2026届高三英语二轮复习讲义：第2部分　阅读能力突破篇　专题1　阅读理解　类型2　体裁破解　第4讲　议论文

第4讲议论文议论文，也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。文章主要是中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题，作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等手法，大多以“总—分—总”的结构行文，即“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证，其目的是说服他人、宣扬观点，或者说服读者接受某种意见或采取某种行动。●辨明题类议论文阅读理解难度相对比较大，命题角度多样化，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题都有可能出现。因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，把握作者最后得出的结论。●技法点拨研读首段，确定论点：议论文的主旨，即论点往往在首段，尤其是首段中有however，but等转折词时，其后的内容便是论点。细读中间段，把握论证方式：中间段是文章的主体部分，即论证部分，作者会用两个或两个以上的段落通过举例、引用、对比、列数字、引用事实和理论等进行论证，这一部分往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应。关注尾段，理解结论：尾段是结论部分，要弄清楚作者所得出的结论。●真题体验(2025·全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C)Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrian(行人)mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere'stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.DutchauthorsThaliaVerkadeandMarcoteBrömmelstroetarebotheredbyfactslikethese.IntheirnewbookMovement：HowtoTakeBackOurStreetsandTransformOurLives,theycallforarethinkofourstreetsandtheroletheyplayinourlives.Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfornewroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somecommunitiesfoughtback.Mostfamously,aCanadianjournalistwhohadmovedherfamilytoManhattanintheearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofherlocalpark.Describingheralarmatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor(市长)tochampion“NewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjustrushthrough”．SimilarcampaignsoccurredinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970saswell.Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.InAustraliawenowhaveovertwentymillioncarsforjustovertwenty-sixmillionpeople,amongthehighestrateofcarownershipintheworld.Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountforthetruecosts.Dowereallyrecognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan'tmovesafelyaroundourcommunities？TheauthorsofMovementhaveitright：it'stimetothinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor.28．Whatphenomenondoestheauthorpointoutinparagraph1?A．Carsoftengetstuckontheroad. B．Trafficaccidentsoccurfrequently.C．Peoplewalklessanddrivemore. D．Pedestriansfailtofollowtherules.29．WhatweretheCanadianjournalistandothercampaignerstryingtodo?A．Keeptheircitieslivable. B．Promoteculturaldiversity.C．Helptheneedyfamilies. D．Makeexpresswaysaccessible.30．WhatcanbeinferredaboutthecampaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s?A．Theyboostedthesalesofcars. B．Theyturnedoutlargelyineffective.C．Theywongovernmentsupport. D．Theyadvocatedbuildingnewparks.31．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhytheRush? B．What'sNext?C．WheretoStay? D．WhotoBlame?【解题示范】第一步：浏览全文，把握主旨大意：文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。第二步：细审题干，定位原文：第28小题：根据题干主要信息paragraph1，定位到文章的第一段。第29小题：根据题干信息theCanadianjournalistandothercampaigners，定位到文章的第三段。第30小题：根据题干信息campaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s，定位到文章的倒数第二段。第31小题：根据题干信息suitabletitle，定位到文章的最后一段并结合全文内容。第三步：仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。在文中找到信息区间后，再仔细对比各选项，确定答案。28．细节理解题。根据第一段“Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrian(行人)mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere'stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。29．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Mostfamously,aCanadianjournalistwhohadmovedherfamilytoManhattanintheearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofherlocalpark.Describingheralarmatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor(市长)tochampion‘NewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjustrushthrough’．”可知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。30．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.”可知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。31．标题归纳题。