涡北煤矿1.5Mt-a新井设计-深部巷道锚杆支护技术

题目：涡北煤矿1.5Mt/a新井设计深部巷道锚杆支护技术摘要本设计包括三个部分：一般部分、专题部分和翻译部分。一般部分为涡北煤矿1.50Mt/a新井设计。涡北煤矿位于安徽省亳州市境内，东有京九铁路，西有濉阜铁路，交通便利。井田走向长度约6.30km，倾向长度约2.46km，面积约14.49km2。主采煤层为8号煤层，平均倾角为18°，平均厚度为10.0m。井田工业储量为190.806Mt，可采储量为104.255Mt，矿井服务年限为53.46a。矿井正常涌水量为250m3/h，最大涌水量为280m3/h。矿井绝对瓦斯涌出量为21.3m3/min，属于低瓦斯矿井。根据井田地质条件，提出四个技术上可行的开拓方案。方案一：立井两水平开拓上山开采，暗斜井延深；方案二：立井两水平开拓上山开采，立井直接延深；方案三：立井两水平开拓上下山开采，暗斜井延深；方案四：立井两水平开拓上下山开采，立井直接延深。通过技术经济比较，最终确定方案一为最优方案。一水平标高-700m，二水平标高-1000m。设计首采区采用采区准备方式，工作面长度160m，采用综采放顶煤采煤法，矿井年工作日为330d，工作制度为“三八制”。大巷采用胶带输送机运煤，辅助运输采用矿车运输。矿井通风方式为中央并列式。专题部分题目：深部巷道锚杆支护技术。我国国有大中型煤矿开采深度每年约以8~12m的速度向深部增加，一些老矿区和缺煤矿区相继进入深部开采阶段。由于开采深度的加大，岩体应力急剧增加，地温升高，巷道围岩破碎严重，塑性区、破碎区范围很大，蠕变严重。采用工字钢、架棚等被动支护技术已不能有效的控制巷道的变形，采用高强度全长树脂锚固锚杆锚固力大、锚固及时，能主动地将支撑载荷作用到巷道周边，对围岩施加径向力，加强巷道或硐室周边围岩稳定性，充分发挥围岩的自身承载能力，取得了良好的支护效果。翻译部分题目：Theperformanceofpressurecellsforsprayedconcretetunnellinings。喷射混凝土巷道应力测量仪的性能。关键词：立井；暗斜井；采区布置；放顶煤采煤法；中央并列式；锚杆支护

ABSTRACTThisdesigncanbedividedintothreesections:generaldesign,monographicstudyandtranslationofanacademicpaper.Thegeneraldesignisabouta1.50Mt/anewundergroundminedesignofWobeicoalmine.WobeicoalmineliesinHozhouCity,Anhuiprovince.AsJingjiurailwayrunsinthewestoftheminefieldandSuifurailwayrunsintheeastoftheminefield,thetrafficisconvenient.It’sabout6.30kmonthestrikeand2.46kmonthedip,withthe14.49km2totalhorizontalarea.Theminablecoalseamis8withanaveragethicknessof10.0mandanaveragedipof18°.Theprovedreservesofthiscoalmineare190.806Mtandtheminablereservesare104.255Mt,withaminelifeof53.46a.Thenormalmineinflowis250m3/handthemaximummineinflowis280m3/h.Theminegasemissionrateis21.3m3/min,theminebelongstolowgasmine.Basedonthegeologicalconditionsofthemine,Ibringforwardfouravailableprojectsintechnology.Thefirstisverticalshaftdevelopmentwithtwomininglevelsandthefirstlevelat-700mandthesecondlevelat-1000mandextensionofblindinclinedshaft;thesecondisverticalshaftdevelopmentwithtwomininglevelsandthefirstlevelat-700mandthesecondlevelat-1000mandextensionofverticalshaft;thethirdisverticalshaftdevelopmentwithtwomininglevelsandthefirstlevelat-700mandthesecondlevelat-850mandextensionofblindinclinedshaft;thelastisverticalshaftdevelopmentwithtwomininglevelsandthefirstlevelat-700mandthesecondlevelat-850mandextensionofverticalshaft.Thefirstprojectisthebestcomparingwithotherthreeprojectsintechnologyandeconomy.Thefirstlevelisat-700mandthesecondlevelisat-1000m.Designedfirstminingdistrictmakesuseofthemethodoftheminingdistrictpreparation.Thelengthofworkingfaceis160m,whichusesfully-mechanizedcoalcavingminingmethod.Theworkingsystemis“three-eight”whichproduces330d/a.Mainroadwaymakesuseofbeltconveyortotransportcoalresource,andminecartobeassistanttransport.Thetypeofmineventilationsystemiscenterventilation.Thetitleofmonographicstudyistechnologyofdeeproadwayboltsupporting.China'sState-ownedlargeandmedium-sizedcoalmineminingdepthofabout8~12mayearincreaseinspeedtothedeep,deficiencyinsomeoldminingareaandenteredthestageofdeepminingincoalminingarea