从操纵理论看时政新闻翻译

OntheTranslationofCurrentPoliticalNewsfromthePerspectiveofManipulationTheoryAbstract:Withthedevelopmentoftheglobalizationoftheworldeconomy,thecommunicationbetweenChinaandtheWestisalsoincreasing,andnewsmediaisanimportantwaytoexchangeinformationintheworld.TakingthetranslationexamplespublishedbyauthoritativeChineseandforeignnewsmediaastheobjectofstudy,thepurposeofthisthesisistostudyhowthethreeelementsofmanipulationtheoryaffectnewstranslationactivities.Andtheauthorwillexplorethecorrespondingtranslationstrategies.Throughthestudy,theauthorfindsthat,whentranslatingpoliticalnewstexts,Chinesetranslatorsshouldadoptappropriatestrategies,maintainpoliticalpositionsanddefendnationalinterests.Moreover,thetranslatorshouldalsoseekabalancebetweenactivelyoutputshisowncultureandcateringtothetargetlanguageideologyandtheirreadinghabits.KeyWords:politicalnewstranslation;manipulation;ideology;poetics;patronage1IntroductionThischapteraimstobrieflyexplainthepurposeandsignificanceofthisstudy,researchmethodsandthestructureofthepaper.1.1PurposesandSignificanceoftheStudyBasedonthethreefactorsofmanipulationtheory,thispaperanalyzesthewholeprocessofnewstranslation,andanalyzestheselectionofnewsmaterialsandspecifictranslationstrategiesofideology;poeticsinnewsvocabulary,newssyntacticstructure,newsrhetoricapplication;thepatronagemanipulateintheactualnewstranslationproduction.Anditanalyzestheselectedexamplestoverifytheexplanatorypowerofrewritingmanipulationtheorytonewstranslation,confirmsthenatureofnewstranslationmanipulation,andthussummarizesthetranslationstrategiesandmethodsofcurrentpoliticalnews.Theglobaleconomyandcultureareconstantlyintegratinganddeveloping,andthestudyofcurrentpoliticalnewstranslationisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.Itisnecessarytostudytheinfluenceofideology,poeticsandpatronageonnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofmanipulationtheory.Thisisconducivetoappropriatelyincreasingtheinformationfunctionofpoliticalnews,makingiteducationalandpublicopinion,thusstrengtheninginformationintegrationbetweencountries.Fromtheperspectiveofreaders,choosingmaterialsthatareeasyforthemtoacceptandunderstandcanstimulatereaders’interestandimprovetheeconomicefficiencyofthenewsmedia.Itisveryimportantforthetranslatortomaintainacorrectpoliticalpositionandtranslatepoliticalnewsobjectivelyandfairly.1.2MethodologyoftheStudyTakingthe“threeelements”ofmanipulationputforwardbyLefevereasthetheoreticalframework,thispaperselectsthecurrentpoliticalnewsmaterialsinChinaDailyandNewYorkTimesastheresearchobject,anddemonstratestheinfluenceoftranslationmanipulationonthetranslationofcurrentpoliticalnewsthroughexamples.MostoftheexamplesinthethesisareselectedfromChinaDailyandNewYorkTimes.Textanalysisandcomparativestudyaretheresearchmethodsofthispaper.Fromtheperspectiveofmanipulationtheory,thispapermakesacomparativeanalysisoftheEnglishtranslationandtheChinesetranslationoftheselectednewsexamples,andputsforwardthecorrespondingtranslationstrategiesforreference.1.3StructureoftheThesisThefirstpartistheintroduction,whichintroducesthepurpose,significance,researchmethodsandstructureofthispaper.Thesecondpartisliteraturereview.Thispaperreviewstheresearchonthetranslationofcurrentpoliticalnewsathomeandabroad.Thethirdpartisthetheoreticalframeworkofthispaper.Thispaperexpoundsideology,poeticsnormsandsponsorsrespectively.Thefourthpartistheanalysisoftranslationexamples.Anexampleisgiventodemonstratehowthethreeelementsoftranslationmanipulationmanipulatethetranslationprocessofcurrentpoliticalnews.Thefifthpartisthesummaryofthefulltext.Thispaperputsforwardtheinnovationandlimitationofthispaper,aswellassomesuggestionsfortherelevantresearchinthefuture.2LiteratureReviewResearchesonnewstranslationabroadandathomearepresentedinthischapter.2.1StudiesonNewsTranslationAbroadOrengo(2005)holdsthat,inviewoftheparticularityofnewstexts,theconceptof“localization”canexplainthecommercialattributesandglobalizationofnewsmoreeasilythanthetraditionaltranslationtheory.Newstextisaglobalproduct,whichisdisseminatedaroundtheworldthroughthelocalizationprocess.Andtheemergenceofthenewtextisonlyanintegralpartofthetranslator-journalistgoal.Bassnett(2005)holdsthattherearetwoargumentsabouttwostrategiesinnewstranslation:acculturationandforeignization.Inherthesis,shefocusesonwhetherthetranslationoftherelevanttextsshouldbefullyacculturatedintothetargetlanguage,orwhetherthetracesofthesourcelanguageofthetargettextshouldbepreserved.Baker(2006)believesthatresearchersareincreasinglyinterestedinnewstranslation.Sorby(2008)studiesthechoiceofderogatoryandpositivewordsinthetranslationofEnglishnewsintoChinese.ThroughtheanalysisoftheexamplesofChinesetranslationofEnglishnews,suchasnewspapers,television,theInternetandsoon,hebelievesthatduetotheinfluenceofChineseliterarytraditionandtheinherentcharacteristicsofChinese,theChinesetranslatortendstotranslateaneutralwordintoderogatoryorcommendatorymeaning,thusmakingthereaders’understandingoftheoriginaltextdeviate,whichisafactorthatcannotbeignoredinthemisunderstandingbetweenChinaandEnglish-speakingcountries.IntheirbookGlobalNewsTranslation(2011),BielsaandBassnettdiscussnewstranslationinglobalization.Theirpaperprovidesatheoreticalframeworkforlanguageandcross-languageresearch.2.2StudiesonNewsTranslationatHomeInrecentyears,moreandmorejournalistsandtranslationexpertshavedevotedthemselvestothestudyofnewstranslationinChina,andhavemadegreatcontributionstothepracticalstudyandtheoreticalexplorationofnewstranslation.Zhang(2004)(2007a)introducesindetailthetranslationskillsofnewsandnewspapersandthetranslationstrategiesofnewsneologisms.Liu(2005)gatherstheexperienceofmorethan30newstranslationexpertstoexploretherulestoconsolidatethetranslator’sChineseandforeignlanguagefoundationandavoidtranslationerrors.Liu(2009)introducesindetailthedifferenttranslationskillsofnewsintroduction,title,quotationandsubject.KongandZhao(2010)putforwardthatthetranslationoffinancialnewsmustadheretotheorganiccombinationofprofessionalknowledgeandtranslationskills,andcarryoutflexibleandaccuratetranslation.Wang(2011)analyzesthetranslationskillsofnewstitleswithexamples,andemphasizestheimportanceofbacktranslationandretrievaltools.Liu(2011)summarizestheaestheticfeaturesofnewsheadlinesandanalyzestranslationstrategiesfromfourangles:literaltranslation,freetranslation,settranslationandcreativetranslation.ZhangandCao(2012)focusesonthewordselectionstrategyofnewsEnglishtranslation.Intheiropinion,whetherintheprocessofwritingortranslating,newswillbeinfluencedbytheideologyofthewriterandthetranslatorhimself.Su(2013)exploresthecriteriaofnewstranslation.Hebelievesthatnewstranslationshouldfollowthefollowingcriteria:newstranslationmustbeconciseandaccurate:newstranslationmustbesmoothandcoherent;newstranslationmustpayattentiontotheperspectiveandpositionofspeech.Wang(2017)believesthatthepurposeofnewstranslationistoenabletheaudiencetoaccuratelyunderstandandgrasptheinformationofthearticle,andfinallyletthetranslationplayagoodpublicityeffectandcommunicationeffect.In2018,Tangmentionsfourprinciplesin“theStudyofInnovationStrategiesforTranslationandCommunicationofForeignEnglishNews”publishedinNewsFront,namely,innovatingtranslationcontent,definingaudienceorientation,adoptingcivilianperspectiveandinsistingonbalancedreporting3TheoreticalFrameworkLefeverebelievesthattranslationisthetranslator’smanipulationandrewritingofpatronageandpoetics.Thatistosay,translationistheresultofthetranslator’sideology,thepatronageofthetargettextandthedominant“poetics”inthetargetlanguageliterature.Thefollowingauthorwilldiscussthethreefactorsofmanipulationtheory.3.1IdeologyAccordingtoBrown,ideologygenerallyreferstothesystemofthoughtandinterpretationbehindmanysocialandindividualbehaviors.Therefore,theideologyoftranslationisthethoughtandinterpretationsystembehindtranslationbehavior.AndreLefevereclearlypointsoutthattranslationislargelyrestrictedbyideology.InhisTRANSLATION,REWRITINGANDTHEMANIPULATIONOFLITERARYFAME,hepointsoutthattranslationmustbedominatedbytheideologyandliteraryviewsofthetranslatororthoseinpower,andmustnotreallyreflectthefaceoftheoriginaltext.Inviewofthis,hecallstranslation,editing,compilationofcollections,literaryhistoryandreferencebooks“rewriting”,andrewritingisaneffectivemeansofservingrights,andideologyisimposedontranslatorsbysponsors,readersandpublishinginstitutions.Ideologydeterminesthetranslator’sbasictranslationstrategiesandtheinterpretationandtreatmentoftheoriginallanguageandculture.Inparticular,literarytranslation,asakindofre-creation,willbeinfluencedbytheideologyofthoughtandexplanationofpro-unity.InLefevere’sview,ideologyaffectstranslationbehaviorthroughtranslators.Forexample,YanFu’stranslationof“EvolutionandEthicsandOtherEssays”inthelateQingDynastyadoptedanelegantstyleandaddedmetaphorstowarntheworld.LinShualsoaddedcommentsintheprefacetothetranslationofforeignnovelsinordertopreservethesurvivaloftheyellowpeople.LiangQichaouseddifferenttranslationstrategiestorewriteandmanipulatetheoriginalpoem,whichcateredtothetargetreadersandawakenedtheChinesepeople.3.2PoeticsPoeticsisalsoanimportantfactoraffectingtranslation.Poeticsisnotonlythetheoryofpoetrycreationandpoetryanditsskills,butalsothetheoryofliteratureandart.Theformationofpoeticstookplaceinacertainperiod,oftenachoiceofsometypesinpracticeatthattime,andatthesametimeexcludingothertypes.Poeticsdefineswhatliteratureshouldorcanbeinaparticularperiod.Poeticsconsistsoftwoparts:oneisthesynthesisofliteraryskills,genres,thematictypicalcharactersandsituations,andsymbols,andtheotheristheconceptofwhatliteratureplaysorshouldplayinthewholesocialsystem.Poeticsisoftencombinedwithideology.Thetranslator’spersonalpoeticsandthemainstreampoeticsofthewholesocietyactontranslationactivitiesatthesametime,whichdeterminesthetheme,genre,skillsofthetargettext,andalsodeterminestherolethatthetranslationshouldplayinthetargetlanguagesociety.Poeticsplayedanimportantroleinthewholeprocessoftranslation.Anytranslationistheconcreteembodimentofsomekindofpoetics,whichreflectstheacceptanceandmanipulationoftheoriginalworksbythemainstreampoeticsofthetargetlanguagesocietyatthattime.YanFu’sEvolutionandEthicsandOtherEssaysisagoodexample.LiangQichaowasalsoinfluencedbythemainstreampoeticsatthattimewhenhetranslatedtheforeignpoetry“TheIslesofGreece”.Inordertoattracttheattentionofdomesticreadersandmeetthereadingneedsofdomesticreaders,hemustrewriteforeignpoems,whichareboldandcompletelyunfamiliarinform,anduseYuanOpera,whichisalsorelativelyfreeinancientChina,totranslatethispoem,sothatdomesticreaderscanreadnaturallyandaffectionatelyandmeettherequirementsofdomesticpoeticsandmainstreamideology.3.3PatronageThepatronageisregardedasthemostimportantfactorinLefevere’s“threeelements”theory.As“anyforcethatmaycontributetotheproductionanddisseminationofliteraryworks,butatthesametimemayhinder,prohibitanddestroyliteraryworks”,sponsorsmainlycontroltheideology,publication,economicincomeandsocialstatusofworks,whichcanbesuchasreligiousgroups,classes,governmentdepartments,publishinghouses,massmediaorganizations,orindividualforces.Patronageplaysanimportantroleintheriseandfalloftranslationliterature,thetrendoftranslationactivities,thestatusoftranslatorsandeventheirlives.Theinfluenceofsponsorsontranslationrunsthroughthewholeprocessoftranslation,andtheinfluenceisthegreatest.Itmanipulatestranslationactivitiesallthetimeandplaysanimportantroleinitstrend,developmentfutureandsocialstatusoftranslators.Forexample,somepeoplesimplypursueeconomicbenefits,whichgraduallyleadstoimpropertranslationstyle.ThetranslationcirclesinChinashouldimprovethequalityoftranslationandcorrecttheirvalues.Inclasssociety,translationhasbecomeapartofeliteculturewhenitcomestosuperstructure.Whentheeliteofsocietyengageintranslationactivities,theirpurposehasastrongideologicaltendency.Thetranslationactivitiesinclasssociety,includingfalsetranslation,creativetranslationandforgery,allcomefromthesocialelite.Whentranslatorsusetranslationtoachievetheirpoliticalorculturalgoalsinordertoreachacertainheightofpower,thecharacteristicsoftheirmanipulatorswillbecomemoreandmoreobvious.Thisisbecausesponsorsareusuallyassociatedwithrelevantpolitical,economicandsocialfactors.Toalargeextent,thesponsorshipandcensorshipsystemofthegovernmentplaysadecisiveroleinthetranslationofliterature.Itsinfluencemaypromotethedevelopmentanddisseminationoftranslatedliterature,oritmayalsohaveanegativeimpact,leadingtothedistortionanddeformationoftheoriginalworksandhinderingtheprogressofdomesticliterature.4CaseStudy:AnalysisoftheTranslationofPoliticalNewsunderManipulationTheoryThischaptermainlystudiesthetranslationexamplesofauthoritativepublications,anddiscussesthemanipulationoftranslationactivitiesbythethreeelementsofmanipulationtheoryandthecorrespondingtranslationstrategies.4.1IdeologyManipulationintheTranslationofPoliticalNewsThispartmainlyanalyzesthemanipulationofideologyonmaterialselectionandspecifictranslationstrategies.4.1.1IdeologicalManipulationonMaterialSelectionOnonehand,ideologyaffectswhichpartorpartoftheoriginaltextthetranslatorchoosesfortranslation;ontheotherhand,ideology,powerdiscourseandotherfactorsalsomanipulateit.Thetranslatorisboththeauthorofthetranslatedtextandthereaderofthesourcetext.Usually,thetextwhichaccordswiththemainstreamideologyofthetargetsocietyorthesourcetextwhichconformstothepoliticalconsciousness,moralmodelandaestheticstandardofthespecificperiodofthesocietywillbeselectedfortranslation.Forexample,duetotheinfluenceofideologyandotherfactors,Americannewsjournalshaveobvioustendencyineditingstrategy.ItslargestcirculationisTIMEandNEWSWEEK.TheattitudeofthepreviousarticletotheChinesereportisobviouslydifferentfromthatoftheAmericanreport.ThenumberofnegativereportsonChinahasgreatlyexceededthenumberofpositivereports,mainlyfocusedonhumanrights,naturalandman-madedisasters,upheavals,dissidents,thetheoryofChinathreat,andsoon.Eveniftherearepositivereports,Chinaismainlyreforminginwhattheythinkiscapitalistdirection,andisgraduallyacceptingtheirdemocraticviewsandvalues,andsoon.Althoughthissituationhasimprovedinrecentyears,therearestillobvioussubjectivejudgmentsandpoliticalpositionsinthetranslationstrategiesofsomewordsrelatedtotheideologyoftheChinesenation.InthetranslationofEnglishnews,theoriginaltextexpressesthemainstreamideologyofEnglishsociety.Translatorsinputnotonlynewsinformationintothetargetlanguagereadersthroughtranslation,butalsoideas,valuesandconceptsthatarecontrarytothefundamentalideologyofthetargetlanguagesociety.Therefore,therearegreatdifficultiesandchallengesintranslatingEnglishnewsintoChinese,andtranslatorsshouldpayattentiontothechoiceofmaterials.IntheprocessofEnglishnewstranslation,thetranslatorshouldinterprettheoriginaltextcritically.Althoughthewesternmediaclaimtobeloyaltothefacts,becauseoftheirlackofunderstandingofChinesepoliticsandculture,theyoftenwritereportsthatdistortthefactsandevenmakefalsenews.In2007,AgenceFrance-Presse(AFP)apologizedtoChinaformakingfakenewsaboutChinainitsowndepartment,andfamousWesternmedia,suchasTime,CNN,TheEconomist,weresometimesunabletogetridofprejudice.Therefore,whenweselectmaterials,weshouldpayattentiontotheobjectiveandfaircontent,andcannotaccepttheirreports.4.1.2IdeologicalManipulationonSpecificTranslationStrategiesIntheprocessoftranslation,thetranslator’sinterpretationoftheoriginallanguage,especiallytheculture,isinfluencedbyhissocialideologyandotherfactors.Thetranslatorwillomitorrewritetheoriginaltextunderthecontrolofideology,sothatthetranslationcanservetheideologyofthetargetsociety.Someexamplesareasfollows:1)Originaltext:“However,anyattemptbyCongressasawholetoinstructAmericanandInternationalmembersoftheIOCnottovoteforBeijingwouldbeviewedasself-servingchauvinisticbysomemembers,”saidJohnMacAlone,anOlympichistorianattheUniversityofChicago.Translation:芝加哥大学奥林匹克历史学家麦克伦说:“然而,美国国会指示美国籍的国际奥委会成员不投票给北京的任何举动,都将被看作一种谋私和大国沙文主义行动。”The“bysomemembers”and“international”intheoriginaltextareomittedfromthetranslation.Theactionsmadeby“somemembers”intheoriginaltextaregeneralizedinthetranslation,thusindicatingthatthetranslatorbelievesthatthisviewisgenerallyacceptable.Thetargetofindicationincludes“American”and“international”membersintheoriginaltext,whileinthetranslationthereisonly“American”.Bothomissionstrategiesshowthetranslator’sprotestandreprimandagainstthehegemonicactsoftheUnitedStates.2)Originaltext:村党支部书记在洪水来袭时，将5岁的儿子锁在家中，而去抢救群众的生命财产。