研究生英语综合教程

高等院校研究生英语系列教材综合教程（上）INTEGRATEDCOURSE2UNIT2ARTOFTHETABLEObjectivesofUnit2TounderstandculinarydelightsinChina（中国美食）inReadingFocus.TointroducesomeChinesedishesandtellthestoriesabouttheirnames.TounderstandFrenchcuisines[kwɪˈzi:n]美食andthefactorsthatcausedthedeclineofFrenchcuisineinReadingMore.Totranslateattributiveclauses(2).Tograspsomeimportantwordsandphrases,includingtheonesofChinesedietaryculture.Chinesecuisine（中国美食）

originatedfromvariousregionsofChinaandhasbecomewidespreadinmanypartsoftheworld.TherearegreatculturaldifferencesamongthedifferentregionsofChina,givingrisetothedifferentstylesoffood.Traditionally,thereare

eightmainregionalcuisinesorEightCuisines(八大菜系）comingfromAnhui（徽）,Guangdong(粤）,Fujian（闽）,Hunan（湘）,Jiangsu（苏）,Shandong（鲁）,Sichuan（川）andZhejiang（浙）provinces.TakeSichuancuisineasanexample,weusemanyspices（调味品）,forexample,Chinesepricklyashseeds(花椒）andchilipepper/powder（辣椒粉）tomakedishesveryspicy（香辣的）andflavorful.

StartingoutChinesespices调味品CookingwineVinegar

SoysauceChilipepper/powderPricklyashseed

Sesame[ˈsesəmi]

oil…料酒醋酱油辣椒粉花椒香油…Chinesecookingmethodsboilsteam

fryfryfrystew（文火炖）

braise（炖，焖）simmer（慢慢煮，煨）煮蒸煎炒炸炖Chinesecookingmethodsbraise,stew,simmer的区别：braise炖，用于大块食材，

液体不完全cover。例如：红烧蹄膀/肘子braisedtendon[ˈtendən]withbrownsaucestew文火炖，跟braise接近，

食材小，液体全cover。例如：红烧肉stewedporkwithbrownsaucesimmer煨1.慢慢地沸腾，使（液体）的温度维持在沸点或稍低于沸点的温度;

2.

用在熬汤，就是用汤在煮食材，把食材的味道熬进汤里。烧饼Clayovenrolls/sesameseedcake

TraditionalChineseFood

油条Friedbreadstick

TraditionalChineseFood豆浆Soybeanmilk

TraditionalChineseFood臭豆腐Stinky（smelly）tofu

TraditionalChineseFood火锅Hotpot

TraditionalChineseFood皮蛋lime-preservedegg/Chinesepreservedegg/preservedduckegg

TraditionalChineseFood饺子boileddumpling包子steameddumplingTraditionalChineseFoodHowisitprepared?Procedure:

Thecorrectorder?A.RolldoughintoroundpiecesofwrappingB.Boil,steam,fry…C.Kneaddough[dəʊ]（揉面）D.Wrapfillings

upE.Putmeatoreggs,vegetablesandspicestogetherOrder:C-E-A-D-BCulinaryDelightsinChinaReadingFocusReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstanding2LocalChinesecuisines3Everydishhasastory4Warmthandhospitalityexpressedbyfood(Paras.2-5)(Paras.6-11)(Paras.12-15)①Introduction(Para.1):popularityGroupDiscussion

andReportG1--paras.2&3G2--paras.4&5G3--paras.6&7G4--para.8G5--para.9G6--paras.10&11G7--paras.12-14G8--para.15Task1:summarizethemainideaofeachparagraph.Task2:explainatleast2keywordsandexpressionsforeachparagraph.Task3:translateorparaphrase2longanddifficultsentences.LocalChinesecuisinesSichuancuisine:__________________________________________________________theuseofChinesepricklyashseedsandotherspiceslikechilipepper

ReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingdeliciousyeteconomicalfamous

foritsspicyandhotfoodReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingowncharacteristicsthathasexertedafar-reachinginfluenceonotherpartsofChinaandtheworlditsseafoodaswellasforitsoriginality

andrefinedcookingprocessesofferingvarioussoupsLocalChinesecuisinesReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandinglightandexquisitewiththerefreshingflavorsofnatureLocalChinesecuisines驴打滚儿GlutinousRiceRollsStuffedwithRedBeanPaste（红豆馅的糯米卷）

