalreferenceanddemonstrativereferencearethemostimportantintranslation.BasedonthestatisticalanalysisofthereferenceinEnglishtourcommentaries,thispaperanalyzestheapplicationofreferencecohesionindiscourse,andembodiesthefeaturesofreferenceindiscourse.Thepersonalreferenceisareferencebymeansoffunctionintoaspeechsituationthroughthecategoryofthepersonintheformofpersonalpronouns.Thepersonalreferenceisdividedintopersonalpronoun,possessivedeterminerandpossessivepronoun.Demonstrativereferencereferstoalanguageindicator.Thedifferenceofthedemonstrativereferenceisthatthedistance,location,time,andthesingleorthepluralanditismainlyreflectedintheindicativepronounandtheindicativeadverb.Comparativereferenceexplainsthesameandthesimilarpartofwords.Therearetwokindsofcomparativereference:commoncomparisonandspecialcomparison,bothofwhicharerepresentedbycomparativeadjectivesorcomparativeadverbsandtheircomparativelevels.3.2.2EllipsisandSubstitutionSubstitutionreferstothesubstitutionofanelementintheprecedingparagraph.Ingrammarandrhetoric,substitutionisanimportantmeanstoavoidrepetition.HallidayandHasan(1976)toalternativeEnglishisdividedintothreecategories:nominalsubstitution,verbalsubstitutionandclauses.Nominalsubstitution.Itreferstothereplacementofanounornounphrasewithanalternativeword.Themainalternativestonounsareone,ones,thesame,etc Verbalsubstitution.Itreferstotheuseofotherverbstoreplaceverbsorphrasalverbs.Clausalsubstitution.Itreferstotheuseofalternativewordstoreplaceclauses.Themainalternativestothistypeofsubstitutionaresoandnot.Ellipsisreferstothedefaultofsomebasicstructuralelementsinasentenceorclauseinatext.Theseelementsaregrammaticallynecessary,butinordertoavoidrepetition,highlightthemaininformationandmaketheexpressionconcise,compactandclear.Theellipsisconsistsofnominalellipsis,verbalellipsisandclausalellipsis.Nominalellipsis.Itreferstotheellipsisofthecentralwordinthenounphrase,theellipsisofvariousmodifiersandeventheellipsisofthewholenounphrase.Verbalellipsis.Itreferstotheomissionoftheverbintheverbphrase,ortheomissionofthewholeverbphrase.Clausalellipsis.Itreferstotheomissionofanentireclauseorpartofaclause.3.2.3ConjunctionTheconjunctionisusedtoexpressthelogicalrelationshipbetweentwoormoresentences,creatingavarietyofsemanticrelationshipsthatenablepeopletounderstandthemeaningofthenextsentencefromtheprevioussentence.Inasense,logicalconnectivescanrepresentmanydifferentsemanticrelationships.Whendiscussinglogicalconnectives,HallidayandHassan(1976)dividedconjunctionintofourcategories:additive;adversative;causalandtemporal.Additive.Addinformationtotheendofafullsentenceifpossible.Adversative.Themeaningofthelastsentenceisoppositetothemeaningoftheprevioussentence.Causal.Reflecttherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.Temporal.Ajoinsemanticthatreflectsthesequenceofeventsorthesimultaneousoccurrenceofdifferentevents.3.3LexicalCohesionLexicalcohesionisanimportantmeanstoachieveexplicitcoherenceofatext.HallidayandHassanhavesummarizedthevocabularyofEnglishintotwocategories:reiterationandcollocation.3.3.1ReiterationReiterationincludesfourtypes:repetition,synonym,hyponym,generalword.Repetitionisthemostdirectwayoflexicalcohesion,whichreferstotherecurringphenomenonofacertainlanguagecomponentinthediscourse.Thereiterationofsynonymsorsynonymsistherecurrenceofthedifferentwordsthathavethesameorsimilarsemantic,suchashuman,things,behavior,state,andproperties.BecauseEnglishlanguageisimportantintheformoflanguage,itcanbecumbersometorepeatawordinthesametext.Thegeneralwordisatermthathasahighdegreeofgenerality,whichcanbereferredtoasapersonandapersonwithacommonattribute.3.3.2CollocationCollocationistheco-occurrencetendencyindiscourse.Thecollocationincludes:antonym,complementation,thelocal-overallrelationship.Therelationshipbetweenwordsandwordsistheoppositeoropposingsemanticrelationship,whichiscalledantonym,complementationissymmetricalinstructureandrejectsinthemeaning.Local-overallrelationshipindicatestherelationshipbetweenthesameobjectandthevariouscomponents.4DataAnalysisandDiscussion4.1AnalysisofGrammaticalCohesion4.1.1ReferenceThestatisticsaboutreferencefortheEnglishtourcommentariesareasfollows:ReferenceKaipingDiaolouChinafolkculturevillageSunYat-senMemorialHallTheChenFamilyTempleTheDanxiaMountainpersonalreference2235331041demonstrativereference82998660142comparativereference94016Figure4.1:ReferenceofEnglishTourCommentariesFromtheabovechart,wecanconcludethatpersonalreferenceanddemonstrativereferenceismorefrequentlyusedinEnglishtourcommentaries.Personalreferencereferstothesemanticconnectionbetweenpersonalpronounsandanounintheprecedingparagraph.ThefollowingaresomeexamplesofpersonalreferenceintheEnglishtourcommentary.IthaslongbeenknownasthenativelandofagreatmanyoverseasChinese.YoumaywonderwhythesereturnedoverseasChinesehadtheirhousesbuiltintoastructureofawatchtower．Kaipingpeoplehadplayedinthedevelopmentofthecountriestheyresided.Inthethreesentencesabove,itin(1)referstotheKaipingDiaolou;theirin(2)referstothesereturnedoverseasChinese;theyin(3)referstoKaipingpeople.Theabovethreeexamplesallconstitutepersonalreferenceandachievegrammaticalandsemanticcoherence.Demonstrativereferencereferstoanounabovebyademonstrativepronounoradverb.Herearesomeexamplestostudy.Theseredrocksandredprecipices.ThosehousesbuiltbythereturnedoverseasChineseduringthelate19thandearly20thcenturiesareallwatchtower－like,withthicksolidwalls,smallandnarrowirondoorsandwindows,andevenwithembrasuresonthewallsandanobservationtoweronthetop．NowweareattheEastGateofFolkCultureVillage.Insentence(4),thesereferstocloserange,andinsentence(5),thosereferstoagreatdistance,theybothrefertonounplurals.Insentence(6),nowmeansatthemoment.InEnglishtourcommentaries,demonstrativereferenceplaysacoherentrole.Comparativereferencereferstothecomparisonbetweenwordsandpartsofatext.Herearesomeofthem.ChenGuodamadeanintensiveinvestigationandstudyofthegeomorphicfeaturesofthe

