【《中英传统节日禁忌的比较分析（英文）》9300字（论文）】

中英传统节日禁忌的比较分析摘要不同的民族有不同的语言、思维方式和民族文化，传统节日作为民族文化的重要组成部分，在民族文化中有举足轻重的作用，也是了解一个民族文化重要的切入点。缺乏对节日禁忌的了解，经常会造成跨文化交际的障碍。因此，研究跨文化交际中的节日禁忌差异，对于提高跨文化交际的质量和效果，更好地促进中英跨文化交际的顺利实现具有重要的意义。本研究从节日禁忌的角度对中英民族文化的差异进行了梳理，通过实例分析、比较、归纳和总结等多种研究方法，列举了中国和英国常见的传统节日禁忌，并在跨文化交际的背景下对中国和英国主要传统节日禁忌进行了比较分析，更加清晰地展现了中英不同的节日禁忌。通过对中英传统节日表层禁忌现象的分析从而挖掘出中英深层文化差异的原因，提出有效的跨文化交际策略。本研究填补了跨文化交际领域中对中英传统节日禁忌比较研究的空白，本研究提出的跨文化交际策略对于避免文化冲突具有非常重要的现实意义。关键词：节日；禁忌；习俗文化；跨文化交流TABLEOFCONTENTSTOC\o"1-3"\h\uChapterONEIntroduction 页共30页ChapterONEIntroduction1.1ResearchBackgroundDifferentethnicgroupshavedifferentlanguages,lifestyles,andideologies,reflectingdifferentethniccultures.Cultureistheraceandethnicityofhumanity.Today,ourcultureisdevelopingwiththeintegrationoftheglobaleconomy.China'spositionandroleintheinternationalcommunityareincreasingdaybyday,anditsinteractionwiththeworldisalsoincreasing.Thisisacross-culturalexchangebetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Dialoguenotonlyincludesthesecross-culturalactivities,butalsoforeignculturesandtheirrelatedcontent.Theissueofculturalexchangeandtheresultingculturalconflictshaveseriouslyaffectedanddisruptedcommunicationandcooperationbetweendifferentculturalgroups.Therefore,culturalawarenessisthefoundationofcross-culturalcommunication.Withoutculturalawareness,culturalexchangecannotsucceed.Thelevelofculturalawarenesshasasignificantimpactontheabilitytocommunicateacrosscultures.Thisrequiresdifferentculturestoadapttodifferentculturesindifferentcountries.Inthisprocess,wemustfirstunderstandourownculture,thenfullyunderstandeachother'sculture,getridofoldstereotypes,andrealizeculturalidentitybythinkingabouteachotherandunderstandingeachother,feelingthespecificworkandcommunicationmethodsbroughtaboutbyculturaldifferences.Traditionalethnicfestivalsaretheproductofrichethniccultureformedinthehistoryofanation,reflectingthedeeplyrootedinternalcultureofthenation.Theyhavelongelevatedtheethnicspiralinspecificsocialenvironments.Itemphasizesthevalueofraceandtheaspirationsofthenation.Understandingfestivalcultureisanimportantpartofculturalidentityandanimportantconditionforcross-culturalcommunication.Incross-culturalcommunication,peopleoftenencountermoresensitiveissues-taboos-traditionalfestivals.InChina,thetermtabooisveryancientandcanbefoundinsomehistoricaldocumentsoftheHanDynasty.ThetabooinEnglishwordsoriginatedfromtheTongalanguageofPolynesia,initiallymeaning"sacredandtranscendent",butlaterdevelopedwiththederivativeof"dangerandprohibition".Taboosareusuallyrestrictionsonhumanbehavior,showingfearofsanctity,contemptforfilth,andavoidanceofdangerousthings.Prohibitionisacomplexculturalandsocialphenomenon.Thisspecialprivatecultureisnotonlyacommonatmosphereoflifeineverycountry,butalsoawayoflife.FestivaltaboosareapartoftheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,andalsoanimportantfactoraffectingcross-culturalcommunication.Therefore,itisveryimportanttostudythedifferencesbetweenholidaytaboosincross-culturalcommunication.ThisstudyexaminesthedifferencesbetweenChineseandBritishculturesincross-culturalcommunicationfromtheperspectiveofholidaytaboos,systematicallyanddeeplyanalyzingtaboocultures,reducingconflictsincross-culturalcommunication.1.2ResearchSignificanceThisthesiswillsummarizethepreviousresearchresultsandfocusonthespecificfestivaltaboos.ThroughtheanalysisofthemaintraditionalfestivalsinChinaandtheEngland,thedifferentfestivaltaboosinChinaandtheEnglandwillbeshownmoreclearly,andthefestivaltabooswillberelatedtocross-culturalcommunication,andthestudyoffestivaltabooculturewillbeanalyzedandsummarizedtohelpandenlighteninterculturalcommunication.1.3ThesisStructureThisarticleisdividedintosixparts.Thefirstpartisanoverallintroductionofthebackgroundknowledgeofthisstudy.Thesecondpartisliteraturereview,summarizingthepreviousstudiesonfestivaltaboosbothathomeandabroad.Thethirdpartintroducessomeknowledgeabouttaboo.ThefourthpartcomparesthetaboosinChineseandEnglishfestivals.Thefifthpartassociatesfestivaltabooswithcross-culturalcommunicationcompetence,andthensummarizestheinfluenceandinspirationoffestivaltaboooncross-culturalcommunication.Thesixthpartmainlydrawsaconclusionfromthisstudy.

ChapterTWOLiteratureReview2.1MajorStudiesAbroadNowadays,thetaboocultureofChinaandtheEnglandisanimportantwindowforscholarstostudyinterculturalcommunicationindepth,anditisgettingmoreandmoreattentionfromlanguagelearners,educatorsandresearcherstoensureeffective,successfulandappropriateinterculturalcommunication.Foralongtime,manylinguistsandscholarsathomeandabroadhaveconductedin-depthresearchesontaboosandinterculturalcommunicationinChinaandtheEngland,whichprovideuswithrichanddetailedinformationforstudyingthistopic.However,inbothEnglishandChineseacademia,mostoftheresearchisfocusedonthedefinition,classificationandprinciplesoftaboos,ortheoreticalexplorationoftaboolanguageintermsofphonology,grammar,semanticsandrhetoric.ThecomparativeanalysisofChineseandEnglishtaboos,verbalandcustomarytaboosininterculturalcommunicationorthecomparativestudyoftabootopicsaccountforalargeproportionoftheresearch,buttherearenotmanystudiesonnon-verbaltaboos,sothedirectcomparativestudyofChineseandEnglishtraditionalfestivalculturetaboosisalsorelativelyweak.Earlyforeignstudiesoftabooscombinedanthropology,sociology,andethnography.InfluentialworksincludeTheGoldenBough(Frazer,1925),TotemandTaboo(Freud,1958),andTaboo,TruthandReligion(Steiner,1999),allofwhichhavedifferentemphases,butallofwhichgivegreatattentiontotaboos.Forexample,TheGoldenBough(Frazer,1925)isabookthatusesalotofhistoricalexamplestointroducethedifferentcustomsandtraditionsofpeoplearoundtheworld,andmostofthetaboosmentionedarereligiouslybasedandhaveastrongmythologicaldimension.TotemandTaboo(Freud,1958)isamasterpieceinthisfield,andtheauthorexplainsthecausesofthetaboophenomenonmainlyfromtheperspectiveofpsychoanalysis.Taboo,TruthandReligion(Steiner,1999)providesanin-depthstudyoftheproduction,categories,meaningsandfunctionsoftaboos,andtherelationshipoftaboolanguagetoanthropologyandpsychology.Withtheemergenceanddevelopmentofsociolinguistics,thetaboophenomenonhasreceivedmoreattentionfromsociolinguistsandresearchersintheEnglandsincethe1980s.Amongthem,Don’tDoIt:ADictionaryofTaboos(Axtell,1985)andseverallinguisticbookshaveintroducedmanylinguistictaboosfromalinguisticandsociolinguisticperspective,providingawealthofinformationforthestudyoftaboolanguage.However,mostoftheaboveworksfocusonlanguagetaboos,includingtabootermsandtaboowordsindailycommunication,andthereisarelativelackofresearchonspecifictaboophenomenainlife.2.2MajorStudiesatHomeDuetothedeep-rootedfeudalideology