四喜丸子BraisedPorkBallsinGravy（肉汁焖丸子)麻婆豆腐MapoTofu(Stir-FriedTofuinHotSauce)(用辣酱煸炒的豆腐）驴打滚儿Rollingdonkey(翻滚的毛驴)四喜丸子Fourgladmeatballs（四个高兴的肉团）麻婆豆腐Beancurdmadebyapock-markedwoman

（麻脸的女人做的豆腐)RightWrongEverydishhasastoryReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingfirstsoldinTianjinabout

150yearsagosopopularthattheownerhadnotimetoanswerhiscustomersThisdishwasnamedafterSuDongpoHerewardedworkerswithstewedporkinsoysauceEverydishhasastoryReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingGatheringSpringGardeninFuzhou,Fujian,duringthereignofQingEmperorGuangxu.withmorethan20mainingredientsApoetwroteapoemforthedishWarmthandhospitalityexpressedbyfoodReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingsitinorderofseniorityselectfoodfortheyoungandtheyoungmaketoaststotheeldersapportionsthedishestotreatgueststakesintoconsiderationtheneedsofthegroupReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingJiaozifortheSpringFestivalYuanxiaofortheLanternFestivalZongziforDuanwuFestivalWarmthandhospitalityexpressedbyfoodAssignment1.Learntheimportantwordsandphrasesbyheart.2.FinishtheexercisesafterReadingFocus.3.ReadthepassageofReadingMorebyyourself.4.Groupwork:GetreadyfortheRole-playonP62.AR_UsefulExpressions1UsefulExpressions

2.

以...而闻名/驰名3.

区分befamousfordistinguish...from...exertaninfluenceon...betypicalof...6.

可以得到haveaccessto...7.

闹笑话，出丑makeafoolofoneself4.

对...产生影响1.

被誉为...5.

是...的代表beknownasAR_UsefulExpressions1UsefulExpressions

9.

老字号10.

以...的名字命名time-cherishedbrandnamebenamedafterinchargeofintheeyesof13.

向...敬酒maketoaststo14.

告别bidfarewellto11.

负责8.

跟上12.

在...看来keepupwithTask2Choosethesentencethatbestexpressesthemeaningofthesentencefromthetext.(P43)

ReadingFocus

–DetailedInformationKey1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-CDABDBBDABFinalProjectRole-play

Supposeyouarenewtothecitywhereyouwillbepursuingyourmaster’sdegree.Yougotoaveryfamouslocalrestaurantandaskthewaiterorwaitresstorecommendsomelocalspecialtiesforyou.Yourpartnerwillplaytheroleofawaiterorwaitresswhotriestopresentasmanydetailsofthespecialtytoyouaspossible,rangingfromtheingredientstotheflavor.WordsandExpressionsyoumayuse:clear,light,crisp,fresh,tender,soft,smooth,sweet,heavy,greasy油腻的,spicy,thickroast,stir-fry,sauté[səutei]用少量油煎（或炒）,deep-fry油炸,braise,stew,steam,simmer,fry,boilchoiceseafood,carefulselectionofingredients,sauceandseasoning,naturalflavor,artisticpresentation,delicatecarvingtechniqueWhatspecialtywouldyourecommend?Iwaswonderingif…I’minterestedinknowingabouttheingredients.Howisitprepared?FinalProjectModelRolePlayA:Iamwonderingwhetherthereareanylocalspecialtiesinyourrestaurantornot?B:OurrestaurantspecializesinlocalspecialtiesandI'dliketorecommendyouoneofthemostpopularspecialtieshere.A:Whatisit?B:DongpoMeat.A:Howisitprepared?Doesittastedifferent?B:Itispreparedoveraslowfirewherethebigchunksofporkarebraisedwithgreenonion大葱,ginger,cookingwine,soysauce,andsugar.Thefinisheddishisbrightredincolorandthemeatistenderandjuicyandnotatallgreasy.A:Soundsgorgeous.IsitnamedafterSuDongpo,agreatpoetoftheNorthernSongDynasty?B:Right.WhenhewasinchargeofthedrainageworkfortheWestLake,herewardedworkerswithstewedporkinsoysauce,andpeoplelaternameditDongpoMeattocommemoratehim.A:OK,I'llhaveone.Whatotherspecialtieswouldyouliketorecommendme?ModelRolePlayTask1Choosetheanswerthatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthesentence.(P46)ReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

Key1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-ABBCBABCACTask21.budA.Ablossomdevelopsfroma