DanxiaMountain

andotherred-rockmountainsin

SouthChina.Inthisfolkculturevillage,therearehundredsofminorityperformersfromdifferentpartsofChina.Intheolddays,menwereregardsassuperiortowomenandpeopleoftenprayedforhavingmoresonstocarryontheirfamilyname.Insentence(7),thewordothertakesred-rockmountainsasreferencepointtomakeastrikingcontrast.Insentence(8),theworddifferentisincontrasttopartsofChina.Insentence(9),thewordmorecontrastswithsons.DemonstrativereferencehascomparisonmeaninginEnglishtourcommentariestomakemorebrief.4.1.2EllipsisandSubstitutionEllipsisreferstotheomissionofpartofthecontentonthepremiseofnotaffectingthecoherenceofthetext.Ellipsisisdividedintonominalellipsis,verbalellipsisandclausalellipsis.NominalellipsisisfrequentlyusedintheEnglishtourcommentaries.(10)Pleasedonottouchthem.(11)Touristscannotonlyexperienceeachethnicgroup’sfolkcustomshere,butalsoenjoytheirdistinctiveperformancesofsongs.Here,thesentence(10)omittedthesubjectyouandthesentence(11)omittedthesubjectwhichformsthenominalellipsissentence,wereducetheunnecessaryrepetition,makethesentencemoreconciseandclear.Theomittedsubjectcanbeinferredfromthecontextandspecificcontext,whichwillnotaffectthelistener'sunderstandingofthediscourse,butisbeneficialtotherealizationofdiscoursecoherence.Substitutionistoavoidrepeatedlyreplacingpartsoftheabovewithpro-form.HallidayandHasandividedEnglishsubstitutionintothreecategories:nominalsubstitution,verbalsubstitutionandclausalsubstitution.NominalsubstitutionisfrequentlyusedintheEnglishtourcommentaries.Itstotalnumberamountedto3,

