新时代基础英语 2

Education

Warm-upPartAReadingStrategiesPartBContentsWhatdoyouexpectfromauniversityeducation?Theuniversityshouldprovidestudentswith:generalknowledge,professionalskills,problem-solvingskills…Whatfactorshelpedyoudecidewhichuniversitytoattend?12Warm-upSteveJobs,CommencementaddressatStanford,2005And17yearslaterIdidgotocollege.ButInaivelychoseacollegethatwasalmostasexpensiveasStanford,andallofmyworking-classparents'savingswerebeingspentonmycollegetuition.Aftersixmonths,Icouldn'tseethevalueinit.IhadnoideawhatIwantedtodowithmylifeandnoideahowcollegewasgoingtohelpmefigureitout.AndhereIwasspendingallofthemoneymyparentshadsavedtheirentirelife.SoIdecidedtodropoutandtrustthatitwouldallworkoutOK.Itwasprettyscaryatthetime,butlookingbackitwasoneofthebestdecisionsIevermade.TheminuteIdroppedoutIcouldstoptakingtherequiredclassesthatdidn'tinterestme,andbegindroppinginontheonesthatlookedinteresting.Warm-upAndmuchofwhatIstumbledintobyfollowingmycuriosityandintuitionturnedouttobepricelesslateron.Letmegiveyouoneexample:ReedCollegeatthattimeofferedperhapsthebestcalligraphyinstructioninthecountry.Throughoutthecampuseveryposter,everylabeloneverydrawer,wasbeautifullyhandcalligraphed.BecauseIhaddroppedoutanddidn'thavetotakethenormalclasses,Idecidedtotakeacalligraphyclasstolearnhowtodothis.Ilearnedaboutserifandsanseriftypefaces,aboutvaryingtheamountofspacebetweendifferentlettercombinations,aboutwhatmakesgreattypographygreat.Itwasbeautiful,historical,artisticallysubtleinawaythatsciencecan'tcapture,andIfounditfascinating.Warm-upNoneofthishadevenahopeofanypracticalapplicationinmylife.Buttenyearslater,whenweweredesigningthefirstMacintoshcomputer,itallcamebacktome.AndwedesigneditallintotheMac.Itwasthefirstcomputerwithbeautifultypography.IfIhadneverdroppedinonthatsinglecourseincollege,theMacwouldhaveneverhadmultipletypefacesorproportionallyspacedfonts...OfcourseitwasimpossibletoconnectthedotslookingforwardwhenIwasincollege.Butitwasvery,veryclearlookingbackwardstenyearslater.Warm-upWhatdoesJobswanttotellyoungpeoplethroughthisstory?Howdoyouunderstandthephrase“connectthedots”?12Warm-up

PartA

PartA(para.1)Knowledge——(actedon,informedby,impregnatedbyReason)→philosophy,scienceWhatdoesNewmanmeanby“intrinsicfecundity,”and“dispenseswiththenecessityoftheirlookingabroadforanyendtorestuponexternaltoitself”?Newmanisstressingthatknowledge,wheninformedbyreason,isanendinitself,andagoodinitself.(Itdoesn’tneedanyexternalpurposetojustifyitself.)

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PartANewmanpostulatestwodifferentpathsbywhichknowledgedevelops:“itmayresolveitselfintoanart,andterminateinamechanicalprocess,andintangiblefruit;butitalsomayfallbackuponthatReasonwhichinformsit,andresolveitselfintoPhilosophy.”CorrespondingtothesetwotypesofKnowledgearetwokindsofeducation.Whatarethey?Mechanical/practicaleducationPhilosophical/intellectualeducation

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PartANewmanemphasizestheintellectualprocessoflearning,notjustthe“passivesensation,orperceptionofthings”.Whatisan“intellectual”process?“takesaviewofthings”;“seesmorethanthesensesconvey”;“reasonsuponwhatitsees”;“investsitwithanidea”.