_______.B.Inthispoem,the

_____________

flowermeansyouth.2.accessA.Theonly

_________tothatancientcastleisalongamuddytrack.B.Userscan

_________theirvoicemailremotely.3.tasteA.Themedicinehadaslightlybitter

_________.B.Therewasalotofhardworkbeforewefirst

________success.Fillineachoftheblankswithanappropriateformofthewordgivenandexplainitsmeaning.(P47)ReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

bud(n.)budding(adj.)access(n.)access(v.)taste(n.)taste(v.)4.foolA.Katherinewasnobody’s

_______whenitcametomoney.B.It’snogood

_________yourself.He’snotcomingback.5.produceA.Thefactory____________anincredible100carsperhour.B.Weselltinnedgoodsandlocal

_____________.6.garnishA.They

___________theroomwithmodernpaintings.B.Thechickenwasservedwith

_____________ofparsleyandgreenonion.7.reignA.TheQueen

___________butdoesnotrule.B.Theking’s

____________lastedfor30years.ReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

fool(n.)fooling(n.)produces(v.)produces(n.)garnish(v.)garnishes(n.)reigns(v.)reign(n.)8.concernA.Environmentalprotectionisagrowing___________inChina.B.Helovedhiswife,and_____________forherhappiness.9.nameA.Thebuildingis__________afterasuccessfulentrepreneur.B.CouldIcallyoubyyourfirst_________?10.practiceA.I’ve_____________playingthepianoforfiveyears.B.Itishis_____________totakeawalkafterdinnereveryevening.ReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

concern(n.)concerned(v.)named(v.)name(n.)practiced(v.)practice(n.)Task3Fillineachoftheblankswithanappropriatewordfromthebox.Changetheformifnecessary.ReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

masterpieceintegratepartakesteamchoiceamazepleasurepresentaspirehand CuisineinChinaisaharmonious1)__________ofcolor,taste,shapeandfragrance.Forthecookingprocess,chefspick2)_______andvariedingredientsandseasoningsandemploytheunparalleledandcomplicatedskills3)_______downfromtheirfathers,always4)________totheiridealofperfectionforallthesenses.Amongthemanycookingmethodstheyuseareboiling,stewing,braising,frying,5)_________,crisping,baking,simmering.integrationchoicehandedaspiringsteamingWhentheyfinishtheir6)___________theyarearrangedonavarietyofplatesanddishessothattheyareareal7)__________toview,tosmellandultimatelytosavor.Thefacilityto8)_________ofthesedelightsisalsodistinctive—chopsticks!Toseeeventhesmallestchildeatwithsuchdexterityisquite9)__________formanyforeigners.TheuseoftwosimplesticksinthiswayisanartinitselfandchopstickshavedeterminedthewayinwhichChinesefoodis10)__________atthetable.ReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

masterpiecespleasurepartakeamazingpresentedmasterpieceintegratepartakesteamchoiceamazepleasurepresentaspirehandACuisineCrisisReadingMoreReadingMore

GlobalUnderstanding

CriticalThinking

LanguagePoints

VocabularyinAction1

2

3

4Discussingroupstoidentifythemissinginformation.ReadingMore—Global

UnderstandingAboutFrenchcuisineA.Asforrawmaterials,thereare:herbs,fruitsandvegetables________________________________________________;seafood,e.g.__________wildgame,e.g.________________________;andsausagesandcheeseslaidoutto___________________.piledhighingreengrocers’creativegeometricsoysterhare,venison,boarsmell

and

savorDiscussingroupstoidentifythemissinginformation.ReadingMore—Global

UnderstandingAboutFrenchcuisineB.NothinghasstoodforFrance’ssenseofexceptionalismmorefamouslythanitscooking.e.g.Waterhasmany________________

_____________tastesandthetaste

ofoliveoilscanbe___________

_______________.C.IfFrenchcuisinehasprestige,that’s

becausea._______________________________________________________________b.______________________________________________________________.differentand

marketablenutty,

fruityimpudentFrancehaschefswhoareinterestedingoodproductsFrancestillhaspeasantagriculture

aswellasfactoryfarmsReadingMore—Global

UnderstandingManyfactorscausedthedeclineofFrenchcuisineA.Globalization____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Manyfruitsandvegetablesontheoutdoormarketareimportedfromforeigncountries.Gallictalent,tasteandtechniquehavebeenexportedallovertheworldandatthesametime,whatismediocre,cheapandpopularhasbeenimported.ReadingMore—Global

UnderstandingManyfactorscausedthedeclineofFrenchcuisineB.Governmenttaxandeconomicpoliciesa.b.

c.

d.Moreandmorerestaurateurshavetocopewithredtape,nottomentionedictsfromBrusselsthataffecteverythingfromsalestaxestothebacteriaintheBrie.