通读全文，并根据最后一段中“Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountforthetruecosts.Dowereallyrecognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan'tmovesafelyaroundourcommunities？”可知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“WhytheRush？”质问“rushthrough”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。A(2025·吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州高三一模)MosthaveprobablyheardofHenryDavidThoreauandhisbookWalden,eventhoughhismessageofsimplicitymaysoundoutdated.Nowadays,smartphonesflooduswithtextmessages.Manyconsumersarebuyingthelatestdigitaldevices,fromtabletsandfitnesstrackerstocommercialdrones.Simplelivingseemstobeathingofthepast.Thoreauwouldbegtodiffer.Asawriterwhoadvocatedthevalueofsimplicityalmosttwocenturiesago,hewasacontrarian(叛逆者)forhistime.HelivedduringtheheightoftheIndustrialAge,distinguishedbytheriseoflargefactories,expandingurbandevelopments,andpowerfulmachines.Turnedoffbytheconstantbusynessofthistime,Thoreauwithdrewfromcitylifetolivealoneinthewoods.HebroughtwithhimonlythenecessitiesoflifeandwroteaboutthisadventureinhisbookWalden.Inthebook,Thoreauisbasicallymakingaphilosophicalstatement.Wearenotlivingmeaningfullivesduetomoderntechnology.Wecreatedpowerfulmachinestomakelifemoreconvenient.Unfortunately,thesemachineshavedonetheopposite.Inhiswords,“menhavebecomethetoolsoftheirtools”．Thatistosay,wearenottheonescontrollingtechnology.Technologyiscontrollingus.Everyfewminutes,smartphonesmaydistractuswithmessages.AtleasthalfofAmericanschecktheirphonesseveraltimesanhour.Meanwhile,informationoverloadfromsocialmediacanweakenourconcentrationandheightenconfusion.Whentechnologycausesthatmuchdistractionandconfusion,itmaybehealthytosimplifylifebyreducingtechnologyoveruse.Personally,I'vedonesointwoways.First,Iuseverylittledataonmyphoneandkeeptheappsonittoaminimum.Mosttime,Ionlyusemyphonetocallortext.Second,Iquitmostsocialmedia.Sure,thosetwothingsaren'tasextremeasThoreauwithdrawingintothewoods.Nevertheless,they'rerealisticmovesIcanmaketowardlivingamoremeaningfullife.1．WhydoestheauthorrefertoThoreau'sbookWaldeninParagraph1?A．TotellthecharactersofThoreau. B．Toattractmoreconsumers.C．Tobringintheconceptofsimplelife. D．Todiscusstheadvantageofsmartphones.2．WhatmightdriveThoreautoliveinthewoods?A．Thepurposetokeepfit. B．Hisplanofwritingabook.C．Thepaceofhistime. D．Hisworryabouttechnology.3．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetoThoreau'swords“menhavebecomethetoolsoftheirtools”？A．Tolerant. B．Doubtful.C．Approving. D．Critical.4．Whatistheauthor'smainargumentinthistext?A．Moderntechnologyimprovesourlives. B．Simplicityinawayhelpsliveameaningfullife.C．Weshouldwithdrawfrommodernsociety. D．Powerfulmachinesarenecessaryforprogress.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了梭罗的简单生活理念及其对现代生活的启示。1．C写作意图题。由第一段内容可知，作者提到梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》是为了引出简单生活的概念。2．C细节理解题。由第三段中“Turnedoffbytheconstantbusynessofthistime,Thoreauwithdrewfromcitylifetolivealoneinthewoods.”可知，他的时间节奏促使梭罗住在树林里。3．C观点态度题。由第四段内容可知，作者认同梭罗的观点，即人们已成为自己创造的工具的奴隶，技术正在控制我们。4．B文章大意题。通读全文，尤其是由第一段中“Manyconsumersarebuyingthelatestdigitaldevices,fromtabletsandfitnesstrackerstocommercialdrones.Simplelivingseemstobeathingofthepast.”和最后一段“Whentechnologycausesthatmuchdistractionandconfusion,itmaybehealthytosimplifylifebyreducingtechnologyoveruse.”可知，作者的主要论点是简化生活在一定程度上有助于过上更有意义的生活。B(2025·浙江省嘉兴市高三二模)The18thcenturyGermanphilosopherImmanuelKantlivedveryfirmlyinaworldoftime.HewassostrictaboutroutinethathisfellowcitizensofKocnigsbergcouldsettheirwatchesbyhisafternoonwalk.However,inhisphilosophicalwork,Kantwasdoubtfulabouttime.Hebelievedtimeiscreatedbythehumanmind.Outtherebeyondourminds,thereisnotime.It'ssimplya“category”ofourmindsthathelpsustoperceiveobjectsandorderourexperience.Theflexibilityofourtimeperception(感知)supportsKant'sdoubt.Weallknowtimeisnotafixedphenomenonbutseemstopassatdifferentspeedsindifferentsituations.Forexample,itseemstogoslowlywhenwetraveltounfamiliarplaces,orwhenweareboredorinpain.Itseemstospeedupwhenwe'reabsorbed,suchaswhenweplaymusicorpaint.Ourperceptionoftimecanchangeinadramaticway.Perhaps,atleastonceinyourlife,you'vehadwhatiscalleda“TimeExpansionExperience(TEE)”，whensecondshavestretchedoutintominutes.TEEshappenmostfrequentlyinaccidentswhereperceptionbecomesmoreintensethannormalandthuspeoplenoticemoredetails.Inaccidentsituations,peopleareoftensurprisedbytheamountoftimetheyhavetothinkandact.Infact,manypeopleareconvincedthattimeexpansionsparedthemfromtheirseriousinjury,orevendeath.Forexample,awomanwhoreportedaTEEinwhichsheavoidedametalbarrierfallingontohercarsaid,“Formetheslowingdownofthemomentallowedmetodecidehowtoescapethefallingmetalonus.”AllofthissuggeststhatKantwasright.Perhapsthereasonwhytimeisvariableisthatitdoesn'treallyexist—atleast,outsideourminds.Thereisnoobjectivetimeoutthereintheuniverse.Whatweexperienceastimeisfiltered(过滤)throughourminds,andsovariesaccordingtoourstateofmind.5．WhichofthefollowingwouldImmanuelKantapproveof?A．Timeisabasicqualityoftheworld. B．Timeisarecordofhumanexperience.C．Timeisasituationmeasuredbydailyroutine. D．Timeisamentalconceptgeneratedbyhumans.6．Whatisthemainideaofparagraph2?A．Timeprogressesataconstantspeed. B．Fullattentionaffectspeople'ssenseoftime.C．Timeperceptionvariesdependingoncontext. D．Peoplefeeltimeslowsdownonspecialoccasions.7．WhatdopeoplethinkofTEEsinaccidents?A．Inspiring. B．Beneficial.C．Temporary. D．Painful.8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheSecretofTime：AStateofMind B．TimeExpansion：RealorImaginary?C．TimePerception：APhilosophicalExploration D．TheClockworkoftheMind：HowtoMeasureTime?【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了康德的时间主观性理论及人类时间感知的弹性现象。5．D细节理解题。根据第一段“Hebelievedtimeiscreatedbythehumanmind.Outtherebeyondourminds,thereisnotime.It'ssimplya‘category’ofourmindsthathelpsustoperceiveobjectsandorderourexperience.”可知，康德相信时间是由人类的思想创造的。在我们的意识之外，没有时间。6．C段落大意题。根据第二段“Theflexibilityofourtimeperception(感知)supportsKant'sdoubt.Weallknowtimeisnotafixedphenomenonbutseemstopassatdifferentspeedsindifferentsituations.Forexample,itseemstogoslowlywhenwetraveltounfamiliarplaces,orwhenweareboredorinpain.Itseemstospeedupwhenwe'reabsorbed,suchaswhenweplaymusicorpaint.”可知，该段主要讲时间感知因情境而异。7．B推理判断题。根据第四段可知，人们认为在事故中的时间膨胀体验是有益的。8．A标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段中“Whatweexperienceastimeisfiltered(过滤)throughourminds,andsovariesaccordingtoourstateofmind.”可知，文章开篇介绍康德认为时间是由人类思维创造的，接着通过讲述时间感知的灵活性以及时间膨胀体验等内容，说明了时间是因我们的精神状态而变化的，所以选项A“时间的秘密：一种精神状态”能很好地概括文章主旨。C(2025·江西省新余市高三一模)Areyoualogicalthinker,orwouldyousaythatyou'remorefree-spiritedandartistic？Ifyou'retheformer,somebody'sprobablytoldyouatsomepointthatyou'realeft-brainedperson,andifyou'rethelatter,right-brained.Theideathattherighthalfofthebrainisthecreativehalfandthelefthalfistheanalyticalhalfandthatourindividualcharacteristicsaredeterminedbywhichhalfisdominantiswidespreadinpopularpsychology.However,thisideaisafiction.Althoughweallobviouslyhavedifferentpersonalitiesandtalents,there'snoreasontobelievethesedifferencescanbeexplainedbythedominanceofonehalfofthebrainovertheotherhalf.Recentresearchusingbrainimagingtechnologyhasn'tfoundanyevidenceofhemispheric(脑半球的)dominance.Math,forexample,requireslogicalthoughtand,thus,isgenerallysaidtobeconnectedwiththeleftbrain.Butmathematicsinvolvesahighlycreativeeffortinadditiontobeingalogicalone.Sowouldagiftedmathematicianbearight-brainedoraleft-brainedperson?Ifthere'snoevidenceforthefictionofright-brainedandleft-brainedpeople,whydosomanypeopleacceptit？Perhapsitjustmakesintuitive(直觉的)sensethatpeople'sbrainswouldbedominantononesideortheotherjustastheirhands,feet,oreyesare.Itmayalsohavesomethingtodowithourseeminglyunlimitedappetitethatallowsustosortourselves(andourfriends)into“types”basedonouremotionalandintellectualcharacteristics.Whenpeopleareofferedgeneraldescriptivestatementsthatarepresentedasindividualizeddescriptionsoftheirownpersonalities,theytendtoacceptthemasmeaningfulandtrue,especiallyifthestatementsarepositive.The“insights”theygeneratearebothuniversalandcongenial.Afterall,whowouldrejectadescriptionofthemselvesas“artisticandcreative”or“reasonableandanalytical”？