版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
GlobalR&DinsightsinpharmaceuticalsContents42T33™uncertaintyhasbecomethedominantbackdropfordrug445TMethodologyandsample•Web-based,quantitativesurn=89Small/Mid-sizeco•Locations:U.S.,Can•Dates:JulytoAugust2025•SurveyLength:~20minutes•Surveyvendor/Samplesource:LifeScienceRespondents^•JobLevel:Directororhi-Pre-trial/preclinicaldevelopment-Clinicaldevelopment-Peri-/post-approval/registries/HEOR-Quality/Regulatory-Businessservices(finance,procurement/purchasing,-Executivemanagement/C-level6PrimaryPrimaryFunctionalAreaClinicalDevelopment44%ExecutiveManagement/C-level20%Peri-/Post-approval/Registries/HEOR16%QualityandRegulatory10%Pre-trial/PreclinicalDevelopment10%JobJobLevel/RolePresident/C-Level15%Director64%DirectorOfficeOfficeLocation52%30%Asia:18%30%Asia:18%10%5%3%5%US/CanadaEuropeAsiaAustraliaMiddleEast/IndiaDrugDevelopmentDrugDevelopmentModalitiesOrganizationTypeSmall/Midspendlessthan41%59%n=61n=89spendof$1BiologicsNovelsmallmoleculedrugsGenetherapies CelltherapiesVaccinesGenericsmallmoleculedrugsNucleicacidtherapiesBiosimilarsDiagnostics66%60%37%32%29%19%16%14%AveragenumberofAveragenumberofmodalities:7Sampleprofileoverview:CustomersegmentsLarge(A)Small/Mid(B)54%B37%37%27%A19%10%8%11%9%13%11%ClinicaldevelopmentExecutive/C-levelPeri-/Post-approval/QualityandRegulatoryPre-trial/PreclinicalmanagementRegistries/HEORdeLarge(A)Small/Mid(B)President/C-levelVicePresidentDirector8%President/C-levelVicePresidentDirector8%21%70%19%21%60%Large(A)Small/Mid(B)24% 10%24% 34%27%MiddleEast/India 34%27%Asia56%49%56%49%US/CanadaAvg.#Modalities87%B72%BSmall/Mid(B)4.02.152%52%39%46%B46%B39%31%27%31%17%B26%B26%B26%B26%B10%9%8%6%BiologicsNovelsmallmoleculedrugstherapiestherapiesmoleculedrugsNucleicacidtherapiesBiosimilarsDiagnostSmall/Mid=annualR&Dspendlessthan88•Therisingcostofclinicaltrialsisthetopchallengefollowedbypatientrecruitmentandthechangingregulatorylandscape.•Small/Mid-sizeenterprisesc%ofRespondentsRisingcostofclinicaltrialsPatientrecruitmentinclinicaltrialsNavigatingthechangingregulatorylandscapeIncreasingcomplexityofclinicaltrialsMacroenvironment/economicuncertaintyCROpartnershipdynamics55%39%35%31%27%27%•Focusing•FocusingonsurrogatInsightsfrominterviewswithsponsorsInnovativetrialdesignshelpExamplesandreasonsforinnovativetrialdesignprovidedbysponsorsduringin-depthinterviews:•Testingacrossmultipleindicationsatonc•Usinginvestigator-initiatedtrialstoquicklygetproof-of-conceptandengagewithregulatoryauthoritiestostreamlinetrials9Tsubsidiariesunlessotherwisespecified.10DeeperlookattwokeychallengesClinicaldevelopmenttimelinesforoverhalfoforganizations,45%indicatetheirclinicaltimelineshaveincreasedcomparedtoChangeinTimelinetoProduceaDrugComparedtoTwoYearsAgo(fromfirst-in-humantrialsthroughregulatorysubmission)uLengtheneduNochangeuShortened45%45%27%28%Trialcomplexitystemsprimarilyfrominternalfactorswithincompaniesandregulatoryrequirements–with•SponsorstakemultiplefacomplextrialdesignsPrimarySourceDrivingIncreasingClinicalTrialComplexityInternalRegulatorybodies(drugdevelopmentRegulatorybodies44%37%28%31%51%39%44%37%28%31%TotalLargeSmall/MidGoalsandstrategiesTimelinevs.CostAgreementwithStatements口口Stronglyagree口AgreeX%=Agree/StronglyAgreeAcceleratingdrugdevelopmenttimelinesisthetoppriorityofmyorganization 