从后殖民主义理论视角解读《看不见的人》

AnInterpretationonInvisibleManfromthePerspectiveofPost-colonialism黑体，二号，居中，副标题用小二黑体，二号，居中，副标题用小二从后殖民主义理论视角解读《看不见的人》ChapterITaskDescription论文中各章标题：TimesNewRoman,四号，加粗，居中,注意各大章节需另起一页论文中各章标题：TimesNewRoman,四号，加粗，居中,注意各大章节需另起一页IntroductionofauthorRalphEllison(1914-1994),ortranslatedas"RalphEllison",isafamouscontemporaryblackAmericanwriterandoneofthemostinfluentialAmericannovelistsinthe20thcentury.Hisfirstnovel,theinvisibleman,whichtookmorethansevenyears(somethinkaslongaseightyears)tocreatemeticulously,waspublishedin1952,andimmediatelyarousedgreatrepercussionsinAmericanliteratureandAmericansociety.In1953,hewontheNationalBookAwardoftheUnitedStates,andin1965,hewasawardedtheNationalBookAwardofthemostimportantandinfluentialnoveloftheUnitedStatessincethesecondworldwarhasestablishedhispositioninthehistoryofAmericanliterature.Uptonow,thisnovelisstilllistedasthe"modernclassicworks"intheliteraryworld.Asaresult,hewasawardedthemedalofAmericanfreedomandwasadmittedasamemberoftheAmericanAcademyofSciences.1.2IntroductionofInvisibleManAyoungblackman,tryinghisbesttogetrecognitionfromothers,wantedto"makepeopleseehim.".Hehadbeenanhonestblackman,tryingtofindaplaceforhimselfintheAmericanindustryinthatkindofmachine;hehadjoinedthebrotherhoodandmadehimselfdependentontheleft-wingpolitics.EverythinghetriedseemedtomakeablackmaninavisiblepositioninAmericanlife.However,noneofthesethingscanmakehimentertheidealspiritualcivilization,sohewouldratherbeanundergroundmanlater.TheprotagonistofinvisiblemanisablackyouthfromthepoorsouthofAmerica.Whenhegraduatedfromhighschool,hewasrecommendedtoablackuniversityforhisexcellentspeech.Unexpectedly,hereceivedtheinvitationfromthewhiteschooldirector.Andthenhewasexpelledfromtheschoolgate,cametoNewYork.Hedeeplyrealizedthatasablackman,hewasinvisibleintheeyesofwhitepeople.Thebookisatruerepresentationofthelivingconditionsandtheblackcivilrightsmovementinthe1960s.Invisiblemanisafirst-classworkwithbrilliantachievements.Itisamixtureofsadnessandjoy,fullofpoetry,reflectingthemostoutstandingcreativewisdom.Onlyitisentitledtoberegardedasanincomparablemodernblackepic.ThelongmoderncourseofanunknownblackAmericanisthelegacyofAllison'sblacknoveltradition.Itisanunparalleledmasterpiece,whichglorifiestherichness,multiplicityandvitalityofblackAmericancultureandcharacteristics.1.3IntroductionofthestudyofInvisibleManathomeandabroadAtpresent,thestudyofInvisibleManinChinaincludessymbolism,theidentitycrisisoftheprotagonist,self-explorationandself-pursuitandsoon.WeiLili,ascholarofLanzhouUniversity,publishedathesisaboutsymbolisminEllison’sInvisibleManinMarch2011.Withsymbolismastheoreticalsupport,sherevealedhowtheprotagonistinthenoveltransmutedfrompuritytomaturitystepbystep.Alotofsymbolsreflecttheprotagonist’sthoughtandfeelings,andpromotesthedevelopmentofthemainplotandtheoccurrenceoffutureevents.Amongthem,themostsalientisthesymbolofcolor.Whitepeopleconsiderthattheyarecivilizedpeoplesothattheyfeeltheyarenoble,pureandbeautiful.However,blackpeoplearecalledniggerbywhitepeople,whichshowthestatusofblackpeopleandracialdiscriminationinthebook.Aboutthethemeofracialdiscriminationinthebook,publishedbyXuHaiyaninNovember2001,sheexposesthecurrentsituationofracialdiscriminationandracialrelationsintheUnitedStates,aswellasthelossofmodernpeopleandtheeffortsoftheprotagonisttofindtheessenceofselfthroughthestudyofalargenumberofsymbolictechniquesusedinthenovel.Atabroad,theresearchonthisbookismoreextensivethaninChina,andmostoftheliteraturereviewsareanalyzed.Nevertheless,thestyleandthemeofthenovelarefrequentlyneglected.Inordertofillthisgap,in2012,theauthorandothersjointlypublishedthegenre,bluesmusicandeducationofEllison’sInvisibleMan,whichmainlyfocusedonthestyleofthisnovelandthecriticismoftheblackeducation.Thegenrecriticizestheeducationofblackpeopleinthesouthsoastoachievethebetterlifeandbetterracialrelations.（正文中文一律采用宋体、小四号，英文一律采用TimesNewRoman字体、小四号；各章标题：四号，居中，加粗；各节、条、款标题：小四，加粗，行距设置为固定值20磅）ChapterIITimesnewroman四号，加粗，居中。注意各大章节需另起一页TheDescriptionofPost-colonialismTimesnewroman四号，加粗，居中。注意各大章节需另起一页（空一行）2.1The论文中的节、条、款标题：TimesNewRoman,小四号，加粗，左对齐IntroductionofPost-colonialism论文中的节、条、款标题：TimesNewRoman,小四号，加粗，左对齐Theimportantturnofliteraryresearchinthecontemporaryera,thatistoculturalresearch,isthemajortheoreticalbackgroundoftheemergenceofpostcolonialism.In1964,theUniversityofBirminghamintheUnitedKingdomestablishedthe"centerforcontemporaryculturalstudies"andthe"BirminghamSchool",whichsymbolizedtheofficialemergenceofculturalstudies.AdvocatesofthisprocessfirstlymentionedBritishscholarsRaymondWilliamsandRichardHoggart.Theirrepresentativeworkssuchastheuseofliteracy,cultureandsociety:1780-1950,thelongrevolution,etc.Postcolonialismisakindofacademictrendwithstrongpoliticalandculturalcriticism,whichemergedinthewesternacademiccirclesinthe1970s.Itmainlystudiesthe"post"ofthecolonialperiod,theculturaldiscoursepowerrelationshipbetweenthepatriarchalpowerandthecolony,Orientalism,thethirdworldcriticism,mediahegemonyandtheexpansionofculturalimperialism,theotherandthewritingofculturalidentity,nationalcultureAndmodernization,globalizationandlocalculturalconflicts,internalcolonizationandothernewissues.Post-colonialtheoryintegratespoststructuralism,feminism,WesternMarxism,psychoanalysis,afewdiscoursesandskincolortheory,showingabroadvisionofculturalresearchandemphasisonhistoricalandsocialanalysis.Thecharacteristicofpostcolonialismisthatitisnotarigidtheory;sinceitsbirthithasalwayschangedtoadapttodifferenthistoricaltimes,geographicalregions,culturalidentities,politicalsituations,affiliationsandreadingpractices.Postcolonialismisalsocalledpost-colonialcriticism.Infact,postcolonialismisnotsomuchthesourceofaseriesoftheoriesanddoctrinesasahugediscoursesfieldoracollectionoftheoreticalcriticismstrategies.Amongthem,alldiscoursepracticesarebasedonthehistoricalfactthat"basedonthehistoricalfactsofEuropeancolonialismandtheconsequencesofthisphenomenon".Itisgenerallybelievedthatithasgerminatedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,anditstheoreticalconsciousnessandmaturityaremarkedbythepublicationofSaid'sOrientalism(1978).Afterhim,thereappearedsomeimportanttheoristssuchasSpivak,Homibabaandsoon.Spivakintegratedfeminismtheory,Derrida'sdeconstructiontheoryandWesternMarxismtheory,anddiscussedthehistoricalmemoryandculturalidentitywritingofsubordinates,thefateofwomeninthethirdworld,culturalhegemonyandimperialistcriticismfromhismarginalposition,whichreflectedabroadcrossdisciplinaryvisionandcriticalcriticismCommentonpractice.BasedonthetheoryoffarmerandLacan'spsychoanalytictheory