后来群众生命财产是保住了，而他的儿子不幸丧命洪水中，记者去采访他时，他说“儿子没了不要紧，只要群众的生命财产保住就好。”Translation:“Thoughmyheartisbeingtornapartbythelossofmyson,itisareliefknowingthatthevillagersandtheirpropertiesarewellprotected”,saidavillagepartysecretary,whomanagedtorescuethevillagersandtheirpropertiesonlytohavehisfive-year-oldsonkilledintheflood.Inourcountry,collectivismisthecoreofvalues,whilethewesternaudiencepursuesindividualism.Domesticreaderswillbemovedbythecollectivismspiritofthisvillagecadresacrificing“smallfamily”for“everyone”.However,ifweignorethevaluesofthewesternaudiencewith“individualism”asthecoreandtranslatethecontentsoftheoriginaltextfaithfully,thentheheroathomewillnotonlybecomeanegativeexampleintheWest,butwillalsobeaccusedof“insensitivetohumannature”,“childabuse”andeven“murder”.Itsnegativeinfluencescannotbeoverestimated.Therefore,consideringtheconflictofvaluesbetweenChineseandforeignaudiences,thetranslatorchoosesthesharedcoreof“notbeingselfishandhelpful”,whichisacceptabletobothsides,torewritetheoriginaltext,soastoachievethepurposeoftouchingpeoplewiththetriflesofordinarypeople.Newsindependenceisanenviablething,bothintheoryandinpractice.Buttheindependenceofthepressmustgivewaytoloyalty,patriotismandunityofmind,andingeneralthesethingsareexpressedonlyinobscureways.Inthecourseofnewsreporting,journalistswillobeytheirownvalues,fromtheinterestsoftheirowncountry,accordingtotheideologicalneedsoftheirownnationtoreport.Therefore,astheideologicalcategoryofacertainsocialsuperstructure,journalismmustserveforcertainclassinterests,anditisimpossibletobetrulydetachedfromideology.Translatorsshouldpayfullattentiontotheinfluenceofideologyasanexternalfactorinnewstranslation.4.2PoeticsManipulationintheTranslationofPoliticalNewsNews,asaspecialtextgenre,hasdifferentlanguagecharacteristicsandwritingnormsfromthegeneralliterarygenre.Duetotheirownlanguagedifferencesandculturalenvironment,therearemanydifferencesinpoeticsbetweenChineseandEnglishnews.Thispartofthethesiswilldiscussthemanipulationofnewstranslationbypoeticsandthecorrespondingtranslationmethodsfromtheaspectsofvocabulary,syntaxandrhetoric.4.2.1LexicalDifferencesFirstly,differentfromliterarycreation,theuseofwordsinnewsshouldbeconcise,avoidplatitudesandreduceadjectivesoradverbsasmuchaspossible.Innewswriting,“about”isoftenusedinsteadof“approximately”and“show”insteadof“demonstrate”.Secondly,manywordsinthenewshavedistinctnationalculturalthecharacteristics.Forreadersoftheirownculture,theexpressionthattheyareaccustomedtomaybedifficultforforeignreaderstounderstand.Inthetranslationofnewsreports,explanatorymethodsareoftenusedforhistoricalevents,geographicalnames,uniqueinstitutions,festivals,customsandsoon.Explanatorytranslationcanmakethereportclearerandeasiertounderstand,andhelptoenhancetheeffectofcommunication.3)Originaltext:沙尘暴袭击了甘肃省和内蒙古自治区。大风裹着尘土进入北京。