47%37%84%Managingcostsisthetoppriorityofmyorganization72%43%29%StrategiesCurrentlyPursuingEffortstomaximizeassetvalueReprioritizationofassetportfoVendorrationalizationPatient-centricityNewapproachestoinvestment/funding0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%simultaneouslyaccelerateTotalLargeSmall/MidHeighteneduncertaintyrightdirection,40%areconcernedaboutthedirectionoftheindustry.Navigatingthechangingregulatorylandscthe11thtothirdmostcommonchallenge.environment/economicuncertaintyranksamongthetopissuesconfrontingpharmacompanies–particudrugdevelopers.impactoncorporatedrugdevelopmentprograms–particularlyandalterationstofederalgranPatient-focusedstrategiesSeveralofthetopstrategiespincludingafocusonmaximizingareprioritizingassetportfolios,andreducingtheirnumberofvendors.insponsors’relationshipswithCROs.Mancompaniesarewrestlingwith,andfewerthanhalftrustCROstoworkinsponsors’bestinterest.Withpatientrecruitmentatopchallenge,itfollowsthatcommongoalsofpatient-focusedparticipationKeyfactorsconsiderthemostimportantfactorsforimprovingReducingtheReducingthenumberofrequiredclinicalvisitscommunicationwithpatientsisclearProvidingpatient-friendlytechnologyandappsReducingthedurationofSuccessAlthoughsponsorsemployrecruitmentstrategies,threemorethanmodestsuccessinSuccessinAchievingGoalsofPatient-focusedStrategiesSlightly/NotsuccessfulVery/Extremelysuccessful13%Very/ExtremelysuccessfulSomewhat63%successfulSomewhatAI/MLinclinicaldevelopmentVirtuallyallpharmacompaniesareusingAI/ML,andthedepthandbreadthofAI/MLinitiativesisalreadyconsiderable.initiatives.Themostcommonapplic•Operations•Medical/scientificwriting•DrugdiscoveryanddesignBarriersThemainfactorsimpedi•Trust/reliabilityofAIpredictions•Integrationwithexistin•LimitedexpertiseandtrainingresourcesBenefits•MoreaccuratepredictivemodelImpactFormanyitistoosoontoknowtheoverallimpactofAI/MLoncosts,timelines,orclinicaltrialcomplexity.Howeveramongthosewhoseprogramsareestablishedenoughtoseeresults,indicationsimpactingdrugdevelopmenttimelinesbutcouldbeaddingtotheoverallcomplexity.TheuseofvariousoutsourcingmodelsremainsTheuseofvariousoutsourcingmodelsremainsconsistentwithpreviousyearsintermsoftheallocationofcurrentclinicalwork.OutsourcingmodelShareofcurrentclinicalworkInsourcing/temporarystaffingActivitiesMostLikelytoOutsourceClinicallaboratoryanddiagnosticservicesPatientrecruitmentSitesupportClinicaldatamanagementClinicaltrialmanagement-FSO/end-to-endtrialsupportClinicalmonitoring/Clinicaloperationsmanagement67%65%32%67%65%35%59%59%59%59%59%59%22%25%33%Small/Mid-sizeenterprisesuseFSOtoagreaterextent(42%)whileLargecompaniesoptforClinicallaboratoryanddiagnosticservicesalongwithpatientrecruitmentarethetopdrugdevelopmentactivitieslikelytobeoutsourced,consistentwithfindingsfrom2024.InsightfrominterviewswithsponsorsInsightfrominterviewswithsponsorsRegardlessofsize,thetopclinicalcostofclinicaltrials,patientrecruitment,theregulatorylandscape,andincreasingtrialcomplexity.