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PartA(para.2,thefirstsentence)Newmanbelievesthattheadvantageof“philosophical”knowledge(incontrasttomechanicalknowledge)isnot“extrinsic”or“accidental”.Howdoyouunderstandthesetwowords?Theexplanationliesinthe“which”clausesinthislongsentence:“whichisoursto-dayandanother’sto-morrow,whichmaybegotupfromabook…”NOT“extrinsic”or“accidental”=“anacquiredillumination”,“ahabit”,“apersonalpossession”,“aninwardendowment”5

PartANewmanpresentsaratheridealunderstandingofeducation——cultivationofthemind,communicationofknowledgethatisdesirableinitselfandthatis“asufficientremunerationofyearsoflabour”.Howcloseisittoyourunderstandingofknowledge?Lookingbackonyourexperienceasastudent,doyouconsiderknowledgeitselfasufficientrewardforyourhardwork?Ifnot,whatotherrewardsdoyouneed?67

PartA(para.3)Newmanquotesacommonlyheldopinion:“Wheretherehasbeenagreatoutlay,theyhavearighttoexpectareturninkind”.learningasarewardinitselfversuseducationasaninvestmentDoyouandyourparentsseeeducationasaninvestmentandexpectareasonablereturn?8

PartA(para.3)Inthisparagraph,Newmanintroducesamorepragmatictheoryofeducationthatheobviouslydisagreeswith.Whatisthegistofthistheory?9ReadingStrategiesWhenexplaininganabstractconceptoracomplicatedidea,anauthormayuseavarietyofexpressionstomakethesamepoint.Often,alaterexpressioncanbeunderstoodwiththehelpofanearlierone.Ifareadercanidentifyandgrouptogetherthesediverseexpressionscarryingsimilarideas,itmaygreatlyfacilitatethereadingprocess.GroupingandClassificationThismethodisevenmoreusefulwhentheauthorisconductingacontrastandcomparisonbetweentwosetsofideas,persons,orthings.Havinggraspedtheoverallideaofthecontrast(AasopposedtoB),wemaygroupvariousexpressionsundertwoheadings,andusethisoverallclassificationtohelpusinferthemeaningofcomplicatedordifficultexpressions.ReadingStrategiesInpara.3ofNewman’sessay,hementionsthat“utility”becomesthekeywordforthosepeoplewhodemandpracticalresultsfromeducation.Grouptheexpressionswithsimilarmeanings:Shouldbeconfinedtosomeparticular…end;Issueinsomedefinitework;Whatthereistoshowfortheexpense…;Whatistherealworth…ReadingStrategies“GrantandLee”isanessayaboutthetwogeneralsintheAmericanCivilWar.Readtheessayandclassifythequalities(somecontrastingandsomeincommon)ofthesetwohistoricalfigures.ReadingStrategies

PartB

PartBBookerT.Washington’srisefromslaveryledhimtoestablishtheTuskegeeInstitute,avocationalschoolforblackAmericans.Hislifestory:Forcedlaborinearlychildhood;HardtoilinsaltminesandnoeducationafterEmancipation;AttendanceattheHamptonInstitute;FoundingoftheTuskegeeInstitute…12

PartB(para.2)Wasiteasytofindateacherforthecolouredschool?Whathappened?Whatisthe“teacher’sday”mentionedattheendofthisparagraph?34

PartB(para.3)WhatdoesWashingtonmeanby“awholeracetryingtogotoschool”?Peoplefromallagegroupswereeagertolearn.Allschools(dayschool,nightschool,Sundayschool)werefilled.ItreflectsAfricanAmericans’intensedesireforaneducation;theirpassionforlearning;theirlongingforabetterlife…5

PartB(para.4)Whatisthenarrator’sbig“disappointment”?Whatcanweinferabouthischaracterfromhisresponsetothisdisappointment?“Iappliedmyselfwithgreaterearnestnessthanevertothemasteringofwhatwasinthe‘blue-back’speller.”6

PartB(para.5)Whatkindofsolutiondoesthenarrator’smotherhelphimfind?Nightlessonsaftertheday’sworkwasdone.Thisexperienceoftakingnightlessonsgavehimfaithinthenight-schoolidea(madehimbelievethatnight-schoolisafeasibleplanforpeoplewhowanttolearnbuthavetoworkduringdaytime).7

PartB(para.6)Whattemptationdidheyieldto?Whydoestheauthorsharethisstorywithhisreaders?(para.7-9)Whatarethetwodifficultieshefacedwhenhefinallyfoundhims