Translation:SandstormshitnorthwesternChina’sGansuProvinceandNorthChina’sInnerMongolianRegion.Strongdust-ladenwindsalsosweptacrossBeijing,thecapitalcityofthecountry.Thewords“northwesternChina”and“NorthChina”havebeenaddedtothetranslationtohelpmanyforeignreaderswhohavenoconceptofChina’sgeographicallocationunderstandthespecifictrendofsandstorms,andtoadd“thecapitalcityofthecountry”,whichisnotfoundintheoriginalmeaning,toexplainthatBeijingisthecapitalofChina,thusreflectingtheprincipleofaccuracyofnewsreports.Inaddition,becausenewswillalsoborrowalargenumberofsports,military,commercialandliteraryvocabulary,whichrequirestranslatorsnotonlytohaveasolidEnglishfoundation,butalsotounderstandthelanguageandculturalbackground.Therefore,inadditiontoexplanatorymethods,thetranslatorwillalsoadoptthestrategyofdomesticationtranslationandusethecorrespondingwordsinthetargetlanguageculturetofullyexpressthemeaningoftheoriginaltext.4)Originaltext:Ifthepublicofficialsofhigherauthoritiesresorttobribery,thoseoflowerauthoritieswillfollow.Thisiscalled“Fishbeginstostinkatthehead.”Translation1:上级官员行贿受贿，下级官员就会效仿。这叫“鱼从头开始发臭。”Translation2:上级公务员行贿受贿，下级公务员就会效仿。这叫“上行下效”(或“上梁不正下梁歪”)。Chinesereadersgenerallyfindtheexpression“fishsmellyfromscratch”inexplicable.The“whentheabovebehavewronglythebelowwilldothesame”isChineseidiomwithprofoundimplication.Theycannotonlybetterconnecttheculturalconnotationof“Fishbeginstostinkatthehead”,butalsopreservethestyleoftheoriginaltext.4.2.2SyntacticDifferencesFirstly,thesentencesinEnglishnewsarerelativelylong,thesentencestructureisloose,andtheinsertionelementsaremore.Therefore,intranslatingnewsEnglishintoChinese,translatorsshouldnotonlytryourbesttoreproducethecoherenceofthesemanticstructureoftheoriginalsentence,butalsoconformtotheChineseexpressionhabitandavoidastiffEuropeantranslationcavity.5)Originaltext:RomanianPresidentEmilConstantinescuarrivedinShanghaionWednesday,onthesecondlegofhisChinesevisit.Translation:罗马尼亚主席EmilConstantinescu星期三抵达他在中国访问的第二站--上海。Amongthem,onthesecondlegofhisChinesevisitisthebackgroundmaterialofthisnews,whichcomplementsthepreviouscontent.Whentranslating,youshouldnotsticktothecommasintheoriginalformandtranslatethemintonaturalandfluentChinese.Secondly,abstractnounsareusedmorefrequentlyinEnglish,andconcretenounsaremoreusedinChinese.Intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorshouldadjustthesentencepatternreasonablyandchangethesubject,predicate,relationalwordsandsoon.6)Originaltext:ThetimeisnownearatthehandwhichmustprobablydeterminewhetherAmericanaretobefreemanorslave;whethertheyaretohaveanypropertytheycancalltheirown;whethertheirhousesandfarmsaretobepillagedanddestroyed,andthemselvesconsignedtoastateofwretchednessfromwhichnohumaneffortswilldeliverthem.Translation:美国人能否成为自由人，还是沦为奴隶;能否享有称之为自己所有的财产;能否使自己的住宅和农庄免遭洗劫和破坏;能否使自己免于陷入非人力所能拯救的悲惨境地--决定这一切的时刻已迫在眉睫。TheoriginaltextisacompoundsentenceandthetranslationfullyreflectsthelogicalrelationshipofChinese.Thehypothesisisputinthebeginningwhiletheresultintheendofsentence.Theoriginalsentenceisreadjusted.4.2.3RhetoricalDifferencesFirstly,inordertomakethebehaviorlivelyandattractthereaders’attention,theuseofmythologicalallusionsisacommonrhetoricaldevice.Intheprocessoftranslation,wecanchoosethemethodsofliteraltranslationorfreetranslationaccordingtothedegreeoffamiliarityofthereaders.7)Originaltext:Motionpictureexhibitorshaveastrongpreferencefortherestrictedratingprobablyonthetheoryofforbiddenfruit.Translation:电影片商偏好限制级的影片也许是基于禁果原理。Peoplealrea