法律英语名词解释

A:1acquittal宣告无罪Thelegalcertification,usu.byjuryverdictthatanaccusedpersonisnotguiltyofthechargedoffense.2.authority法源Alegalwritingtakenasdefinitiveordecisive,esp.ajudicialoradministrativedecisioncitedasaprecedent.3ALIamericanlawinstitute美国法学会Anorganizationoflawyers,judges,andlegalscholarswhopromoteaonsistencyandsincplificationofamericanlawbypublishingrestatement,aswellaspromotingcontinuinglegaleducation.4,.articleofincorporation公司章程Adocumentthatsetforththebasictermsofacorporation'sexistence,includingthenumberandclassesofsharesandthepurposesanddurationsofthecorporation.C:1.criminallaw刑法Thebodyoflawdefiningoffensesagainstthecommunityatlargeregulatinghowsuspectsareinvestigated,chargedandtriedandestablishingpunishmentforconvictedoffenders.2.crime犯罪Asocialharmthatthelawmakespunishable,thebreachofalegaldutytreatedasthesubject-matterofacriminalproceeding.3.criminalprocedure刑事诉讼程序Therulesgoverningthemechanismsunderwhichcrimesareinvestigated,prosecuted，adjudicated,andpunishment.4.civilrights民权Theindividualrightsofpersonallibertybybillofrightsand13th,14th,15thand19thamendment,aswellasbylegislationsuchasthevotingrightact.5.civil-rightsact民权法案Oneofseveralfederalstatutesenactedafterthecivilwarandmuchlaterduringandaftercivil-rightsmovementsofthe1950sand1960s,andintendedtoimplementandgivefurtherforcetothebasicrightsguaranteedbyconstitutionandesp.prohibitingdiscriminationinemployment,andeducationonthebasisofrace,sex,religion,colororrage.6.civilaction民事诉讼Anactionbroughttoenforceredressorprotectaprivateorcivilrights,anon-criminallitigation.7.contract合同Anagreementbetweentwoormorepartiescreatingobligationsthatareenforcebleorotherwiserecognizableatmunityproperty共同财产权Propertyownedincommonbyhusbandandwifeasaresultofitshavingbeenacquiredthemarriagebymeansotherthananinheritanceoragifttoonespouse,eachspouseholdingaone-halfinterestsintheproperty.9.corporation公司AnentityhavingauthorityunderlawtoactasasinglepersondistinctfromtheshareholderswhoownitandhavingrightstoissuestockandexistindefinitelyD:1.damages损害赔偿金Moneyclaimedby,ororderedtobepaidto,apersonascompensationtorlossorinjury.2.dutyofcare注意义务Intorts,italsotermedduty,alegalrelationshiparisingfromastandardofcare,theviolationofwhichsubjectstheactortoliability.3.doctrineofresipsaloquacious不言自明原则Thedoctrineprovidingthatinsomecircumstance,themereactsofanaccidentsoccurrenceraisesaninferenceofnegligencrsoastoestablishaprimefaciecase.4.director董事长Apersonappointedorelectedtositonaboardthatmanagesthataffairsofacorporationorcompanybyelectinganderercisingcontroloveritsofficers.E:1.EEOCEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission平等工作机会委员会Afederalagencycreatedundercivilrightsactof1964totheenddiscriminationemploymentpracticeandtopromotenondiscriminatoryemploymentprograms.2.easement通行权地役权Aninterestinlandownedbyanotherperson,consistingintherighttouseorcontraltheland,oranareaaboveorbelowit,foraspecificlimitedpurpose.F:1.fraud欺诈Unconscionabledealingesp.incontractlaw,theunconsciontioususeofthepowerarisingoutofthepartiesrelativepositionsandresultinginanunconscionablebargain.2.foreclosure丧失赎回权Alegalproceedingtoterminateamortgagor'sinterestinproperty,institutedbythelender,eithertogaintitleortoforceasaleinordertosatisfytheunpaiddebtsecuredbytheproperty.3.federalantitrustact联邦反托拉斯法Thebodyoflawdesignedtoprotecttradeandcommencefromrestrains,monopolieprice-fixingandpricediscrimination.4.frustration合同落空Thedoctrinethatiftheentireperformanceofacontractbecomesfundamentallychangedwithoutanyfaultbyeitherparty,thecontractisconsideredterminatedforce.I:1.insanitydefense以精神病作辩护Anaffirmativedefenseallegingthatamentaldisordercausedtocommitthecrime2.imprisonment监禁incarcerationTheactofconfiningapersonesp.inaprison.theactorprocessofconfiningsomeone.J:1.jury陪审团Agroupofpersonsselectedaccordingtolawandgiventhepowertodecidequestionsofactandreturnaverdictinthecasesubmittedtothem.2.joint-venturecorporation合营公司Acorporationthathasjoinedwithoneormoreindividualsorcorporationtoaccomplishmorespecifiedproject.M,N,O:.manslaughter非预谋杀人过失杀人Theunlawfulkillingofhumanbeingwithoutmaliceandaforethought.mistake重大误解Thesituationinwhichthepartiestoacontractdidnotmeanthingorwhenoneorboth,whilemeaningthesamething,formeduntrueconclusionsaboutthesubjectmatterofthecontractasaresultofwhichthecontractmayberenderedvoid.misrepresentation虚假陈述Theactofmakingafalseormisleadingstatementaboutsth.usu.withtheintendtodeceive.mislaidproperty错置财产Propertythathasbeenvoluntarilyrelinquishedbytheownerwithanintendtorecoveritlaterbutthatcannotnowbefound.nuisance妨害行为Aconditionorsituationthatinterfereswiththeuseorenjoymentofpropertyliabilitymightormightnotarisefromtheconditionorsituation.ordinance法令Anauthoritativelawordecree,esp.amunicipalregulation.municipalgovernmentscanpassordinancesonmattersthatthestategovernmentsallowstoberegulatedatthelocallevel.ownership所有权Thecllectionofrightsallowingonetouse,possessandenjoyproperty,includingtherightstoconveyittoothers.S:self-defense正当防卫Theuseofforcetoprotectoneself,one'sfamily,orone'spropertyfromarealorthreatenedattack.generallyspeakingapersonisjustifiedinusingareasonableamountofforceinself-defenseifheorshebelievethatthedangerorbodilyharm.sanction制裁punishmentApenalltyorcoercivemeasurethatresultsfromfailuretocomplywithalaw,rule,ororder.sentence宣判Thejudgementthatacourtformallypronouncesafterfindingacriminaldefendantguiltythepunishmentimposedonacriminalwrongdoer.summaryjudgement简易审判Ajudgementgrantedonaclaimaboutwhichthereisnogenuineissueofmaterialfactanduponwhichthemoionisentitledtoprevailasamatteroflaw.secondaryauthority次要法源Authoritythatexplainthelawbutdoesnotitselfestablishit,suchasatreatise,annotationorlaw-viewarticle.staredecisis遵循先例原则Latintostandbythingsdecidedthedoctrineofprecedent,underwhichitisnecessaryforacounttofollowearlierjudicialdecisionwhenthesamepointsariseagaininlitigation.subsidiarycorporation子公司Acorporationinwhichaparentcorporationhasacontrollingshare.shellcorporation空壳公司Acorporationthathasnoactivebusinessandusu.existsonlyinnameasavehicleforanothercompany'sbusinessoperations.shareholder股东Onewhoownsorholdsashareinacompany,esp.acorporation.alsotermedshareownerorstockholder.security证券Aninstrumentthatevidencestheholdersownershiprightsinafirm,theholder'screditorrelationshipwithafirmorgovernmentortheotherrights.securityandexchangecommission证券交易委员会Thefederalagencytheregulatestheissuanceandtradingofsecuritiesinanefforttoprotectinvestoragainstfraudulentorunfairpractices.securityexchangeactof1934证券交易条例Thefederallawregulatingthepublictradingofsecurities,whichprovidesfortheregistrationandsupervisionofsecuritiesexchangesandbrokersandregulatesproxysolicitations.P:provocation挑衅刺激Somethingthatarousesangeroranimoityinanotherthatpersontorespondintheheatofpassion.primaryauthority首要法源Authoritythatissuesdirectlyfromalawmakingbody,legisationandthereportsoflitegatedcases.persuasiveauthority劝导性法源Authoritythatcarriessomeweightbutisnotbindingonacourt.pledge保证，抵押Abailmentorotherdepositofpersonalpropertytoacreditorassecurityforadebtorobligation.parentcorporation母公司Acorporationthathasacontrollinginterestinanothercorporationusu.throughownershipofmorethanone-halfthevotingstock.partnership合伙企业Avoluntaryassociationoftwoormorepersonswhojoinlyownandcarryonabusinessforprofit.quantummeruit无合同约定时的合理给付Thereasonablevalueofservicesdamagesawardedinanamount,considerdedreasonabletocompensateapersonwhohasrenderedservicesinaquasi-contractualrelationship.R:restatement重述Oneofseveralinfluentialtreatises,publishedbyamericanlawinstitute,describingthelawinagivenareaandguidingitsdevelopment.remedy救济Themeansofenforcingarightorpreventingorread