【《超级电容器电极材料的发展研究国内外文献综述》5500字】

超级电容器电极材料的发展研究国内外文献综述图1.3为超级电容器的构造示意图，其主要包含集流体(Currentcollector)、隔膜(Separator)、电极材料(Electrodematerial)和电解液(Electrolyte)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gonzalez</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>435</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>435</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1594426338">435</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gonzalez,Ander</author><author>Goikolea,Eider</author><author>AndoniBarrena,Jon</author><author>Mysyk,Roman</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Reviewonsupercapacitors:technologiesandmaterials</title><secondary-title>Renewable&SustainableEnergyReviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Renewable&SustainableEnergyReviews</full-title><abbr-1>RenewSustEnergRev</abbr-1><abbr-2>Renew.Sust.Energ.Rev</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1189-1206</pages><volume>58</volume><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1364-0321</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000371948100100</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000371948100100</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.249</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]。每个组分都影响着超级电容器的最终性能，但是电极材料是最显著和最直接的因素。常见的电极材料如碳材料、导电聚合物和过渡金属氧化物已经普遍地应用于超级电容器的相关研究中ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>203</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>203</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1581985491">203</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,Guoping</author><author>Zhang,Lei</author><author>Zhang,Jiujun</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>CollegeofChemicalEngineering,UniversityofSouthChina,Hengyang421001,China.wgpcd@</auth-address><titles><title>Areviewofelectrodematerialsforelectrochemicalsupercapacitors</title><secondary-title>ChemicalSocietyReviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalSocietyReviews</full-title><abbr-1>Chem.Soc.Rev.</abbr-1><abbr-2>ChemSocRev</abbr-2></periodical><pages>797-828</pages><volume>41</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Jan21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-4744(Electronic) 0306-0012(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21779609</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/21779609</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c1cs15060j</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]。图1.3超级电容器的构造示意图ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gonzalez</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>435</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>435</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1594426338">435</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gonzalez,Ander</author><author>Goikolea,Eider</author><author>AndoniBarrena,Jon</author><author>Mysyk,Roman</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Reviewonsupercapacitors:technologiesandmaterials</title><secondary-title>Renewable&SustainableEnergyReviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Renewable&SustainableEnergyReviews</full-title><abbr-1>RenewSustEnergRev</abbr-1><abbr-2>Renew.Sust.Energ.Rev</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1189-1206</pages><volume>58</volume><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1364-0321</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000371948100100</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000371948100100</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.249</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]。Figure1.3SchematicdiagramofsupercapacitorstructureADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gonzalez</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>435</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>435</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1594426338">435</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gonzalez,Ander</author><author>Goikolea,Eider</author><author>AndoniBarrena,Jon</author><author>Mysyk,Roman</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Reviewonsupercapacitors:technologiesandmaterials</title><secondary-title>Renewable&SustainableEnergyReviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Renewable&SustainableEnergyReviews</full-title><abbr-1>RenewSustEnergRev</abbr-1><abbr-2>Renew.Sust.Energ.Rev</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1189-1206</pages><volume>58</volume><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1364-0321</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000371948100100</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000371948100100</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.249</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[17].1.4.1碳材料当前，市场上已经推出以碳材料作为超级电容器电极材料的商业化产品，其具备自然储备富足、价格优异、易于合成、绿色环保、比表面积突出、导电性好等优势ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>208</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>208</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1581987444">208</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Jintao</author><author>X.S.Zhao</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ontheconfigurationofsupercapacitorsformaximizingelectrochemicalperformance</title><secondary-title>ChemSusChem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemSusChem</full-title><abbr-1>ChemSusChem</abbr-1><abbr-2>ChemSusChem</abbr-2></periodical><pages>818-841</pages><volume>5</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]。通常，碳材料的充放电过程是通过离子吸附和脱附来实现，整个过程发生在碳材料和电解液界面处形成的双电层上。于是，高比表面积的碳材料在双电层电容器中应用较为普遍，如活性炭、碳纳米管和石墨烯等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>284</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[20,21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>284</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1585447893">284</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wen,Lei</author><author>Li,Feng</author><author>Cheng,Huiming</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Carbonnanotubesandgrapheneforflexibleelectrochemicalenergystorage:frommaterialstodevices</title><secondary-title>AdvancedMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedMaterials</full-title><abbr-1>Adv.Mater.