•SignificantlymoreLargecompaniesarechallengedbymacroenvironment/economicuncertaintyandfeasibility/siteselection,whilelackoffundingisabiggerproblemformoreSmall/Mid-sizeorganizations.YearoveryearNavigatingthechangingregulatorylandscapeisnowthirdin2025,upfrom11thinPharmaceuticalCompanies’BiggestChallenges(Challengesselectedby20%+amongTotalorwithsignificantsectordifferences*)TotalSmall/TotalRisingcostofclinicalRisingcostofclinicaltrials49%58%Patientrecruitmentinclinicaltrials39%mm33%44%Navigatingthechangingregulatorylandscape35%mm34%mm36%Increasingcomplexityofclinicaltrials31%mm33%29%^Macroenvironment/economicuncertaintymm27%mm34%B21%21%^CROpartnershipdynamicsmm27%mm26%27%^Managingmultipledrugdevelopmentvendors(CROs,CDMOs)23%20%26%Maximizingassetvalue/ROImm22%mm28%mm18%Elongatedstudystartuptimemm22%mm21%mm22%Findingappropriatescientific/therapeuticexpertiseinvendorsmm22%mm21%mm22%UsingAIinclinicaldevelopment21%mm28%mm17%Talent/staffshortagesmm21%20%21%21%Lackoffundingmm21%mmmm8%29%A21%Bmm13%8%Feasibilityand21%Bmm13%8%Lettersindicatestatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweengroupsatthe90%confidencelevelBase=allrespondents:Total:n=150;Large:n=61,Small/Mid:n=89Q.Whatarethebiggestchallengesyourorganizationiscurrentlyfacing?Pleaseselectyourtop5biggestchallenges.(^=addedin2025)=drawsattention*SeeAppendixforcompletedetailDeeperdive:ClinicaldeChangesinclinicaldevelopmenttimelines•Morethan40%ofsponsorsindicatetheirclinicaldevelopmenttimelinesarelongerthantheyweretwoyearsago.•LargesponsorsaremorelikelytohaveecyclesthantheirSmall/Mid-sizecounterparts.YearoveryearChangeinTimelinetoProduceaDrugComparedto2YearsAgoNote:Note:Nooneindicatedtheirtimelineshaveshortenedby24+monthsLengthenedby:S24+months12to23monthsLengthenedby:S24+months12to23months12to23months27%22%30%10%16%14%24+months38%B28%34%26%20%21%29%29%29%29%45%40%40%49%49%Lettersindicatestatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweengroupsatthe90%confidencelevelBase=allrespondents(excluding‘Notsure’)Total:n=140;Large:n=58,Small/Mid:n=82Q.Comparedtotwoyearsago,howhastheaveragetimelinetoproduceadrug(fromfirst-in-humantrialsthroughregulatorysubmission)changedatyourorganization?16Deeperdive:ClinicaldeReasonsforincreasingdrugdevelopmenttimelinesProtocolcomplexity,difficultieswithpatientrecruitment/enrollment,andregulatoryrequirements/submissionsarethetopfactorsresponsibleforlongerdrugdevelopmenttimelines.•Directionally,LargecompaniesaremorelikelytocsponsorsaremoreapttoindicateregulatoryrequirementFactorsResponsibleforLengtheningDrugDevelopmentTimTotalLarge(A)Small/Mid(B)60%50%40%30%20%10%0%PoorpatientretentionDifficultieswithpatientrecruitmentandenrollmentIPmanufacturing/supplyPoorpatientretentionDifficultieswithpatientrecruitmentandenrollmentIPmanufacturing/supplyissuesSupplychainorotherlogisticalissuesStudymodificationsSiteavailabilitySitesadoptingandmanagingmultipleRegulatoryrequirementsandsubmissionstechnologyplatforms=notablyhigher=notablyhigherthantheothersegmentBase=experiencinglongerdrugdevelopmenttimelinescomparedtotwoyearsago.Total:n=63;Large:n=23,Small/Mid:n=40Q.(NEW)Youindicatedthatdrugdevelopmenttimelinesarelengthening.What,inyourexperience,ismostresponsiblefordrivinglongertimelines?Pleaseselectuptotworesponses.TacticsusedtoreducedrugdevelopmenttimelinesImplementinginnovativetrialdesignsisthemostcommontacticforreducingdrugdevelopmenttimelinesforbothLargeandSmall/Mid-sizecompanies,followedbyincreasingoutsourcingandutilizingAI/ML.