,thestudyoftaboosinChinawaslaterthanintheEngland,andthefirst“taboos”weredealtwithinLanguageandSocialLife(Chen)publishedbySanlianBookstorein1980,andSociolinguistics(Chen)publishedbyXueLinPublishingHousein1983.Inrecentyears,scholarsinChinahavetakenakeeninterestinthestudyofthephenomenonoftaboos,producingmanyworksandresultsdealingwithtaboos.In2005,WanJianzhonggaveadetailedintroductiontotheorigin,nature,typesandfunctionsoftaboosandvarioustaboocustomsindailylifeinhisbookChineseFolkTaboosandCustoms.AComparisonofChineseandEnglishCulturalPractices,editedbyDuXuezeng(1999),andLanguageandCulture-AComparisonofEnglishandChineseLanguageandCulture,editedbyDengYanchangandLiuRunqing(1989),alsobothcompareChineseandEnglishtaboopracticesandtaboolanguage,respectively.InLiYan(2013)’sarticle“AStudyofChineseandEnglishTraditionalFestivalTaboosinInterculturalCommunication”,theauthorcombinesChineseandEnglishtabooswithtraditionalfestivalculture,analyzesthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishculturaltaboosfromsomespecificfestivals,andanalyzesthecharacteristicsofChineseandEnglishfestivaltaboocultureandthereasonsforitsformation,thencombinesthetaboostudywiththeinterculturalcommunicationcompetencemodel,anddiscussesindepththeimportantinfluenceoftaboocultureoninterculturalcommunication.InZhaoJinglan(2011)’sarticle“AComparativeStudyofNon-verbalTaboosinCross-culturalCommunicationbetweenChinaandBritain”,theauthorfocusesontheintroductionofnon-verbaltaboosinthecontextofcross-culturalcommunication,andintroducestwomajoraspectsofnon-verbaltaboosinChineseandBritishcultures,namely,thetheoryoffaceandtheprincipleofpoliteness.Onthisbasis,thesimilaritiesanddifferencesarecompared,andthecausesofthedifferencesareanalyzedintermsofhistoricalbackground,religiousbeliefs,valuesandthinkingpatterns.Inaddition,thearticle“AnAnalysisofChineseandEnglishTabooCultureinCross-culturalCommunication”byDuYajin(2013)mainlyexplainstheoriginanddefinitionoftaboos,andthenanalyzesthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishtaboocultureincross-culturallanguagecommunicationfromtwoaspects,namely,taboosofappellationandtaboosofprivacy.Theauthor’sresearchfocusesonlinguisticcommunication,andlessontheculturalcontentofnon-linguistictaboosandspecifictaboothemesorphenomena.InMaoFurong(2019)’sarticle“AnAnalysisoftheDifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishfestivalTaboosinInterculturalCommunication”,sheintroducesthetabooculturerelatedtoChineseSpringFestivalandTomb-SweepingDay,aswellasEnglishChristmasandThanksgiving,asexamples.ThearticlethenanalyzesthereasonsforthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishfestivaltaboosfrombothreligiousandnationalcultures,andfinallyoutlineshowweshoulddealwithfestivaltaboos.Althoughthearticleanalyzesthetaboocultureandthereasonsbehinditfromspecificfestivals,itdoesnotcloselyintegratethetabooculturewithinterculturalcommunication,butfocusesonthecomparisonofthedifferencesbetweenthetaboosofafewspecificfestivals.ZhangLili(2008)’sarticle“TheTaboosofChineseandEnglishTraditionalFestivalsfromthePerspectiveofInterculturalCommunication”alsostudiesthetaboosofChineseandEnglishfestivals,buttheauthorfocusesmoreonthecomparisonandanalysisofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishfestivals’taboos,butdoesnotmakeadeepanalysisandexplanationofthereasonsforthedifferences,therelationshipbetweentaboocultureandinterculturalcommunication,andtheinfluenceoftaboocultureoninterculturalcommunication.AlthoughtherearealargenumberofacademicpapersandotherliteratureontaboocultureinChinaandtheEngland,mostofthemfocusonthetaboolanguage,butlessonthetaboophenomenon,andmostofthemtake“tabooculture”asanoverallresearchobject,andtheresearchonaparticularaspectoftaboocultureoraspecifictabootopicisstillrelativelyless.Therearefewstudiesfocusingontaboophenomena,soweneedtocontinuetodevelopandimprovethem.CHAPTERTHREESOMEKNOWLEDGEABOUTTABOO3.1DefinitionofTabooFromasocialperspective,RenHua(2019)believesthattaboosareanegativebehavioralnorm.Undernormalcircumstances,thetaboosystemisaformoffolkculturethatexhibitsnoexternalbehavior.Whethertheancientconceptsofholiness,impurity,totemworship,spiritworship,ghostworship,etc.bringfear,orthelaterconceptsofgoodfortuneandbadluckbringworries,theirreflectioninpsychologycondensesintooneword-taboo.Tabooisapsychologicalandspiritualthing.This“forbidden”and“suppressed”behaviorisusuallyexpressionless.Tabooreferstothetermusedbysocietytoexpressthenegationofcertainbehaviors,whethersupernaturalorbecausesuchbehaviorsviolatemoralnorms,whichareconsideredharmfultopeople.Taboosarebehaviorsandactivitiesthatarenotallowedbyeachethnicgrouporsocietyduetoreligiousbeliefs,history,psychology,culture,andotherreasons.Itshouldbeabehaviorrestrictedbysocialcustomsortraditions.Tabooslimitcustomarybehaviorbyprohibitinganddiscouragingcertainspecificbehaviorsandtopics.Taboosarethingsthatcannotbediscussedordone.Itissomethingthatpeoplecannotdoorsaybecauseitisimpoliteorshocking.Objectsconsideredtaboomaycontaindanger,andtheconsequencesofsuchdangeralwaysaffectanyonewhobreaksthetaboo.Somebehaviorsmaybeprohibitedbecausetheydonotcomplywiththeregulationsofasocietyorethnicgroup.Forexample;Suicide,murder,seizure,theft,damagetogovernmentproperty,theftofgovernmentmoney,bribery,andsoon.Fromareligiousperspective,somebehaviorsaresacredordespicable,andordinarypeoplecannotparticipateinorengageinsuchbehaviors.Suchbansexistinalmostallsocialrealities.Thisisataboobasedonmoraljudgmentandreligiousbeliefs.Itisasystemincertainreligionswherecertainactionscannotbedoneandcertainobjectscannotbetouchedortouchedbecausetheypossessgreatsacredness.Anycustomorreligionconsidersunacceptableactivitiesastaboos.Somebeliefs,suchasinChristianity,prohibitmenfrommarryingmorethanonewife,onlyonewife,andprohibitadultery,theft,adultery,incest,andsoon.TheHebrewBiblebelievesthateatingporkistaboo,becausepigsareuncleananimals.Inmoderncontexts,thetermtabooisnotveryspecificandisusuallyusedtodescribesomethingorbehaviorthatisconsideredsociallyunacceptable.Buttaboos(religiousorsocialprohibitions)arestillvalidincontemporarycontexts.Forexample,currently,manyJewsdonoteatporkbecauseitisprohibitedbytheBible.Differentreligionshavevaryingdegreesoffaithandbelief,butmanypeoplestillabidebythelawsoftheBibleandavoidbeingfoundtohaveviolatedtaboos.3.2FestivalTaboosFestivalsareimportantdaysinlifeandanimportantcomponentoftheworld'sfolkculturecreatedbypeoplearoundtheworldtomeettheirproductionandlivingneeds.Eachcountryandregionhasitsownfestival.SomefestivalsoriginatefromtraditionalcustomssuchastheChineseNewYear,SpringFestival,birthdays,andmillennium.ThereisaChristianholiday.DragonBoatFestivalisafestivalthatcomesfrommemoriesofsomeoneorsomething,suchasKungFuandChineseyouth.Internationalorganizations,suchas"LaborRelations""Women'sDay"；Mother'sDay"Theyalsosupportwork.Astimegoesby,thecontentoffestivalsandcongratulationshaschanged.Traditionalfestivalsareimportantculturalactivitiesinheritedbyallcommunitiesinhumansociety.Thisisthetimeanddaythatpeoplepromiseinsociallife,withcertaincustoms,customs,andactivities,showcasingthedifferentcharacteristicsoffolkculture,reflectingnationalcustoms,morality,andreligiousideals,andreflectingpeople'sdesireforabetterlife.Traditionalfestivalsaretheessenceofdailylife,dividingeachstageofthelifecycle,highlightingthesignificanceofeachstage,andpreservingthemostexquisiteandrepresentativeaspectsofnationalculture.ThelonghistoryofChinesecivilizationisthesourceofvariouspublicholidays,whichisaculturalheritagethathasspreadthroughouttheworldindifferentformsandstyles,butstillretainsthewisdomandexperienceofsomeforeigners.Thesespecialmomentsbringhopetothepresentandfuture.Peoplehopethateverythingtheyseeandhearisgoodandquiet,sotheyspeakmorecautiouslythanusualandusepassiveandnonactivetaboos.Youcanavoidanythingthatmaydisruptyourfestiveatmosphere.Festivaltaboocultureplaysanimportantroleinthepracticeofnationalholidays,withstrongaggregationandwideinclusiveness.Asiswellknown,mostcommunitieshavemanytaboosagainsttraditionalfestivals.Thetaboosofthisdayareobviouslyunreasonableandsuperstitious,butthereisactuallyarationalcore.Festivaltabooculturehasacontinuousfunctionofenlightenment,attention,communication,andsocialintegration,whichhelpstomeetpeople'semotionallifeneeds,coordinateinterpersonalrelationships,andmaintainsocialorderandstability.Promotegoodbehavioramongmembersofsociety.

CHAPTERFOURCHINESEANDENGLISHFESTIVALSANDTABOOS4.1ChineseFestivalsandTaboos4.1.1FestivalsandTaboosChinesetraditionalfestivalshaverichculturalconnotationsandalonghistory,andareanimportantcomponentofChinesecivilization.TheSpringFestivalisthemostimportanttraditionalfestivalinChina,startingfromthefirstdayofthefirstlunarmonthandendingonthefifteenthdayofthefirstlunarmonth.TheSpringFestivalisthebeginningoftheNewYear,andChinesepeoplebelievethatwhatyoudowillaffectyourluckinthecomingyear.Therefore,inordertoavoidbadluck,manytabooshavebeenestablishedduringtheSpringFestival.Forexample;DuringtheChineseNewYear,peoplecannotcry,wearwhiteclothes,donotwashclothes,orbreakbowls.AsapartoftheSpringFestivalculture,taboos,likecustoms,haveundergonealongperiodofdevelopmentandchanges.Atthesametime,folkculturesinvariouspartsofChinaarerichanddiverse,withmanydifferences.ThisarticletakesthecurrentSpringFestivaltaboosinHebeiProvinceastheresearchobject,andexaminesChina’sSpringFestivaltabooculturefromseveralaspects,suchasdietarytaboos,behavioraltaboos,clothingcolortaboos,andnumericaltaboos.OnthefirstdayoftheSpringFestival,takingmedicineisataboo,asChinesepeoplebelieveitcanleadtoillnessforthewholeyear.AfterannouncingtheNewYear,patientswillbreaktheirmedicinejarsbecausetheybelievethiscustomwilldriveawaythediseaseinthecomingyear.Althoughwiththedevelopmentofthetimes,thistaboohasnowdisappearedinbigcities.ButduringtheSpringFestival,mostChinesepeoplestilltrynottogotohospitalsunlesstheyareseriouslyill.ChinesepeopleusuallylikeCongee,buttheycan’thaveCongeeonthemorningofNewYear’sDay,becauseinthepast,thepoorcouldonlyaffordCongee.HavingCongeeonthefirstdayoftheSpringFestivalmeansthattheycanonlyhaveCongeeayear.Thistabooisnolongerstrictlyenforcedinbigcities,butmostChinesepeoplearestillusedtonothavingCongeeonthemorningoftheSpringFestival.Ricejarsindicatepeople’slivingstandards.IfitbecomesemptyduringtheChineseNewYear,theremaybesomehungrydaysinthefuture.DuringtheSpringFestivalbefore,eatingfishcouldnotbeallfinished,andtherewouldbesomeleft,symbolizingtheabundanceeveryyear.Now,forhealthreasons,youngpeoplenolongerdothisandtrytoeatitallatonce.Whenmakingfish,itistabootohavenoheadortail.Itusuallyretainsitscompleteappearance,symbolizingagooddayoftheyearfrombeginningtoend,anddoingthingsfrombeginningtoend.Therearethreemaintypesofbehavioraltaboosthatarestillprevalenttoday.Thefirstoptionisnottovisitrelatives’homesonthefifthdayofthefirstlunarmonth,asitissaidtobringpovertyandbadlucktorelatives.Therearetwomainexplanationsfortheexistenceofthistaboo:firstly,becausethefifthdayofthelunarcalendaristowelcometheGodofWealth,theybelievethatyouwilltakeawaytheirGodofWealthwhenyoureturn.Secondly,thisdayisalsoknownas“PoWu”,becausethenumber"Wu"wasconsideredabadnumberinancientChina."PoWu"meanstobreakthebadluck,misfortune,disaster,andmisfortuneofayearonthisday.Therefore,inordertoavoidencounteringunluckythingsordisastersoutsideandbringingbadlucktorelatives,itisbestnottogoout.ThesecondtypeisthatduringtheSpringFestival,Chinesepeoplearenotallowedtocuttheirhair,whichisalsoapopulartaboobecausetraditionalbeliefsbelieveitisunluckyandbringsbadlucktothefamily.Thethirdmethodistotrynottobreakbowls,plates,vases,ormirrorsduringtheSpringFestival,astraditionalChinesebeliefsbelievethatbreakingthingsmaycausefinanciallossesorleadtofamilydivision.Ifsuchathinghappens,theremedycanbetosay“safeyearafteryear”,because“sui”and“broken”havethesamepronunciation.Chinesepeopleusethephrase“peacethroughouttheyear”todriveoutbadluck.Somebehavioraltaboosaregraduallydisappearingincities.Sometaboosintermsoflifestylehabitshaveincreasinglychanged,suchasnowashingclothesonthefirstdayoftheChineseNewYear,asitwasthebirthdayandanniversaryoftheWaterGod;Itisprohibitedtousetoolssuchasneedles,scissors,andknivesthatmaycauseharmonthefirstdayoftheSpringFestival:someplacesbelievethattakinganapontheafternoonofthefirstdayoftheSpringFestivalwillmakehimlazy;Also,duringtheSpringFestival,Chinesepeoplewerenotallowedtosweepoutthesegarbageaftersettingofffirecrackers.Cleaningisbelievedtoberelatedtocleaningupwealth.Thedisposalofgarbagesymbolizesdumpinggoodluckfromthehouse,sogarbagecannotbesweptoutofthedoor.Butnowthesetabooshavedisappearedincities,partlyduetochangesinhygienehabitsandalsoduetochangesinthesignificanceoftheSpringFestivalholiday,wherepeoplearemorefocusedonleisureandentertainment.Inaddition,therearealsosometaboosinsocialactivitiesthatarechanging,suchasmarrieddaughtersnotbeingallowedtovisittheirparents’homesonthefirstdayoftheSpringFestival,butstayingattheirparents’homes.Thistabooisnotstrictlyenforcednow,becauseChina’sfamilyplanningpolicyallowsmanyfamiliesincitiestohaveonechild.Therefore,theseonlychildrenoftenchoosetotaketurnsspendingthefirstdayoftheChineseNewYearatthehomesofbothparentsaftermarriage,orthetwofamiliescelebratetogetherinrestaurants.However,mostruralfamiliesstillcelebratetheSpringFestivalattheirgrandparents’homesandonlyreturntotheirparents’homesontheseconddayofthefirstlunarmonth.Inthepast,ChinesepeoplewerenotallowedtohavefuneralsduringtheChineseNewYearbecauseitwouldbringbadlucktotheirfamilies.FuneralceremoniesusuallywaituntiltheendoftheSpringFestival.Nowadays,duetotheacceleratedpaceoflife,peoplehavetostartabusynewyearbeforetheentireSpringFestivalisover,sothistabooisgraduallydisappearing.Inaddition,itisbestnottoborrowmoneyonthefirstdayoftheNewYearbefore,asthismeanseconomicscarcityandalldebtsmustberepaidbeforeNewYear’sEve.CreditorsgenerallydonotcollectdebtsduringtheJanuaryperiod.Ifsomeonedoesthis,theywillbediscouragedforthewholeyear.However,withtheincreaseinprivatefinancialbehaviorandthelackofnorms,manypeople’sloansorinvestmentscannotberecovered,andpeopleareunwillingtomissanyopportunitytocontactdebtors.Thistabooisalsograduallylosingitsbindingforce.Chinesepeoplebelievethatachild’scryingcanbringillnessandmisfortune,bringingbadlucktotheentirefamily.Toavoidchildrencryingduringholidays,parentsshouldnotpunishtheirchildren,eveniftheymakemistakes.DuringtheChineseNewYear,somewordscannotbesaid.Indailylife,somewordscontainnegativemeanings,andpeopleshouldtrytoavoidthemasmuchaspossible,suchasdeath,ghosts,killing,illness,pain,poverty,loss,andsoon.DuringtheSpringFestival,wearbrightredorbrightcoloredclothesandtrynottowearwhiteorblackclothes.Thistabooisnolongersostrict,butmostChinesepeoplestilldonotchoosewhiteclothesduringtheSpringFestival,especiallytheelderly,whoprefertowearbrightcoloredclothes.BecausetheSpringFestivalisajoyfulandjoyfulholiday,andwhiteclothesareoftenusedforfuneralceremoniesinmanyplaces.Inaddition,duringtheChineseNewYear,donotwearclothes,especiallychildren,asitsignifiesmisfortuneandpoverty.Don’tusewhitepackagingwhengivinggifts,aswhiterepresentssadnessandpoverty.Redisconsideredafestiveandluckycolor,soredenvelopesorpackagingarethebestchoiceforgivinggifts.Numbersaresymbolsthatrepresentacertainnumberofthingsorgraphicstorepresentthepositionofsomethinginaseries.However,manynumbershavemysteriousmeaningsindifferentcultures,andgoodluckandbadluckareinfluencedbyvariousculturalfactorssuchasreligion,psychology,andaesthetics.Insomecultures,certainnumberscanbringblessingsandgoodluck,whileotherscanbringmisfortune.Thiscreatesdifferentemotionstowardsnumbers,leadingtotheformationofnumericaltaboos.Differentethnicgroupshavedifferenttaboos,thereforedifferentdigitalculturesmayemerge.Chinesepeopleusuallylikeevennumbersbecausetheybelievethatgoodthingscomeinpairsandhopeforgoodluckinthefuture.Therefore,whenChinesepeoplegiveluckymoneyduringtheSpringFestival,theyliketogiveevennumbers;theserepresentswishingthenewyeargoodluckandprosperity.Butnotallevennumbersarepopular.DuringtheSpringFestival,northernerstrytoavoidusingthenumber4becausethepronunciationofthisnumberisverysimilartothepronunciationof“death”.Therefore,duringtheSpringFestival,givingchildrenluckymoneyisgenerallynotallowedfor40,400,or444.Chinesepeopleinthenorthdislikethenumber4notonlyduringtheSpringFestival,butalsoatanytimeorevent.Forexample,whenbuyingahouse,theydonotliketobuyafloorwiththenumber4,anddonotliketohavephonenumbersandlicenseplatenumberswiththenumber4,especiallywhenseveral4areconnectedtogetherbecauseitrepresentsdeathandbadluck.4.1.2Reasonsf