</abbr-1><abbr-2>AdvMater</abbr-2></periodical><pages>4306-4337</pages><volume>28</volume><number>22</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>321</RecNum><record><rec-number>321</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1585447894">321</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,Qian</author><author>Yan,Jun</author><author>Fan,Zhuangjun</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Carbonmaterialsforhighvolumetricperformancesupercapacitors:Design,progress,challengesandopportunities</title><secondary-title>Energy&EnvironmentalScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Energy&EnvironmentalScience</full-title><abbr-1>Energ.EnvironSci.</abbr-1></periodical><pages>729-762</pages><volume>9</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20,21]。然而，近年来发现具有大比表面积的碳材料并没有展示出较高的比电容，这是因为电极上并不是所有的微孔都能够被电解液离子所接近。所以设计出高比表面积并且孔径分布适中的碳材料是提高双电层电容器性能的有效举措。表面官能团的引入和异质原子的掺杂是改善碳材料电化学性能的两个重要途径。1.4.2导电聚合物凭借其价格优异、储量富足、绿色环保、柔韧性好等优势，导电聚合物在超级电容器上的应用已经激起了广泛的研究热情。导电聚合物的储能过程是通过离子在主链上的氧化还原反应来完成，其展现出赝电容电极材料的电化学特征。聚吡咯和聚苯胺以及聚噻吩的衍生物在超级电容器上的报道较为普遍。例如：在Pan等人的研究中，通过使用植酸作为胶凝剂和直接掺杂剂，形成了较好的聚苯胺水凝胶网络ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pan</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>433</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[22]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>433</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1594125915">433</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pan,Lijia</author><author>Yu,Guihua</author><author>Zhai,Dongyuan</author><author>Lee,HyeRyoung</author><author>Zhao,Wenting</author><author>Liu,Nian</author><author>Wang,Huiliang</author><author>Tee,BenjaminC.K.</author><author>Shi,Yi</author><author>Cui,Yi</author><author>Bao,Zhenan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Hierarchicalnanostructuredconductingpolymerhydrogelwithhighelectrochemicalactivity</title><secondary-title>ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica</full-title><abbr-1>Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.</abbr-1><abbr-2>ProcNatlAcadSciUSA</abbr-2></periodical><pages>9287-9292</pages><volume>109</volume><number>24</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Jun12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0027-8424</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000305511300024</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000305511300024</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1073/pnas.1202636109</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[22]。在0.2Ag-1的电流密度下，所获得的聚苯胺水凝胶具有480Fg-1的比电容。Huang等人通过简单的电化学聚合过程合成了聚吡咯纳米线阵列ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Huang</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>432</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>432</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1594125128">432</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Huang,Jiyong</author><author>Wang,Kai</author><author>Wei,Zhixiang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Conductingpolymernanowirearrayswithenhancedelectrochemicalperformance</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalOfMaterialsChemistry</full-title><abbr-1>JMaterChem</abbr-1><abbr-2>J.Mater.Chem.</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1117-1121</pages><volume>20</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry</publisher><isbn>0959-9428</isbn><work-type>10.1039/B919928D</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1039/B919928D</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/B919928D</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]。该聚吡咯纳米线阵列在1.1Ag-1下具有566Fg-1的高比电容。同时，在同一电流密度下经历300次循环后，比电容仅保持为初始值的70%。尽管导电聚合物在比电容上具有优势，但是循环性能不佳成为了阻碍其发展的劣势。这种较差的循环性能是由于导电聚合物的化学结构不稳定和缓慢的电荷转移速率而造成。因此，为了优化其性能，大量的研究专注于导电聚合物与其他材料的复合（如：碳纳米管、四氧化三钴）。1.4.3过渡金属氧化物与碳材料和导电聚合物相比，由过渡金属家族组成的金属氧化物分别在比电容和循环性能上占据显著优势。因而，过渡金属氧化物有望进一步推动超级电容器突破性的发展。在众多金属氧化物中，RuO2是第一个进行超级电容器性能研究。虽然RuO2的电化学行为与双电层电容器相似（类矩形的CV曲线），但电荷存储依靠法拉第反应来实现，故归属于赝电容电极材料。正如ThierryBrousse所提议：只有像RuO2、MnO2这种表现出与双电层电容器电化学行为相似的电极材料才能称为赝电容材料ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Brousse</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>434</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[24]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>434</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1594126241">434</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brousse,Thierry</author><author>Belanger,Daniel</author><author>Long,JeffreyW.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Tobeornottobepseudocapacitive?</title><secondary-title>JournaloftheElectrochemicalSociety</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournaloftheElectrochemicalSociety</full-title><abbr-1>J.Electrochem.Soc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>JElectrochemSoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages>A5185-A5189</pages><volume>162</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>2015</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0013-4651</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000351976200026</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000351976200026</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1149/2.0201505jes</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]。虽然RuO2具有很高的理论比电容（在0-1.0V的电压窗口下可达1450Fg-1）、良好的耐热性和循环耐久性、优良的导电性等优势，但是金属钌的稀有性和高价格不适用于大规模的使用。为了解决这个问题，过去人们较多地关注用价格低廉的过渡金属氧化物取代RuO2用于超级电容器的研究。近年来，许多文献将具有电池型电化学行为的电极材料错误地报道为赝电容材料。因此，新兴电池型电极材料的提出更好地防止误导新的电化学学者ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[10,25]。电池型电极材料在充放电过程中可能经历相变，并且它们的电化学反应受到离子扩散过程的影响。与赝电容电极材料相比，电池型电极材料在循环伏安(CyclicVoltammetry,CV)曲线中显示一对明显的氧化还原峰，在恒电流充放电(Galvanostaticcharge-discharge,GCD)曲线中显示出一个平台。因此，电池型电极材料通常具有非常高的比容量，但是由于迟缓的动力学而导致较差的倍率性能。由于它们可变的金属化合价态和丰富的氧化还原反应，使得NiOADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>ChandraSekhar</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>363</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[26]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>363</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1585447895">363</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ChandraSekhar,S.</author><author>Nagaraju,Goli</author><author>Yu,JaeSu</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">High-performancepouch-typehybridsupercapacitorbasedonhierarchicalNiO-Co</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">3</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">O</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">4</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">-NiOcompositenanoarchitecturesasanadvancedelectrodematerial</style></title><secondary-title>NanoEnergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanoEnergy</full-title></periodical><pages>81-92</pages><volume>48</volume><keywords><keyword>Core-shellarchitectures</keyword><keyword>Compositemetaloxides</keyword><keyword>Hybridsupercapacitors</keyword><keyword>Electrochemicalperformance</keyword><keyword>Cyclingstability</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>2018/06/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2211-2855</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S2211285518301770</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.03.037</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[26]，NiCo2O4ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>348</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[27]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>348</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1585447894">348</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu,Zhibin</author><author>Zhu,Yirong</author><author>Ji,Xiaobo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">NiCo</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">2</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">O</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">4</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">-basedmaterialsforelectrochemicalsupercapacitors</style></title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalOfMaterialsChemistryA</full-title><abbr-1>J.Mater.Chem.A</abbr-1></periodical><pages>14759-14772</pages><volume>2</volume><number>36</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><publisher>TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry</publisher><isbn>2050-7488</isbn><work-type>10.1039/C4TA02390K</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1039/C4TA02390K</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/C4TA02390K</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[27]，Co3O4ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xu</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>374</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[28]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>374</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1585447895">374</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xu,Yingying</author><author>Liu,Zhiyuan</author><author>Chen,Di</author><author>Song,Yuanjun</author><author>Wang,Rongming</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Synthesisandelectrochemicalpropertiesofporousα-Co(OH)</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">2</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">andCo</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">3</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">O</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">4</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">microspheres</style></title><secondary-title>ProgressinNaturalScience:MaterialsInternational</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ProgressinNaturalScience:MaterialsInternational</full-title><abbr-1>Prog.Nat.Sci.</abbr-1></periodical><pages>197-202</pages><volume>27</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>α-Co(OH)microspheres</keyword><keyword>CoOporousmicrospheres</keyword><keyword>Supercapacitor</keyword><keyword>Cyclingstability</keyword><keyword>R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ibutors><authors><author>Wang,Xiaowei</author><author>Li,Minxia</author><author>Chang,Zheng</author><author>Wang,Yanfang</author><author>Chen,Bingwei</author><author>Zhang,Lixin</author><author>Wu,Yuping</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">OrientatedCo</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">3</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">O</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">4</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">nanocrystalsonMWCNTsassuperiorbattery-typepositiveelectrodematerialforahybridcapacitor</style></title><secondary-title>JournaloftheElectrochemicalSociety</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournaloftheElectrochemicalSociety</full-title><abbr-1>J.Electrochem.Soc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>JElectrochemSoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages>A1966-A1971</pages><volume>162</volume><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls><remote-database-provider><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">超星</style></remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[32]。例如，Du等人通过柯肯达尔效应制备了Co3O4空心盒子，该独特的纳米空心盒子在0.5Ag-1的电流密度下具有139Cg-1(278Fg-1,0-0.5V)的比容量；在5Ag-1的电流密度下比容量达88Cg-1(176Fg-1,0-0.5V)，具有较好的倍率性能(图1.4)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Du</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>188</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[33]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>188</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1581671620">188</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Du,Wei</author><author>Liu,Rongmei</author><author>Jiang,Yuanwen</author><author>Lu,Qingyi</author><author>Fan,Yongzhang</author><author>Gao,Feng</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">FacilesynthesisofhollowCo</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">3</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">O</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">4</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">boxesforhighcapacitysupercapacitor</style></title><secondary-title>JournalofPowerSources</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofPowerSources</full-title><abbr-1>J.PowerSources</abbr-1><abbr-2>JPowerSources</abbr-2></periodical><pages>101-105</pages><volume>227</volume><keywords><keyword>Cobaltoxide</keyword><keyword>Hollowstructures</keyword><keyword>Kirkendalleffect</keyword><keyword>Supercapacitor</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>2013/04/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0378-7753</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0378775312016825</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.009</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[33]。Xu等人以阳极氧化铝为硬模板成功地制备了Co3O4纳米管，这些纳米管具有218m2g-1的大比表面积和较好的电化学性能。在1Ag-1下的容量值为193.6Cg-1(484Fg-1,0-0.4V)，连续循环1000次后，容量保持为初始值的95％ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>186</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[34]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>186</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="dvxv229t25feaxexew8xxvp1a0vz20w0rpxs"timestamp="1581669863">186</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xu,Juan</author><author>Gao,Lan</author><author>Cao,Jianyu</author><author>Wang,Wenchang</author><author>Chen,Zhidong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Preparationandelectrochemicalcapacitanceofcobaltoxide(Co</st