•Directionally,Small/Mid-sizesponsorsaremorelikelytoreduceprotocolcomplexitytoshortentimelinesthantheirLargecompanycounterparts.TakingStepsRegulaStepstoReduceDrugDevelopmentTakingStepsRegulaTotalLarge(A)Small/Mid(B)97%Averagenumberstrategies:2.62.52.697%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%Increasebudgets/incurhighercostsUtilizeAI/MLImplementinnovativeIncreasebudgets/incurhighercostsUtilizeAI/MLImplementinnovativetrialdesignsIncreaseoutsourcingReduceprotocolcomplexityUsemorecomplexprotocolsclinicaltrial=notablyhigherthantheothersegmentNostatisticallysignificantdifferencesbetweengroupsatthe90%confidencelevelBase=allrespondents:n=150;Large:n=61,Small=notablyhigherthantheothersegmentQ.(NEW)Whatstepsdoesyourorganizationregularlytaketoreducedrugdevelopmenttimelines?Pleaseselectallthatapply.Deeperdive:ClinicaltrialcomplexityDriversofincreasingclinicaltrialcomplexityOverall,trialcomplexityisdrivenequallybyinternalfactorsandregulatoryrequirements,butLargecompaniesputmoreweightoninternalconsiderationswhileSmall/Mid-sizeorganizationsassigngreaterweighttoregulato•Directionally,Small/Mid-sizesponsorsaremorelikelytoreduceprotocolcomplexitytoshortentimLargecompanycounterparts.PrimarySourcesDrivingtheIncreasingComplexityofClinicalTrialsTotalLarge(A)Small/Mid(B)60%50%40%30%20%10%0%InternalRegulatorybodiesCROsSitesOther(drugdevelopmentorganization)Lettersindicatestatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweengroupsatthe90%confidencelevelBase=allrespondents.Total:n=150;Large:n=61,Small/Mid:n=89Q.(NEW)Whatistheprimarysource,inyourexperience,drivingtheincreasingcomplexityofclinicaltrials?RationaleforcomplextrialdesignsThedecisiontouseamorecomplextrialdesignis•Regulatoryfeedbackandoveralltrialcostsaretopconsiderationswhendecidingtousemorecomplextrialdesigns,followedbypatientrecruitmentandretention,timetotrialcompletion,anddataquality/integrity.70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%FactorsConsideredWhenDecidingUseofMoreComplexTrialDesignsAveragenumberfactorsconsidered:5.25.45.0LargecompaniesaremorelikelythanSmall/Mid-sizesponsorstoconsiderfrequencyofprotocoldeviationsanddevelopment/lifecyclemanagementstrategies.InvestigatorandsitesatisfactionFrequencyofadverseeventsTimetotrialcompletionDataqualityandintegrityNumberInvestigatorandsitesatisfactionFrequencyofadverseeventsTimetotrialcompletionDataqualityandintegrityNumberofprotocolamendmentsOveralltrialcostcollection/evidenceneedsAdherencetotrialtimelinesPatientcomplianceandadherenceRegulatoryfeedbackPatientrecruitmentandretentionratesdeviationsmanagementstrategiesLettersindicatestatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweengroupsatthe90%confidencelevelBase=allrespondents(excludingNone/Notsure):n=143;Large:n=58,Small/Mid:n=85Q.(NEW)Whichofthefollowingfactorsareconsideredbyyourorganizationwhendecidingtousemorecomplextrialdesigns?Pleaseselectallthatapply.19Deeperdive:ClinicaltrialcomplexityBenefitsofcomplexclinicaltrialdesignsObtainingmorerobustorbetterdataoutcomesisthemostcommonlymentionedrationalethatmakescomplextrialdesignsworthwhile,followedbyreducedtimelinesandmoreopportunitiestogatherdata.