.Withtheminingdepthincreasing,thestressinrockmassincreasesquickly,temperaturerises,therocksurroundingroadwaybreaksseriouslyandthebrokenplasticareahasalargerangeandcreepseriously.Usingpassivesupportnursetechnology,forexamplejacked,frameshedandsoon,hascannotcontrolthedeformationofroadwayeffectively.Usinghighstrengthandfulllengthresinboltwhichhaslargeanchorageandanchoragetimelycanactivetomakesupportingloadtoroadwayaround,imposeradialforcetosurroundingrockandstrengthenthestabilityofroadwayorsurroundingrockaroundchamberroom,whichcangivefullplaytothehostedabilityofsurroundingrockandhasmadeagoodsupportnurseeffect.ThetranslatedacademicpaperisTheperformanceofpressurecellsforsprayedconcretetunnellinings.Keywords:Verticalshaft;Blindinclinedshaft;Miningdistrictpreparation;Coalcavingmining;Centerventilation;Boltsupporting目录一般部分1矿区概述及井田地质特征 页英文原文TheperformanceofpressurecellsforsprayedconcretetunnelliningsC.R.I.CLAYTON,J.P.VANDERBERG,G.HEYMANN,A.V.D.BICAandV.S.HOPEAbstract:Thepaperexaminesthefactorsthataffecttheperformanceoftangentialcellsembeddedinshotcretetunnellinings.Newdata,derivedfromfieldmonitoring,numericalmodelling,andcalibrationtestscarriedouttosimulatetheembedmentandcrimpingprocesses,arepresented.Thesesuggestthatalthoughwell-designedembeddedtotalpressurecellswillhavecellactionfactorsclosetounity,theycannotbeassumedtoprovidereasonableestimatesofthestresseswithinsprayedconcretelinings,unlesstheinfluencesofinstallationeffects,temperaturechanges,shrinkageandsubsequentcrimpingcanbetakenintoaccount.Keywords:fieldinstrumentation;tunnels.IntroductionThepressurecellsusedformeasuringthecompressivestressesinshotcretetunnelliningsgenerallyconsistoftwostainlesssteelplateswithathinfluid-filledcavitybetweenthem.Thecavityisconnectedeithertoamembrane-typebypassvalveortoavibrating-wirepressuretransducer.Theuseofotherdirect-stressinstrumentshasbeenreportedintheliterature,althoughinfrequently.Pressurecellsaretypicallyinstalledinoneoftwoorientations:radial,torecordthestressbetweenthesprayedconcreteandthegroundsurroundingthetunnel;andtangential,torecordthehoopstresswithinthetunnelliningitself.Thispaperconsidersonlytangentialcells.Despitetheirwidespreaduseinpractice,therehasbeenverylittleresearchreportedintheliteratureontheuseandbehaviourofshotcretepressurecells.Manypractitionersremaindoubtfuloftheabilityofembeddedpressurecellstomeasuretheactualstressesinconcretetunnellinings.Inapreviouspaperreviewinginstrumentationforsprayedconcretelinedtunnelsthepresentauthorsnotedsomeofthepotentialdifficulties,statingthatitwas`extremelyunlikelythatembeddedcellsbeusedformonitoringtheactualstressinatunnellining'.Yet,potentially,pressurecellsareavaluablesourceofinformationthatmightbeusedtoassesswhethertunneldesignassumptionsarejustified,andthispaperthereforereportsthefindingsofourfurtherresearchintothisimportanttopic.FactorsaffectingthepressuresrecordedbytangentialpressurecellsintunnelliningsDirectstressmeasurementwithinanymediumismadedifficultbythemanyfactorsthatcanaffecttheresults.Inthecaseoftangentialpressurecellsembeddedinshotcreteourrecentexperiencesduringtunnelmonitoringsuggestthattheseareasfollows.CellpropertiesThecellshouldbeconstructedsothatthestressesintheshotcretearenotsignificantlymodifiedbyitspresence.Sincethecompressibilityofthefluidinthecellislessthanthesurroundingmaterialsitwillunder-read,butthiscanlargelybecompensatedforbymakingthecellwideandthin.Theuseofcellfluidssuchasmercuryoroilwillaffectnotonlythecompressibilityofcellsbutalsotheirtemperaturesensitivity.Changesintemperaturewillexpandthefluidagainstthesurrounding,relativelyrigidcellmetalandsurroundingconcrete,andwillproduceachangeinmeasuredstress.InstallationeffectsTheinadvertentformationofcavitiesaroundthecellduringshotcretingwillleadtoasoftmeasurementsystem,whichwillsubsequentlyunder-read.Incorrectpositioningofthecellwithinthelining,rotatingittowardstheradialdirection,canalsocauseittounder-readsomewhat,becauseradialstressesaretypicallylessthan10%oftangential.Indeedtheactualthicknessoftheliningatthepointofinstallationwillalsoaffecttheinterpretationofthestressmeasurements.Post-installationfactorsAsnotedabove,temperaturechangescanbeexpectedtoleadtochangesinmeasuredstresses.Shrinkageduringtheearlylifeoftheshotcretewillresultinchangesintherecordedstressthatarenotduetoexternalstresschanges.Crimping,whichisoftenundertakentoensurethatpressurecellsareproperlybeddedwithintheshotcrete,canprovideasignificantoffsettothemeasuredpressures.Numericalandphysicalexperiments,andresultsfrommonitoringNumericalmodellingandphysicalsimulationhavebeencarriedouttoassesstheactualperformanceofsomestresscellsusedinpractice,andtoplacetheirperformanceinthecontextofothercelldesigns.NumericalmodellingtoassesstheeffectsofcellfluidToexaminetheeffectofcellfluidoncellperformancetwoidealisedcircularcellsembeddedinablockofconcreteweremodelledunderaxisymmetricconditionsusingthefiniteelementpackageLUSAS.ThegeometryofthecellsandthematerialpropertiesmodelledareshowninFig.1.The160mmdiametercellissomewhatlargerthanmanyofthecellscurrentlyinuse,whereasthe80mmcellissmaller,andwasconsideredbytheauthorstobelikelytohaveanexcessiveT/Dratio.Inthefirstnumericalexperimenttheeffectofthebulkmodulusofthecellfluidwasinvestigated,byapplyingaconstantexternalaxialstressandvaryingthecellcavitypressure.Thebulkmodulusequivalenttoeachcellactionfactorwascalculatedbyintegratingthedisplacementsalongthesurfaceofthecellcavity.Fig.2showstheconsiderableinfluenceofbulkmodulusoncellactionfactor,butitalsoshowsthatwhenreasonablecellgeometriesareusedcellactionfactorsremaintolerablyclosetounitywhenoilissubstitutedformercury.Fig.1.Geometryofcellsandpropertiesofmaterialsusedduringnumericalmodelling:(a)idealisedpressurecell;(b)geometrymodelled;(c)materialpropertiesFig.2.EffectofbulkmodulusofcellfluidoncellactionfactorPhysicalsimulationCalibrationtestswereconductedtoevaluatetheperformanceofthevibrating-wiremercury-filledpressurecells,inthreephases:(a)Duringthefirstphasethemanufacturer'scalibrationofthepressurecellswascheckedbyconductinganairpressurecalibrationonallthecellsused.Thiswasdoneina1mdiameterchamber,inthelaboratory.