300inthepeakyearsandnowtheregisterednumberis1833,

andtwentyofthebetteronesareinscribedontheWorldHeritageListbyUNESCO.Itislaidoutinasymmetricalway,withthelongitudinalcentrallineastheaxisandthestructuresononesidecorrespondingexactlywiththoseontheother.Insentence(12),onesreplacesKaipingDiaolouinthelastsentence.Insentence(13),thosesubstitutesasymmetricalandlongitudinalcentrallines.ThesesubstitutionshelpEnglishtourcommentariesavoidrepetition.4.1.3ConjunctionThestatisticsaboutconjunctionfortheEnglishtourcommentariesareasfollows:conjunctionKaipingDiaolouChinafolkculturevillageSunYat-senMemorialHallTheChenFamilyTempleTheDanxiaMountainconjunction7256445645Figure4.2:ConjunctionofEnglishTourCommentariesConjunctionisresourcethatconnectsinformationthroughaddition,comparison,timeliness,andcausality.TherearemanylinkingwordsinsentencesintheEnglishtourcommentarytomakethediscoursesmooth.Publicorderatthattimewasbadandbanditrywasarealheadacheandthebetter－offreturnedoverseasChinesefamiliesnaturallybecametargetsforrobbery.But,the

Danxia

Mountain

isthelargestandthemostbeautifulandtypicalofitskind.Whilebeingconstructedinthenationalstyleofarchitecture,thetemplestructureisuniqueinthewayitisdecorated,thewaythatischaracteristicofthisprovince.TheQingDynastyfoundedbytheManchusruledoverChinafornearly300yearsandwasoverthrownin1911intheChinesebourgeoisdemocraticrevolutionledbyDr.SunYat-sen.Insentence(14),andistoaddmoreinformation.Insentence(15),Butisanadversewaytoconnecttheinformation;inthesentence(17),thelinkingwordWhileistemporalconjunctiontolinkthesentences;andthewordinsentence(18)iscausalconjunctiontocompletethediscourse.4.2AnalysisofLexicalCohesion4.2.1ReiterationandCollocationLexicalcohesionisalsooneofthemeanstoachieveexplicitcoherenceofatext.InEnglishtourcommentaries,lexicalcohesionincludestwocategories:reiterationandcollocation.Thereiterationofvocabularyisrealizedbytherepetitionoforiginalwords,synonyms/near-synonyms,superordinateandgeneralwords.Dearfriends,welcometothe

DanxiaMountain.The

Danxia

Mountain

issituated45kilometerstothenortheastof

Shaoguan

City.smallandnarrowirondoorsandwindows,

andevenwithembrasuresonthewallsandanobservationtoweronthetop．TheChinese,

youknow,

areanostalgicpeoplehavingastrongfeelingofwistfullongingforhome.Xingjiangaboundsinverysweetmelonsandfruits.Insentence(18),therepetitionoftheDanxiamountainbelongstothereoccurrenceoforiginalwordsandisbettertohighlightthefeaturesofscenicspots;insentence(19),smallandnarrowaresynonymstoexpressthesameconceptualmeaning;andinsentence(20),peopleisageneralwordtolinkthesentences;andinsentence(21),melonsandfruitsaresuperordinate,fruitsincludemelonstoachieveconnection.Collocationreferstothetendencyofwordstoappeartogetherwhichincludesantonym,complementaryrelationandpartial-wholerelation.Creatinganartisticeffectofbeingstructurallycompactbutappearingspacious.Hetwinlotusflowersononestalkstandforanaffectionatecoupleofhusbandandwife.Itstotalnumberamountedto3,

300inthepeakyearsandnowtheregisterednumberis1833,

andtwentyofthebetteronesareinscribedontheWorldHeritageListbyUNESCO．Insentence(22),compactandspaciousareantonyms,theyareoppositeinthemeaning;andinsentence(23),husbandandwifearecomplementaryinmeaning,andinsentence(24),totalnumberincludesregisterednumber,theyarewhole-partialrelation.4.3SummaryThroughtheanalysis,itisfoundthatlexicalcohesion,referenceandconjunctionarecommonlyusedintheEnglishtourcommentaries,whileellipsisandsubstitutionarenot.Ingrammaticalcohesion,referenceandconjunctionmake