•ComparedtotheirLargecounterparts,Small/Mid-sizecompaniesaresomewhatmoreinclinedtocitetheabilitytoaddressmorequestionsasafactorthatjustifiescomplexprotocols.JustificationFactors(numberofmentions)TotalLargeSmallMorerobust/betterdataoutcomes8Moreopportunitiestogatherdata9Improvedregulatorycomp8Abilitytoaddressmorequestionsaboutthedrug/indication45957“WewanttoensurethatwemaximizeopportunitiestocollectCurrentstrategiesEffortstomaximizeassetvalue,portfolioreprioritizationandvendorrationalizationaretopstrategiesusedbysponsors.•ManyLargecompaniesarealsoactivelyworkingonpatient-centricityandRWD/RWEinitiatives.•MaximizingassetvalueremainsthetopstrategicfocusforSmall/Mid-sizecompaniesandhasgrownfStrategiesCurrentlyPursuedbyPharmaceuticalCompaniesTotalLarge(A)Small/Mid(B)70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%Averagenumberstrategies70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%B23233BGreateruseofRWD/RWEStrategiestoreducesiteburdenEffortstomaximizeassetvalueRisk-basedcontractswithGreateruseofRWD/RWEStrategiestoreducesiteburdenEffortstomaximizeassetvalueRisk-basedcontractswithvendorsMergersandacquisitionsSustainabilityeffortsReprioritizationofproduct/assetportfolio^VendorrationalizationPatient-centricityPatientdiversityLettersindicatestatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweengroupsatthe90%confidencelevelBase=allrespondents(excludingNone/Notsure):n=148;Large:n=61,Small/Mid:n=87Q.Whichspecificstrategiesarebeingpursuedcurrentlybyyourorganization?Pleaseselectallthatapply.(^=addedin2025)=directionallyhigherthantheothersegmentYearoveryear20242025TotalLargeSmall/Mid42%47%38%29%33%26%Sustainabilityeffortshavealsodropped,mostnotablyamongM&AeffortsaredownamongStateoftheindustryIndustrydirectionrightdirection,asizeableminorityindicatetheyhaveconcerns.Innovation•Viewsaboutinnovationinthedrugdevelopmentindustryaremixed–althoughmostbelAgreementwithStatementsRegardingtheDrugDevelopmentIndustry口口Stronglyagree口口AgreeX%=Agree/StronglyAgreeIndustryIndustryDirection41%26%15%Innovation54%41%13%12%12%49%61%Base=allrespondents:n=150Q.(NEW)Howmuchdoyouagreeordisagreewitheachofthefollowingstatements?23%23%47%69%Competingpriorities:Timelinesvs.cost•Whilebothtimelineaccelerationandcostmanagementarehighorganizationalpriorities,acceleratingdevelopmenthastheedgewithnearlyhalfofparticipantsstronglyagreeingthisistheirProtocolcomplexity•Interestingly,altprotocolsaremorecomplexthannehalfalsoindicatecomplexproobjectives–indicatingthethornynatureofthisissue.AgreementwithStatementsRegardingtheDrugDevelopmentIndustry口口Stronglyagree口口AgreeX%=Agree/StronglyAgreeTimelinevsTimelinevsCost72%43%29%ProtocolComplexity71%53%18%47%47%37%84%Base=allrespondents:n=150Q.(NEW)Howmuchdoyouagreeordisagreewitheachofthefollowingstatements?26subsidiariesunlessotherwisespecified.22TStateoftheindustryPatientexperiencedata•Thereisbroadagreementthatpatientexperiencedataisessential.•WhilemanysponsorssomewhatcautiousabouttheimpactCROsmayhaveontheirinfluencewithintheircompanies.AgreementwithStatementsRegardingtheDrugDevelopmentIndustry口口Stronglyagree口口AgreeX%=Agree/StronglyAgreePatientPatientExperienceDatanotcriticaltoclinicaltrialsucce17%13%CROs37%27%9%31%31%51%82%Base=allrespondents:n=150Q.(NEW)Howmuchdoyouagreeordisagreewitheachofthefollowingstatements?11%11%36%47%ImpactofchangesinU.S.healthcarSponsorsanticipatethatmanaffecttheirdrugdevelopmentprograms.