,Homibabamadeanin-depthanalysisofthedifferencesbetweenthe"thirdworld"andthe"firstworld",betweenwhitepeopleandblackpeople,andthepoweroperationmodeofculturalcolonization,emphasizestheculturalresearchmodeofdifference,marginalityandfewwords,andemphasizedthe"ambiguity"oftext,otherimageandculturalidentity.Ithasacertaininfluenceoncontemporaryliterarytheory.Afterthat,JohnTownsendofEnglandandhis"culturalimperialism"begantocriticizepost-colonialmediaimperialism,nationalstatediscourse,globalcapitalismandmodernitydiscourse,andrevealedtheconnotationandhistoricaltrendofculturalcolonialismfromtheperspectiveofmultidimensionalculturalrights.Inrecentyears,agroupofMarxistsalsobegantopayheedtoandmergeintothetrendofpost-colonialCriticism,suchasEagletoninEngland,FrederickJamesonintheUnitedStates,especiallyJameson'sthirdworldculturalresearch,whichhasinjectedvitalityintopost-colonialCriticism.Inaddition,culturalcolonization,cross-culturalexperienceandhistoricalmemoryaretheissuesandprospectsofpost-colonialism.2.2TheMainRepresentativesofPost-colonialtheory2.2.1ThePointViewofEdwardSaidEdwardSaidisanimportantcontemporaryAmericancriticaltheoristandarepresentativeofpost-colonialcriticaltheory.BorninJerusalem,Palestine,hestudiedinWesternschoolsinJerusalemandCairoduringtheBritishoccupationinhisearlyyearsandreceivedBritisheducation.Aftergraduatingfromhighschool,hewenttotheUnitedStatesforfurtherstudy.In1957,hereceivedabachelor'sdegreefromPrincetonUniversity,amaster'sdegreeandadoctor'sdegreefromHarvardUniversity.Now,heisauniversityprofessorofEnglishandcomparativeliteratureatColumbiaUniversity,andservesastheeditorialboardmemberorconsultantofpublicationssuchascriticalexplorationandboundary2.Amonghisworks,Orientalismisthemostinfluential,whichplaysadecisiveroleintheestablishmentanddevelopmentofpost-colonialtheory.SaidalsodevotedhimselfasanintellectualtothePalestinianpoliticalmovement,playinganimportantroleinbothacademicresearchandpoliticalparticipation.OrientalismisSaid'sfamousworkandoneoftheclassicsofpost-colonialtheory.The"Orientalism"explainedbySaidinhisbooktouchesonmanyproblemsoftheconflictofpolitics,economy,cultureandideologyintheworldtoday,letting"Orientalism"becomeakeywordtodiscusstheglobalstateafterthecolonialera.Knowledgepoweranddifferentculturalexpression:Said'sepistemologicalfoundationishistoricism,andheinheritedtheviewthat"historyiscreatedbyhumanbeings".Inmethodology,headoptedFoucault'sknowledgepowerdiscoursetheoryandGramsci'sculturalhegemonytheory.HecreativelyputtheprevioustheoreticalframeworkintothefieldofWesternexpressionofdifferentcultures,inordertostabthewholewesternself-centeredintellectualcommunity,andthentoachieveacomprehensivereflectiononthewholehumanitiesandknowledge.TheimageoftheotherandorientalizationoftheEast:fromtheperspectiveofliterature,theexpressionofdifferentculturesoftenresultsinaseriesofimagesoftheother.TheseimagesarefictitiousbyOrientalism.Afterbeingorientated,theybecome"thegeographyandexpressionformofimagination".AccordingtoSaid,theconstructionofself-identityinvolvestheconstructionof"theother"identitywhichisoppositetoourselves,andalwaysinterpretsthedifferentcharacteristicsfromus.Therefore,theidentityof"theother"isnotstatic,buttoalargeextent,anartificialhistorical,social,academicandpoliticalprocess.CulturalhegemonyandModernityCriticism:byintroducingFoucault'stheoryofknowledgeandpower,SaidcriticizedtheculturalhegemonyofWesternintellectualsintheexpressionofdifferentculturesinOrientalism,butcriticizedmodernity.ThroughquestioningtheobjectivityandtruthofOrientalknowledge,itdirectlyleadstoreflectiononthescientificityandlegitimacyofmodernhumanitiesandSocialSciences,suchastheauthenticityofculturaldescriptioninanthropology,thewritingofhistoryofdifferentnationalities,especiallyhowtheeurocentrismofmodernwesterndisciplinesisdeeplyrootedandwidelypermeatedintovariousdisciplines.Inthewayofwritinghistoryofthought,Saidlaunchedacomprehensiveandin-depthcriticism.2.2.2ThePointViewofHomiBabaHomiBabawasborninBombay,Indiain1949.In1970,hereceivedhisbachelor'sdegreeinEnglishfromtheUniversityofBombay,andthenwenttoOxfordUniversity,UK,wherehereceivedhisdoublemaster'sdegree.In1990,hereceivedhisPh.D.degreeandnowheisProfessorofBritishandAmericanliteratureandlanguageatHarvardUniversity.Babaisafamouscontemporarypost-colonialtheorist.TogetherwithSaeedandSpivak,Babaisregardedasthe"HolyTrinity"ofpost-colonialtheory.Hismaincriticalworksinclude"culturalorientation"and"nationandnarrative"editedbyhim.TheMaoistsinIndiafledfromPersiatoIndiainthe7thand18thcenturytoavoidthepersecutionofMuslims.Therefore,forthenativeIndians,theDaoistsareimmigrants,andtheyaretheweakethnicgroupsoutsidethesystem.Therefore,HomiBaba'sculturalidentityisveryawkward.HeisaPersianwhoisdespisedbyordinaryIndians,buthegrewupinIndia,whereheadmiredthewesternersforhisnose,andwasabletorankamongthemiddleclass.Thismixedculturalclassandeconomicidentitymakesitdifficultforhimtointegratehimselfintoasingleandunifiedindividual,andheisalwaysindoubtofhisownidentity.ThisconstitutesthepremiseofHomiBaba'spolitical,economicandculturalquestionsaboutculturalcolonizationandculturalhegemony.Thehybridityofnationandnarration"nationandnarration"isthefirsttimethatheintervenedandcriticizedthose"essentialism"wordsthattriedtodefineandnaturalizethethirdworldnationalitybyassumingthetraditionalmethodsofconvergenceandhistoricalcontinuity,becauseinhisview,thesewordsfalselydefinedandguaranteedtheirsubordinatestatus,whichisnotreliable.Inhisintroduction,hepointedoutclearlythatthenation,justlikethenarration,oftenlosesitssourceintheageofmyth,andonlyintheeyesofthesoulcanwefullyrealizeourvision.Suchanationornarrativeimageseemsimpossibletoberomanticandmetaphorical,butitisfromthetraditionsofpoliticalthoughtandliterarylanguagethatthewestemergedasastronghistoricalconceptofthenation.Thatistosay,thenationitselfisakindofnarration,anditsuncertaintyisjustliketheunreliabilityofnarration.Baba'spost-colonialcriticismcanbesaidtobeginwiththedeconstructionofthenationalmyth,anditisthisdeconstructionoftheessenceofthenationthathaslaidthetheoryofBaba'spost-colonialcriticismtosomeextent.Beforeandafterthis,Babahasalwaysadheredtoitsstrategyof"mixing",anddevelopedasetofstrongdeconstructivetermsof"ambiguity"or"ambivalence"inhisworks.（正文中文一律采用宋体、小四号，英文一律采用TimesNewRoman字体、小四号；各章标题：四号，居中，加粗；各节、条、款标题：小四，加粗，行距设置为固定值20磅）ChapterⅢTimesnewroman四号，加粗，居中。注意各大章节需另起一页TheChangeoftheProtagonist'sMindTimesnewroman四号，加粗，居中。