Thefictionispopular,intheend,becauseitgivesusa“scientific”waytotalkaboutourfavoritesubject—ourselves.9．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Afree-spiritedartistisaright-handedperson.B．Thelefthalfofthebraindealswithanalyticalwork.C．Differentpersonalitiesaredeterminedbythebrain.D．Theideaofwhichhalfofthebrainisdominantisafiction.10．Whichisapossiblereasonforpeoplebelievingleft-brainedorright-braineddominance?A．Rolesofdifferentbrainregions. B．Distinctionsbetweendifferentpeople.C．Thetendencytoclassifypeople. D．Theconclusionfromdailyphenomena.11．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“congenial”meaninthelastparagraph?A．Reasonable. B．Accurate.C．Random. D．Pleasing.12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．TheScienceofDifferentPersonalities B．TheTruthBehindHemisphericDominanceC．LinksBetweentheBrainandCharacters D．WaystoTellRight-brainedandLeft-brainedPeople【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要驳斥了关于左脑型人和右脑型人这种流行观念，并解释了为什么人们会相信这一观念。9．D推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Althoughweallobviouslyhavedifferentpersonalitiesandtalents,there'snoreasontobelievethesedifferencescanbeexplainedbythedominanceofonehalfofthebrainovertheotherhalf.Recentresearchusingbrainimagingtechnologyhasn'tfoundanyevidenceofhemispheric(脑半球的)dominance.”可知，哪个半脑占主导地位的观点是虚构的，没有根据的。10．C推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Itmayalsohavesomethingtodowithourseeminglyunlimitedappetitethatallowsustosortourselves(andourfriends)into‘types’basedonouremotionalandintellectualcharacteristics.”可知，人们相信这一错误的观念可能是因为我们倾向于将自己和他人分类。11．D词句猜测题。根据画线词前“Whenpeopleareofferedgeneraldescriptivestatementsthatarepresentedasindividualizeddescriptionsoftheirownpersonalities,theytendtoacceptthemasmeaningfulandtrue,especiallyifthestatementsarepositive.”可知，画线词所在句与上文呼应，“general”对应“universal”，“positive”对应“congenial”。画线词后提到谁会拒绝将自己描述为“有艺术性和创造力”或“理性且具分析力”呢。综合以上分析可知，“congenial”应指人们不会拒绝的且令人高兴的。12．B标题归纳题。第一段通过提问引入广泛流行的观点，即大脑的左右半球分别主导分析性和创造性思维，性格由优势半脑决定，并指出这是一个虚构的说法；第二段引用最近的脑成像技术研究并以数学为例驳斥这种流行观点；第三段解释这种流行观点被广泛接受的原因；第四段阐述人们接受该观点的心理机制。综合各段大意可知，B项“TheTruthBehindHemisphericDominance”既暗含对左右脑主导不同思维这一观点的否定，又能包含对此的一种解释，概括了文章大意，适合作文章标题。D(2025·湖北省武汉市高三五月模拟训练)It'sbeenquiteawhilesincetheworldsawexactlyhowdeadlythesedeep-seavoyagescanbe.OnJune18,2023,theprivatesubmersible(潜水船)TitancarriedfivemenonamissiontoviewtheremainsoftheTitanic,whichisabout400milesoffthecoastofNewfoundland.Thedivewasexpectedtotakeafewhoursandreachadepthofmorethan12,000feet.But105minutesaftertheTitanwentdownbelowthewaves,itlostcontact.TheU.S.andCanadianCoastGuardsandtheU.S.Navywerecalledinforadesperatesearchtorescuethepassengers,onlytodiscovertheTitanhadcollapsedinwardwithnosurvivors.Thedisasterdominatedglobalnewsforweeks,touchingoffdebates：Arehuman-leddeep-seamissionsworththeirrisksandcosts?Onsocialmedia,someexpressedsympathy,whileothersopposedtheeffort.Criticslabeledthepassengers“risk-takers”or“senseless”andjournalistsstronglycriticisedthemediafocusonwealthyexplorersinsteadof700drownedvictimsintheAegeanSea.Theobloquycontinuestoday—I'vebeentargetedmyself.Foradecade,I'vesupportedunderseaexploration,arguingitsimportance.Criticsobjectthatremotelyoperatedmachinesmakehumanmissionsunnecessary.Whydivedeepwhenwecanstudyhiddensecretsinhigh-definitionfromsafeoffices?YetIdefendhumanity'sdrivetoexplore—thehands-on,unpredictablepursuitthatsentustothemoonandacrossoceans.Withoutsuchexploration,scientistscan'tconfirmtheories;norcanjournalistssharerealstories.Throughmanyattemptsandmistakes,I'velearned：Totrulydescribeasubject,youmustencounterit.Discoveryrequiresbeingpresent.Thepathtoknowledgeischallenging,filledwithsetbacksandfailures.It'scostlyandoftenunrewarding,butthat'sexactlywhyitmatters.Tryingvariousapproaches—evenfollowinguncertainclues—iscrucialtodiscovery.Welosesomethingvitalifweabandonthecouragetogodeep.13．W