The“harmonized”value-addedtaxesbenefitfast-foodchainswhilepenalizingsit-downrestaurants.Strictlaborlawsrestricthiring,firingandtemp-work.

Governmentregulations,forexample,CAP,favorquantityoverquality.CriticalThinkingReadingMoreReadingMore—CriticalThinkingReadthefollowingsentencesanddecidewhetheryouagreewiththeauthorornot.Workingroupstoprovideexamplestosupportorargueagainsttheauthor’spoints.1.

GlobalizationispartlyresponsibleforthedeclineofFrenchcuisine.2.

Artisticsuccessoftenspellsbusinessdisaster.1.Meanwhile,whatwasmediocreelsewhere—albeitcheapandpopular—hasbeenimported.(Para.4)

mediocre:(adj.)

notverygoode.g.

1)

Ithoughtthebookwasprettymediocre.

2)He’sapersonofmediocreabilities.albeit:(conj.)although;evenif;eventhough尽管，即使；纵然e.g.apeaceful,albeitbriefretirement虽然短暂但却很平静的退休生活

ReadingMore–LanguagePoint

2.FromtheNapaValleytotheThamesandTokyo,non-FrenchcookshavecrackedthecodesofthebestFrench

cuisine.(Para.4)Paraphrase:CooksfromotherpartsoftheworldhavelearnedthehighlightsoftheFrenchcuisine.crack:(v.)tosolveacomplicatedproblem,ortofindtheanswertoamystery解决(难题)；解开(秘密)e.g.

Detectivesbelievetheycancrackthecase.侦探们相信他们可以破这个案子。

ReadingMore–LanguagePoint

3.TheyhavebecomeensnaredintheredtapeforwhichFranceisinfamous.(Para.5)ensnare:(v.)

toentangleorcatchin(orasifin)ameshnete.g.

Parkrangersfoundthreedeerthathadbecome

ensnaredintraps.公园管理员找到了3只被困在陷阱里的鹿。ensnaredintoalovelessrelationship受骗而陷入一种没有爱的关系之中

infamous:wellknownforsomethingbad

e.g.

aninfamouscriminal臭名昭著的罪犯ReadingMore–LanguagePoint

4.ButtherealparadoxofFrenchcooking—inFrance,atleast—isthatartisticsuccessoftenspellsbusinessdisaster.(Para.7)paradox:

situationorideathatisstrangebecauseithasfeaturesorqualitiesthatyouwouldnotexpecttoexisttogether自相矛盾的情况；似非而是的说法；悖论

e.g.theparadoxofpeoplewiththebestqualificationsnot

beingabletogetjobs高学历的人无法找到工作的怪事spelltrouble/disaster/dangeretc:ifasituationoractionspellstroubleetc,itmakesyouexpecttroubleetc:e.g.

1)Thelackofraincouldspelldisasterforfarmers.2)Thesechangesspellruinforthecompany.ReadingMore–LanguagePoint

ReadingMore–LanguagePoint

6.Manysmallfarmersandrestaurateursseemtobefightingarearguardactionjusttosurvive.(Para.11)fightingarearguardaction:tomakeadeterminedefforttopreventachangethatyouthinkisbad,althoughitseemstoolatetostopit

e.g.

1)Theyhavebeenfightingarearguardactiontostopasupermarketbeingbuiltontheland.2)Hefoughtastubbornrearguardactionagainstpoliticalreform.ReadingMore–LanguagePoint

7.TheproblemsafflictingFrenchcuisineareemblematicofthosethatplaguetheeconomyasawhole.(Para.12)plague:(v.)tocausecontinualdiscomfort,suffering,ortroubletosomeone

e.g.

1)Hehasbeenplaguingmewithsillyquestions.2)Financialproblemscontinuedtoplaguethecompany.ReadingMore–LanguagePoint

Choosetheanswerthatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordorphraseinthesentence.

(P56)ReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

Key1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-AADBABCAABTask1Task2

e.g.Artisticsuccessoftenspellsbusinessdisaster.“Spell”meansindicate/signifyinthesentence.

Englishwordsassumedifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.Explainthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordinthecontext.(P57)ReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

ReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

1.Thecongenialquaintnessofthestreetmarket,infact,drawsdirectlyonglobalization.“congenial”means________inthesentence.2.Non-FrenchcookshavecrackedthecodesofthebestFrenchcuisine.“crack”means_____________inthesentence.pleasantunderstandReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

3.AttheannualagriculturalfairinParisthisspring,visitorsnotonlyenjoyedsippingwines,butoliveoils.“fair”means________________________________

_____________________inthesentence.

4.Oliveoils—onealittlenutty,anotherquitefruity,someofthem,oneistemptedtosay,justalittleimpudent.“impudent”means________inthesentence.aneventinwhichpeopleorbusinessesshow

orselltheirproductscheekyReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

5.

Considerthevalue-addedtaxesthatwere“harmonized”alloverEuropeduringthe1990s.“harmonized”means________inthesentence.

6.Theypenalizesit-downrestaurants,whetherhumble

bistrosorhautecuisine.“humble”means__________________inthesentence.

unifiedmodestorunpretentiousReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

7.TheCAPissupposedtobenefitsmallfarmers,keepthemonthelandandthusnurturetheterroirthatgivesFrenchcookingitssoul.“nurture”means________inthesentence.8.TheproblemsafflictingFrenchcuisineareemblematicofthosethatplaguetheeconomyasawhole.“afflict”means__________________inthesentence.“plague”means_____________inthesentence.cherishcause

painorsufferannoy/troubleReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

9.LikeFrenchcuisine,theFrencheconomystillholdstheoccasionalsurprise.“hold”means_______inthesentence.10.Butthebasicproblemsofbureaucracy,taxesandsocialreluctancetochangeremainaburdenforeveryone.“reluctance”means_____________inthesentence.haveunwillingnessPracticalTranslation定语从句在句中充当定语，修饰某一名词或代词。引导定语从句的关联词可以是关系代词（如who,which,that）和关系副词（如when,where,as）。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。定语从句的翻译:在英译汉中，定语从句的处理办法一般用前置法、后置法、融合法和转换法等。1.前置法把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组,放置于被修饰的词之前，将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。2.后置法有时定语从句可视上下文将其译成独立的句子或与主句并列的分句，放在被修饰词的后面。定语从句的翻译（1）1.Amanmayusuallybeknownbythebookshereadsaswellasbythecompanyhekeeps.

我们往往可以从一个人所阅读的书以及所交往的朋友去看他的为人。

2.Butifyouputdownabookyoudon’tlikeandtryanothertillyoufindonethatmeanssomethingtoyou,andthenrelaxwithit,youwillalmostcertainlyhaveagoodtime.

但是如果你把自己觉得没劲的书放下另换别的，直到发现一本你认为有意思的书，然后轻松地读下去，那么几乎可以肯定你会感到很快活的。定语从句“hereads”，“hekeeps”分别被译成带“的”的短语“所阅读的”，“所交往的”放在中心词前面。这又是一个定语从句译成带“的”的短语放在中心词前面的例子。3.Peoplearestilltalkingaboutthehistoriceventsofseveralyearsago,whenmantookhisfirstwalkinspace.

人们仍然在谈论几年前的历史性事件，那时人类首次进行了太空行走。4.Theyarelookingforacitywherethestandardoflivingishighandthecostoflivingislow.

他们要寻找一座城市，在那里生活水准高，但是生活成本低。5.Theyactmostlyonsuggestionsfrompresentmembers,ofwhomfourarewomen.

他们大多听从现在成员的建议行事，这些成员中有4人是女性。非限制性定语从句译成短句放在被修饰词“几年前”后面，译文表达清晰流畅。这里，where引导的定语从句较长，放在中心词“city”后面，符合汉语表达习惯。非限制性定语从句处理成单句放在中心词后面，使译文顺畅。

1.融合法融合法是指翻译时把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句，其中的定语从句译成简单句中的谓语部分。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密，所以，融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句，尤其是therebe结构带有定语从句的句型。定语从句的翻译（2）原句中的主句部分thereisaman翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。1)Thereisamandownstairswhowantstoseeyou.楼下有人要见你。2)Inourfactory,therearemanypeoplewhoaremuchinterestedinthenewinvention.

在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。3)BeingOKwithriskissomethingthatindustrydemands.企业要求员工能承受风险。原句中的主句部分therearemanypeople翻译成“许多人”，作译文的主语，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。与其将从句处理成带“的”的前置定语“接受风险是企业要求的东西”，或是后置的分句“承受风险，那是企业要求的”，都没有将主从句相融合译得更简洁紧凑。

2．转换法有些定语从句从形式上看是定语从句，但从意义上分析却具有状语从句的性质和功能。翻译时应