词汇学-词义的分类及分析

Week8SandyOutline词义的分类词义的分析1TypesofWordMeaning

词义的分类词义分类的理论依据Wordmeaningismadeupofvariouscomponentswhichareinterrelatedandinterdependent.Thesecomponentsarecommonlydescribedastypesofmeaning.

词义由各种相互联系与相互依存的不同成分组成，这些成分就是词义的种类。1.GrammaticalMeaning&LexicalMeaning

语法意义&词汇意义Grammaticalmeaningindicatesgrammatical

conceptorrelationshipssuchaspartofspeechofwords,singularandpluralmeaningofnouns,tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalparadigm.语法意义指词义中表示语法概念或关系的那部分意义。例如词类、名词的单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形式。Forexample

girls,winters,tables,joysWenoticethatword-forms,thoughdenotingdifferentobjectsofreality,havesomethingincommon.Thiscommonelementisthegrammaticalmeaningofplurality.Lexicalmeaningisthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.Thiscomponentofmeaningisidenticalinalltheformsoftheword.林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的意义。在该词的所有形式中，其词汇意义相同。Forexample

go,goes,went,going,gone

possessdifferentgrammaticalmeaningsoftense,person,andsoon,butineachoftheseformswefindoneandthesamesemanticcomponent.所以，一个词在不同的语境中有不同的语法形式来表达不同的语法意义，但词汇意义却保持不变。2.ConceptualMeaning&AssociativeMeaning

概念意义&联想意义Conceptualmeaningismeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心。Associativemeaningisthesecondary

meaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminate,liabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,etc.联想意义是概念意义的补充意义，是次要意义。它受语言外界因素如文化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的。Whatarethesourcesofassociativemeanings?Thepersonswhousesuchlexemes;Thesettingsinwhichsuchlexemesareemployed;Culturalvaluesassociatedwiththereferentsofthelexemes;Theoccurrenceofsuchlexemesinpriortexts;Contaminationfromlinguisticcollocations;1)ConnotativeMeaning

内涵意义Itreferstotheovertonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning.内涵意义是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。Discussion:农民：peasant/farmerambition:野心/雄心壮志官：official/officer政治：politics个人主义：individualism外国人：foreigner英汉词语内涵比较动物：Dragon/dog/Peacock/magpie自然界：westwind/moonlight/moonshine颜色词语：red/white/black/green/blue数字词语：13英语和汉语中结构相同但词义并不相同的词。Sweetwater/anolddaughter/drygoodswhitenight/Indiansummer/guineapigVice-chancellor/eatone’swords

颜色词要特别注意：白菜/白熊/白蚁/白送/白开水白饭/红运/红榜/红利2)StylisticMeaning

文体意义Apartfromtheirconceptualmeanings,manywordshavestylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentstyles.很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩，以适应不同的文体风格。Insomedictionaries,thesestylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas“formal,informal,literary,archaic,slang”andsoon.Comparethefollowingtwogroupsofsynonyms.leavejobcan’ttiredaddepartpositioncannotfatiguedadvertisement3)AffectiveMeaning

情感意义Affectivemeaningexpressesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.Thismeaningcanbeovertlyandexplicitlyconveyedsimplybythechoiceoftherightwords.情感意义反映作者或说话人对所谈论的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。这种意义可以通过选用表情词直接了当地表现出来。Wordsthathaveemotivevaluesmayfallintotwocategories:情感意义有2类：褒义和贬义Appreciative&pejorative/derogative.

Wordsofpositiveovertonesareusedtoshowappreciationortheattitudeofapproval;欣赏或肯定Thoseofnegativeconnotationsimplydisapproval,contemptorcriticism.否定、轻蔑或批评littlefamousslim/slenderdeterminedstatesmanconfidencefarmerpublicitysmallnotoriousskinnypigheadedpoliticiancomplacencypeasantpropagandaTellwhichcolumncontainstheappreciativeaffectivemeaning.4)CollocativeMeaning

搭配意义Itisthatpartofthewordmeaningsuggestedbythewordswithwhichitco-occurs.搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那部分意义。Prettyandhandsomesharecommongroundinthemeaning"good-looking",butmaybedistinguishedbytherangeofnounswithwhichtheyarelikelytoco-occur.

girlboyboymanwomancarflowervesselprettygardenhandsomeovercoatcolourairlinervillagetypewriteretc.etc.2ComponentialAnalysis词义的分析Whatiscomponentialanalysis?theanalysisofwordmeaningsisoftenseenasaprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents,whichareknownassemanticfeatures语义特征orsensecomponents语义成分.（语义特征与语义成分是同义词。）语义特征(semanticfeatures)语义特征(semanticfeatures)是对人类经验的一种抽象概括，属于原语言(metalanguage)，用来描述任何语言的语义。例如，对名词的描述，可以是人或非人、有生命或无生命、男性或女性、成年或非成年、抽象或具体等范畴进行语义分析。如英语中bachelor一词就具有如下几个语义特征：[Human],[Adult],[Male],[Concrete],[Unmarried]。Conventionally,theseminimalcomponentscanbesymbolizedintermsofbinarity/binaryopposition对分法.Eg:+ADULT(adult),-ADULT(young).Tobe+Nottobe-Sensecomponentsareconventionallyenclosedinsquarebracketsorparenthesisorwithout.Theyareallwrittenincapitallettersorinsmallletterswiththelettersincapitaltodistinguishthemfromlexicalitems.语义特征一般是放在方括号或圆括号里面，有时也不用括号；语义特征全部用大写字母或小写字母以区分被语义分析的单词。man[+MALE,+ADULT,+HUMAN]woman[-MALE,+ADULT,+HUMAN]boy[+MALE,-ADULT,+HUMAN]girl[-MALE,-ADULT,+HUMAN]bullock[+MALE,+ADULT,-HUMAN]cow[-MALE,+ADULT,-HUMAN]“ram”=[+sheep][+adult][+male]“ewe”=[+sheep][+adult][-male]“lamb”=[+sheep][-adult][+/-male]

进行对分法分析，要抓住不同名词之间典型的区分特征；如：man,girl,cow这类词与book,dictionary,chair等词的区别特征是[+_Animate]。如boy,chair,dictionary等词与hope,thought,problem等词的区别性特征是[+_Concrete]。如boy,chair,book与water,milk,coffee的区别特征[+_Count]。如Boston,Washington,China等词与city,capital,country等词的区别特征是[+_Common]。Exercise根据以上提到的语义特征，试对下列几个名词进行语义分析：spinster（年老的未婚女性）psychiatrist（精神病医生）Chicagowisdom