•Chiefamongtheirconcernsaretariffs,regulatorychanges,staffingattheFDA,NIHandCDC,andalterationstofederalgrantandloanprograms.ImpactofChangesinU.S.HealthCareSystemonCorporateDrugDevelopmentProgramsuVeryNegativeuSomewhatNegativeuNoImpactuSomewhatPositiveuVeryPositChangingU.S.regulaChangestoU.S.federalgrantandloanprogrStaffingchangesatNIH,CDCU.S.withdrawalfromtheWHORollingbackU.S.policiestolimitthecostofprescriptiondrugsChangestoU.S.vaccineandinfectiousdiseasepolicyIncreasedemphasisonchronicdiseaser0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Base=allrespondents.Total:n=150Q.(NEW)HowwillthefollowingchangesorproposedchangestotheUnitedStates’healthcaresystemimpactyourorganization’sdrugdevelopmentprograms?ImpactofchangesinU.S.healthcarAnticipationissimilaramongbothLargeandSmall/Mid-sizesponsorsthattariffs,U.S.regulatorycha•ThoseatLargecompaniesaremoreliresultofchangestovaccine/infectiousdiseasepolicy.ImpactofChangesinU.S.HealthCareSystemonCorporateDrugDevelopmentProgramsLarge(A)BChangingU.S.regulatoryChangestoU.S.fedeBARollingbackU.S.policiesChangestoU.S.vaccineandinfBIncreasedemphasisonchronicdisB0%20%40%60%80%100%0%20%40%60%80%100%Lettersindicatestatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweengroupsatthe90%confidencelevelBase=allrespondents.Large:n=61;Small/Mid-size:n=89Q.(NEW)HowwillthefollowingchangesorproposedchangestotheUnitedStates’healthcaresystemimpactyourorganization’sdrugdevelopmentprograms?25TPatientstrategygoalspatientparticipationarethetopgoalsofpatient-focusedstrategiesforbothLargeandSmall/Mid-sizecompanies.•Comparedto2024,somewhatfewerindicatethatstrengtheningrelationshipswithphysicianswhoservemorediversepatientsisakeygoalfortheirpatientYearoveryearKey:%Ranked#1%RankedTop3TotalGoalsofPatient-FocusedStrategiesSmall/Mid(B)33%58%36%52%31%62%15%53%18%51%13%55%15%52%15%56%15%49%Strengthenrelationshwhoservemoredive11%39%10%41%12%38%9%37%10%41%8%34%12%36%10%36%13%36%Strengthenconnectiontothec18%16%7%19%=drawsattentionImprovingpatientexperienceSponsorsindicatethatpatient-friendlytech/apps,reducingthenumberanddurationofvisits,andclearcommunicationareamongthemostimportantwaystoimprovepatients’experience.•ShorteningstudyvisitsisparticularlynotedbyLargecompaniesasimportant.MostImportantFactorstoImprovePatientExperienceUseofpatient-friendlytechnologyandapps35%32%36%30%38%B35%34%20%30%Facilitatingonlinepatientcommunities8%10%7%TotalLarge(A)Useofpatient-friendlytechnologyandapps35%32%36%30%38%B35%34%20%30%Facilitatingonlinepatientcommunities8%10%7%ReducingthenumberofrequiredclinicvisitsReducingthedurationofstudyvisits27%Clearcommunicationwithpatientsmm27%23%Remotevisitoptions25%mm30%22%Patientsupportand
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 苏州大学《现代文学》2025-2026学年期末试卷
- 太原科技大学《经济法学》2025-2026学年期末试卷
- 苏州城市学院《社会学概论》2025-2026学年期末试卷
- 沈阳师范大学《草坪学》2025-2026学年期末试卷
- 沈阳音乐学院《小学教育学》2025-2026学年期末试卷
- 沈阳体育学院《运动生理学》2025-2026学年期末试卷
- 沈阳医学院《马克思主义市场经济学》2025-2026学年期末试卷
- 上海音乐学院《社会调查》2025-2026学年期末试卷
- 石家庄人民医学高等专科学校《会计学》2025-2026学年期末试卷
- 上海应用技术大学《数值分析》2025-2026学年期末试卷
- GB/T 12144-2009氧化铽
- GA/T 1004-2012校车标志灯
- 浙江大学-傅琳-答辩通用PPT模板
- 移动变电站修理工艺规程
- 数学中考《四点共圆型考题》专题复习课件
- 机械原理课程设计-冲压机构及送料机构设计说明书
- 五年级上册心理健康教育课件-3记忆加油站|辽大版 (共12张PPT)
- LNG液化工艺(课堂PPT)课件(PPT 43页)
- 直接引语和间接引语(21张)ppt课件
- 重庆市律师服务收费管理办法
- 配电网工程典型设计10kV电缆分册参考模板
评论
0/150
提交评论