注意各大章节需另起一页（空一行）3.1VisibleManoftheProtagonist'sMindTheprotagonistisablackyouthofseventeenoreightyearsold.Heusedtobeagoodchildinthesouth.Hehasbeentryingtoshapehimselfaccordingtoasetofvaluesinstilledinschooleducationsincehewasadirector.Inthewhiteclub,inordertobeabletospeak,hedisobeyedthefightbetweenblackteenagers,climbedovertheelectrifiedblankettograbmoney;inordertomakethespeechcontinue,heswallowedthebloodinhismouth.Inordertoberecognizedbyhimself,hechangedtheblurtout"equality"into"obligation".Hewasrewardedwithabriefcaseandacollegeletterfromawhiteman.Incollege,theheroidolizedtheblackpresidentDr.Blaise,hopingtohavetheprestige,thefamouscar,thebighouseandalightcoloredwifelikehim.Otherstudentslaughedatbrysso's"oldbuckethead",andhewasalwaysrespectfultoPresidentbrysso.However,whenheletthewhiteschoolfiremanseethechaoticanddirtysideoftheblackpeople,bleesormercilesslydismissedtheheroandsecretlydesignedthathewouldneverfindajob.TheherocametoNewYorkandfoundajobinthe"free"paintfactory,butthefactoryexploded,andhewasinjuredintheexplosion.Thenhejoinedtheradicalpoliticalmovementandworkedforthebrotherhood.However,itwaseliminatedbythe"Brotherhood"becauseitshowedpersonalability.HetookpartintheriotsofblackpeopleinthestreetandconfrontedwithblacknationalistLars,andendedupinfailure.3.2InvisibleManoftheProtagonist'sMindAttheendofthenovel,theprotagonistisextremelydisappointedinthebrotherhoodandishunteddownbytheblackDemocratLarsastheleaderofthebrotherhood.Onthewaytoescapethepursuit,heleftittothepoliceforinvestigation.Inadesperatesituation,hejumpedintoanundergroundcoalbunkerandhid,becominginvisibletoothers.Inthecoldandmercilesssociety,theprotagonisthidesinthecaveandcombshisthoughts,showingthereaderstheanguishandresentmentasaninvisibleperson.Hedeeplyrealizedthattheonlywayoutistoacceptthecultureofhisownnationandfindthevalueofrealselfexistence."Thedormancyperiodisover.Ihavetoshedmyoldskinandbreathe.Itstinksintheair,becauseI'msofarundergroundthatIcan'ttellifit'sthestenchofdeathorthesmellofspring-Ihopeit'sthelatter."Thisreflectsthehero'sdeterminationtosaygoodbyetothepast.Peoplehadalwayswantedtoclimbtoacertainlevelofsociety.Afteralongjourney,theycamebackandfinallycamebacktowheretheywere.Thisisthe"round"trackthatpeople'smindmustgothrough-thepsychologicalprocessfromselfseekingtoselfdiscoveryandselfrealization.Afternarratinghisownstory,theprotagonistfinallyaskedthereader,"whocansaythatIamnotspeakingforyou,eventhoughIusealowerkey?"becauseonlywhenpeoplereallyrealizethattheirmoneyisnotworthintheeyesofmanypeople,willtheycompletelyabandontheillusionofsocialforcesthataffecttheirdestiny,andthentheycanobtainindependentpersonalityandrealsenseofself.Inthenarration,theauthorcloselyconnectstheendingofthenovelwithitspreface,whichaimstotellthereadersthatthechangeoflifeisjustliketheseasonalchangeofnature,andthebreathofspringisalsoborninthewinteroflife.Theprotagonistischased,hiddenanddormant,whichsymbolizesthattheprotagonistisinthecoldwinter.Thebrightandwarmlightsinthebasementindicatethesublimationofthehero'sthoughtsandmind.Althoughinthemodernsociety,narrowselfishnessisfullofsociallifeandindifferencebetweenpeople,theendofthenovelgivesreadershopeofliferecovery.