(b)Thesecondphaseoftheexperimentalworkwasconductedtoinvestigatewhethertangentialcellsinstalledunderidealandcontrolledconditionscouldproducereliableresults.Thiswasdonebyinstallingtwopressurecellsinaprecastconcreteslab,constructedinthelaboratory.(c)Thefinalphaseoftheexperimentalworkwasdesignedtoinvestigatetheperformanceofthetangentialcellsunder'workingconditions',aswellastoinvestigatewaysofinstallingthecellstoimprovetheirperformance.Thiswasdonebyinstallingtangentialpressurecellsinshotcreteslabs,formedinatunnelunderworkingconditions.Thecellsusedfortheexperimentalworkweremercury-filledvibrating-wirecellssuppliedbyGeokon,andwithafull-scalerangeof20MPa(Fig.3).Allthepressuremeasurementswerecalculatedusingthetemperaturecorrectionsuppliedbythemanufacturer.Fig.3.Vibrating-wiremercury-filledconcretestresscellThesecondphaseofthecalibrationtestingwascarriedouttoinvestigatetheperformanceofthetangentialpressurecellsunderidealandcontrolledconditions.Forthisexperimenttwocellswereembeddedina25MPaready-mixconcreteslab,1.0mhigh,1.0mwideand0.3mthick.Thetwocellsweretiedtoacageconstructedfromreinforcingbarmeshes,whichwereidenticaltothoseinuseintheHeathrowTerminal4stationtunnels.Theexperimentalset-upisshowninFig.4,exceptthatinthefirstsetofexperimentstwobarecellswereused.Onebarecellandoneprecastcellwereusedinasubsequentexperiment,describedlaterinthispaper.Fig.4.LayoutofcellsembeddedinconcretepanelDuringthecuringperiodtheslabtemperatureincreasedtoabout32°C,andafterwardsdecreasedslowlyoverseveraldays.Monitoringwascarriedoutuntilthecelltemperaturesreachedequilibriumwiththelaboratoryenvironment(Fig.5).Fig.5.Temperaturesmeasuredaftercastingcellsinready-mixedconcreteAteachloadincrementthecellreadingswereobservedtostabiliserapidly:creepeffectswerenotapparent.Thevalueofcellactionfactorwassubsequentlycalculatedfrompressurecellreadingsandaverageappliedverticalstresses.Thefinalphaseoftheexperimentalworkconsistedoftheevaluationofthetangentialpressurecellsinstalledunder`workingconditions'.Thiswasdonebyplacingtwopressurecellsineachoftwoslabs,similartotheabovebutconstructedusingshotcreteinatunnelatHeathrowTerminal4.Becausetheresultsoftheexperimentonthecellsinstalledintheconcreteslabshowedthatunderidealconditionsthecellsseemtoperformsatisfactorily,itwasarguedthatfailureunderworkingconditionsmightresultfrominstallationeffects.Amajordifficultywiththeinstallationoftangentialpressurecellsisensuringthatnovoidsareformedin`shadowzones'aroundthecellduringshotcreting.Itwasthereforedecidedtoprecastoneofthecellsineachofthetwoslabsinataperedconcreteblock,designedtopreventtheformationofshadowzones(Fig.6).Fig.6.DetailofcellcastinprecastconcreteDiscussionTheoreticalconsiderationssuggestthatawell-designedembeddedcell,withhighstiffnessandalowaspectratio(T/D),shouldhaveacellactionfactorclosetounity.Ourexperimentsoncommerciallyavailablecellssupportthisview.Theabilityofacelltomeasuretheappliedpressurecorrectlyisdependentuponadditionalfactors,however.Offsetsduetotemperature,crimpingandshrinkagemustbeproperlytakenintoaccount.Thequalityofcellinstallationmustbeassessed.Althoughmanufacturersroutinelysupplytemperaturecorrectionfactorsforvibrating-wirecells,thesecorrectforthesensitivityofthetransduceralone.Fora160mmradialcellfilledwithmercurytheauthors'numericalmodellingresultssuggestthatatemperaturechangeof20°Cwillproduceapressurechangeoftheorderof2MPa.Oil-filledcellscanbeexpectedtobemoretemperaturesensitive.A20°Ctemperaturechangemightproduceabouta3MPapressureincrease,whichisofthesameorderasthetangentialstressfoundinmanycompletedshotcretetunnellinings.Totheauthors'knowledge,noestimatesoftheincreaseinmeasuredstressinducedbyshrinkagehaveeverbeenreportedintheliterature.Inordertomakeaninitialestimatethedatafromtheauthors'laboratoryexperimentswerereprocessed,usingonlythosedataobtainedwhentheconcreteslabswereunloaded.Ifcrimpingiscarriedoutthenthezerooffsetofthecellispermanentlyaltered.Inarealinstallationtheabsolutepressurecanberecoveredonlyifthepressurechangeduringcrimpingiscarefullyrecorded.Itissuggestedthat,althoughcrimpingisunnecessaryifcellsarewell-designedandinstallationisgood,theinitialgradientofthecrimpingcurveshouldprovideagoodguidetothecellactionfactoroftheinstalledcell,withhighcrimpinggradientsindicatingsatisfactorycells.Thepressureincreasescausedbycrimpingcanbeeliminatedbysubtractingthemfromthevaluessubsequentlyrecorded.ConclusionsUsingnumericalandphysicalexperiments,coupledwithfieldobservations,thispaperhasforthefirsttimeattemptedarationalassessmentofthemanyfactorsthatmayleadtoembeddedshotcretepressurecellsmisreading.Thedatasuggestthat,unlessinstallationdefectsarepresent,thecellactionfactorsofwell-designedshotcretepressurecellsarelikelytobenearto1.However,otherfactorsneedtobetakenintoaccountbeforeembeddedpressurecelldatacanbeusedtodeterminethetruestressinatunnellining.Temperaturechangesimmediatelyaftercellplacementwillbelarge,and,coupledwiththehighrateofshrinkagethatoccursduringtheearlylifeofshotcrete,willpreventsatisfactorystressmeasurementduringthisperiod.Seasonaltemperaturechangeswillcausefurtherchangesinpressurecellreadings.Strainsduetoshrinkageoftheshotcretemayalsosignificantlyincreasethemeasuredstresses.Ourdatasuggestthatitispossibletopredictthetemperaturesensitivityoftheshell/shotcretesystemusingnumericalmodelling.Fielddata,laboratorymeasurementandestimatesbaseduponananalyticalapproachareingoodagreement.Aftertemperaturechangesduetocementhydrationhaveceased,theshapeofthecrimpingcurvecanbeusedtoassessthequalityofcellinstallation.However,thecrimpingprocedurewillgenerateoffsetpressuresthatmaybeofthesameorderofmagnitudeastheactualpressuretobemeasuredinmostshotcretelinings.Measurementsmadeafterthecrimpingprocedureiscompletedmustbecorrectedbysubtractingthepressureincreaseobservedduringcrimping.Ifshadowzonescannotbepreventedduringinstallationthentheuseofprecastcellsmaybeadvantageous,althoughthecellactionfactoroftheinstallationwillbemodified.Thevariousfactorsinfluencingthemeasurementoftheabsolutestressinashotcreteliningcannotbetakenaccountofwhenroutinelyinterpretingpressurecelldata,withoutthebenefitofcarefulcalibration,numericalestimatesofthermalsensitivity,andexperimentaldeterminationsoftheeffectsofshrinkage.Wehaveshownthattheeffectsoftemperature,shrinkageandcrimpingwillprobablybelarge,andoftheorderofthestressestobemeasured.However,thecellactionfactorsofwell-designedandwell-installedpressurecellswillbeclosetounityand,aswehaveshown,itshouldbepossibletotakeaccountoftheeffectsoftemperaturechangesandshrinkage,toestimatethequalityoftheinstallation,andtocorrectforcrimpingoffset.Despitethepotentialdifficultiestheauthorsbelievethattangentialpressurecellscanstillbeusefulinmanytunnellingapplications,butonlyprovidedgreatcareistakenintheinterpretationoftheirmeasurements.AcknowledgementsTheauthorsgratefullyacknowledgethesupportofHeathrowExpress,MottMacDonaldConsultingEngineers,andtheEngineeringandPhysicalSciencesResearchCounciloftheUK,andthehelpofMrJ.BarrieSellers,PresidentofGeokon,Inc.,USA,inreviewingthemanuscript.TheworkdescribedinthispaperformspartofawiderresearchprogrammenowbeingcarriedoutbytheUniversityofSouthampton,UK,intothebehaviourofSCLtunnels.中文译文喷射混凝土巷道应力测量仪的性能C.R.I.克莱顿，J.P.范德伯格，G.霍曼，A.V.D.哈曼和V.S.霍普摘要：本文研究了影响喷射混凝土巷道应力测量仪性能的因素。新数据通过实地检测、数字模拟、模拟埋设标定试验和褶曲变化进程等进行派生的表达。这些数据表明，虽然精心设计的应力测量仪测出的数据很接近围岩整体运动规律，但是它们不能被假定为对喷射混凝土巷道围岩应力提供了合理的估计，除非将安装影响、温度变化、围岩收缩及后续的褶曲变化等因素考虑在内。关键词：实地检测；巷道1前言用来测量喷射混凝土巷道压缩应力的应力测量仪（以后简称测力仪）通常由两个不锈钢板组成，两个板之间有一个充满液体的管。这个管一般和一个膜式旁路阀门或一个弦式压力传感器连接。在文献中，也提到了一些其他测量应力的器材的作用，虽然不常见。测力仪通常安装在两个方向之一：径向，记录喷射的混凝土与巷道围岩之间的应力；切向，记录巷道内的切应力。本文认为只有切向应力。虽然它们在实践中广泛使用，但在研究报告文献中很少有介绍喷射混凝土巷道测力仪的使用和作用。很多学者仍然保留着对嵌入式测力仪能够测量喷射混凝土巷道实际应力的性能的怀疑。在前一篇审查喷射混凝土巷道测力仪性能的文章中，作者指出了一些潜在困难，特别说明嵌入式测力仪用于监测巷道实际应力是极不可能的。然而，潜在的测力仪是一种宝贵的信息，可能被用来评估巷道设计假设是否合理，因此，这篇文章在这个重要的项目中报告了我们进一步研究的成果。2切向测力仪测量巷道应力的影响因素由于很多因素可以影响结果，所以在任何媒体中直接测量都很困难。在切向测力仪嵌入混凝土的情况下，在巷道监测过程中，我们最近的经验表明如下所示。2.1测力仪特性测力仪应该被改进，以便巷道中的压力不会被它的存在而受到明显改变。当测力仪中的流体的可压缩性小于周围材料，它会读不出数据，但这可以在很大程度上通过将测力仪变宽变长的方法来弥补。测力仪中的流体（如汞或油）的使用不仅会影响测力仪的可压缩性，而且会影响他们的温度敏感性。温度的变化将促使流体对抗环境、相对刚性的测力仪金属和周围的混凝土，并且会使测量的应力产生变化。2.2安装影响喷浆过程中，在测力仪周围无意形成的空隙会导致一个松软的测量环境，这就会使测量仪读不出数据。不正确安装的测量仪，旋转它往径向，有时也会导致读不出数据，这是因为径向应力一般比切向应力小10%。事实上，实际安装时的衬砌厚度也会影响应力测量的结果。2.3安装后的影响因素如上所述，温度的变化将会导致实测应力变化。早期喷浆中的收缩过程导致应力记录的变化不取决于外部应力的变化。经常进行褶曲以确保测力仪正常嵌入巷道内，可以提供一个明显的偏移测量应力。3数字模拟与物理实验和检测结果数字和物理模拟实验已进行，用来评估一些测力仪在实践中的性能，并且将这些性能用于一些其它测力仪的设计中去。3.1数字模拟实验评估压力计流体的影响为了检验测力仪中流体对测力仪性能的影响，参照实验——将两个圆形测力仪以轴对称方式嵌入混凝土块中，使用有限元包LUSAS进行测定。测力仪的几何结构和材料属性参照图如图1所示。160毫米直径的测力仪比许多目前正使用的测力仪要大一点，而80毫米直径的要小一点，作者认为可能是T/D比较大。在第一个数字模拟实验中，通过应用一个恒定的外部轴向应力和不同的测力仪管内应力，调查了测力仪流体体积弹性模量的影响。体积弹性模量相当于通过整体的测力仪管曲面位移计算每一个应力单元。图2显示了应力变化因素体积弹性模量的相当大的影响力，但同时还显示了当应用合理的几何形状时，在用汞替代油的情况下，应力单元变化情况仍和整体一致。图1测力仪的几何结构和用于实验的材料属性图2测力仪流体体积弹性模量的影响因素3.2物理模拟实验用来评估弦式汞应力测力仪性能的校准测试分