（正文中文一律采用宋体、小四号，英文一律采用TimesNewRoman字体、小四号；各章标题：四号，居中，加粗；各节、条、款标题：小四，加粗，行距设置为固定值20磅）ChapterⅣTheAnalysisoftheIdentitycrisiswithPostcolonialism4.1TheanalysisofSaid'sTheOtherInpost-colonialtheoryandcriticism,"theimageoftheother"iscloselyrelatedtocolonialexpansionandimperialistideology;"theexpressionoftheother"isthepoweroperationmechanismofthecolonists'culturalplasticityandidentityrewritingofthecolonized,thestrongcivilizationandtheweakcivilization;howthecolonizedrewritesthe"self"oftheother,andclearstheidentitydistortionand"mirror"broughtbyculturalcolonization"Likemistakes"isthefocusofattention.SaidputtheaboveissuesdirectlyintotheunequalrelationshipbetweentheEastandthewest,andfocusedontheimageoftheotherrelatedtotheEmpirenarrative.Saidstartsfromsuchcomparisonanddifference:"Westernersarerational,peaceful,magnanimous,logicalandcapableofmaintainingvalue,whileeasternersarelackofrationality,filthy,greedyandlazy".TheseargumentscomefromtwomodernWesternpoliticians'statementstotheEast.Theyexpressthepoliticalneedsandlegitimacyofcolonialruleinthewayofknowledgeauthority,whichisbasedontheabove"truth".Throughtheexpressionof"theother"inOrientalism--"OrientalizingtheEast".Thediscussionofidentityandidentitywillinevitablyleadtoaquestionabouttherelationshipbetween"I"(we,thesubject)and"he"(theother,they,theobject).Theconstructionofculturalidentityisalwayscloselyrelatedtothebuilder(narrator"I")andtheconstructed(narrator"he").Forwhites,theprotagonistisblack－theother.4.2TheAnalysisofBaba'stheThirdSpaceHomiBabawasborninBombay,Indiain1949.In1970,hereceivedhisbachelor'sdegreeinEnglishfromtheUniversityofBombay,andthenwenttoOxfordUniversity,UK,wherehereceivedhisdoublemaster'sdegree.In1990,hereceivedhisPh.D.degreeandnowheisProfessorofBritishandAmericanliteratureandlanguageatHarvardUniversity.Babaisafamouscontemporarypost-colonialtheorist.TogetherwithSaeedandSpivak,Babaisregardedasthe"HolyTrinity"ofpost-colonialtheory.Hismaincriticalworksinclude"culturalorientation"and"nationandnarrative"editedbyhim.TheMaoistsinIndiafledfromPersiatoIndiainthe7thand18thcenturytoavoidthepersecutionofMuslims.Therefore,forthenativeIndians,theDaoistsareimmigrants,andtheyaretheweakethnicgroupsoutsidethesystem.Therefore,HomiBaba'sculturalidentityisveryawkward.HeisaPersianwhoisdespisedbyordinaryIndians,buthegrewupinIndia,whereheadmiredthewesternersforhisnose,andwasabletorankamongthemiddleclass.Thismixedculturalclassandeconomicidentitymakesitdifficultforhimtointegratehimselfintoasingleandunifiedindividual,andheisalwaysindoubtofhisownidentity.ThisconstitutesthepremiseofHomiBaba'spolitical,economicandculturalquestionsaboutculturalcolonizationandculturalhegemony.Thehybridityofnationandnarration"nationandnarration"isthefirsttimethatheintervenedandcriticizedthose"essentialism"wordsthattriedtodefineandnaturalizethethirdworldnationalitybyassumingthetraditionalmethodsofconvergenceandhistoricalcontinuity,becauseinhisview,thesewordsfalselydefinedandguaranteedtheirsubordinatestatus,whichisnotreliable.Inhisintroduction,hepointedoutclearlythatthenation,justlikethenarration,oftenlosesitssourceintheageofmyth,andonlyintheeyesofthesoulcanwefullyrealizeourvision.Suchanationornarrativeimageseemsimpossibletoberomanticandmetaphorical,butitisfromthetraditionsofpoliticalthoughtandliterarylanguagethatthewestemergedasastronghistoricalconceptofthenation.Thatistosay,thenationitselfisakindofnarration,anditsuncertaintyisjustliketheunreliabilityofnarration.Baba'spost-colonialcriticismcanbesaidtobeginwiththedeconstructionofthenationalmyth,anditisthisdeconstructionoftheessenceofthenationthathaslaidthetheoryofBaba'spost-colonialcriticismtosomeextent.Beforeandafterthis,Babahasalwaysadheredtoitsstrategyof"mixing",anddevelopedasetofstrongdeconstructivetermsof"ambiguity"or"ambivalence"inhisworks.Conclusion另起一页，TimesNewRoman,四号，加粗，居中另起一页，TimesNewRoman,四号，加粗，居中（空一行）Invisiblemanrevealsthedilemmaofmodernhumanexistence.Theprocessoftheprotagonist'sselflost,selfsearchingandselfinsightisthemainthreadthroughoutthenovel.Theinitiallossoftheprotagonist"I"reflectshisindifferencetoblackculture.Intheprocessofseekingwhiteselfidentity,theprotagonistbeginstoaccepttheexistenceofblackculture,andthefinalinsightprocessreflectshisrecognitionofblackculture.Therealself-identityoftheprotagonistshouldbebasedontheinterestsofallblackpeopleandstrivefornationalliberationandfreedomandequality.Onlyinthiswaycantheherofeelthevalueofhimselfandthemeaningoflife.Notes论文中如有尾注，尾注格式：另起一页，TimesNewRoman,四号，加粗，居中论文中如有尾注，尾注格式：另起一页，TimesNewRoman,四号，加粗，居中①拉·艾里森，看不见的人.任绍曾，张德中，黄鹤云，等译。上海文艺出版社。②李美芹.《看不见的人》中黑人的自我异化.广西社会科学2002（89）.③王逢振.《看不见的人》仍令人震撼.外国文研究，1999(3)Bibliography另起一页“Bibliography”一词小四号字，加粗，左对齐。另起一页“Bibliography”一词小四号字，加粗，左对齐。2.文献顶格、连续编号、中文宋体、五号、行距为固定值20磅。英文Timesnewroman五号。3.第二行英文输入状态下缩进四个字符,中文状态下缩进两字符，从序号后算起。4.中文参考书目中标点符号为英文标点。每一条目首行顶左页边起头，自第2行起悬挂缩进2个字符。文献条目按作者姓氏（中文姓氏按其汉语拼音）的字母顺序排列。中外文献分别排列，外文在前，中文在后。中文作者的姓名全都按“姓+名”的顺序给出全名。英文若只有一个作者，则按“姓+名”的顺序给出，姓与名之间加英文逗号；若有两个作者，则仅第一作者的姓名按“姓+名”顺序给出，第二作者按“名+姓”顺序给出，第一作者与第二作者之间用“&”连接；若有三个或以上的作者，则在最后两个作者之间加“&”，“&”前的作者姓名全部按“姓+名”顺序给出，“&”后的作者姓名按“名+姓”顺序给出。例如：[1]Bolinger,D.Theatomizationofwordmeaning[J].Language,1965,41(4):555-573.[2]Hopper,P.&S.A.Thompson.Transitivityingrammaranddiscourse[J].Language,1980,56:251-299.[3]Hare,M.,McRae,K.&K.L.Elman.Senseandstructure:Meaningasdeterminantofverbsubcategorizationpreferences[J].JournalofMemoryandLanguage,2003,48:281-303.同一作者不同出版年的文献按出版时间的先后顺序排列，同一年的出版物按照文献标题首词的顺序排列，在出版年后按顺序加a、b、c等以示区别。外文论文（包括学位论文）的篇名以正体书写，外文书名以斜体书写。外文篇名仅首词的首字母大写，外文书名的首词、尾词以及其他实词的首字母大写。篇名和书名后加注文献类别标号，专著标号为[M]，论文集为[C]，论文集内文章为[A]，期刊文章为[J]，尚未出版的会议论文为[R]，博士论文和硕士论文为[D]，词典为[Z]，网上文献为[OL]。期刊名称后的数字是期刊的卷号，通常是每年一卷，每卷统一编页码。如没有卷号只有期号，则期号须置于圆括号内；如有卷号但每一期单独编页码，须在卷号后标明期号并将期号置于圆括号内。常用参考文献编写项目和顺序规定如下：1．期刊论文[1]Bolinger,D.Theatomizationofwordmeaning[J].Language,1965,41(4):555-573.[1]Hopper,P.&S.A.Thompson.Transitivityingrammaranddiscourse[J].Language,1980,56:251-299.[1]朱永生.名词化、动词化与语法隐喻[J].外语教学与研究,2006,(2):83-90.2．论文集论文[1]Bybee,J.Thegrammaticizationofzero:Asymmetriesintenseandaspectsystems[A].InW.Pagliuca(ed.).PerspectivesonGrammaticalization[C].Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins.1994:235-254.[1]文秋芳.英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点[A].载文秋芳、王立非,英语学习策略实证研究[C].西安:陕西师范大学出版社.2003a:255-259.[1]文秋芳.中国英语学习策略研究20年[A].载文秋芳、王立非,英语学习策略实证研究[C].西安:陕西师范大学出版社.2003b:1-34.3．网上文献网上文献应注明其网址和读取日期，如：[1]Jiang,Yan.TheTaoofverbalcommunication:AnElementarytextbookonpragmaticsanddiscourseanalysis[OL]..hk/~cbs/jy/teach.htm,2006-03-04.[1]王岳川.当代传媒中的网络文化与电视批评[OL]./new/display/58592.html/,2005-11-08.4．专著[1]Bloomfield,L.Language[M].NewYork:Holt,1933,30-32.[1]Celce-Murcia,M.&D.Larsen-Freeman.TheGrammarBook:AnESL/EFLTeacher’sCourse(2ndedition)[M].Boston:Heinle&Heinle,1999,36-45.[1]吕叔湘、朱德熙.语法修辞讲话[M].北京:中国青年出版社,1952,55-65.5．译著[1]Nedjalkov,V.P.(ed.).