美国文学现实主义文学

Requirements:ClassAttendancePreparatoryworkandafter-classreading2021/5/91PartIV

TheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)2021/5/92HistoricalIntroductionLiteraryMovementsbetweentheCivilWarandtheFirstWorldWarTheEstablishmentofAmericanPoetryRiseoftheAmericanNovelLiteratureontheBlack2021/5/93HistoricalOverviewTheCivilWarthedevelopmentofrailroadsthespreadofindustrialismthefrontier2021/5/94Thegildedage镀金时代:seeminglyprosperoussociety;anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyaddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope2021/5/95美国资本主义大工业迅猛发展,迫使原住民离乡背井,

这幅图画展示的就是“镀金时代”的景象2021/5/961.AmericanRealism2.AmericanNaturalism3.LocalColorismIILiteraryMovements

betweentheCivilWarandtheFirstWorldWar2021/5/97Realism:amodeofwritingthatgivestheimpressionofrecordingor“reflecting”faithfullyanactualwayoflife.Moderncriticismfrequentlyinsiststhatrealismisnotadirectorsimplereproductionofrealitybutasystemofconventionsproducingalifelikeillusionofsome“real”worldoutsidethetext,byprocessesofselection,exclusion,description,andmannersofaddressingthereader.(OxfordConciseDictionaryofLiteraryTerms)2021/5/98Emphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.Realistsseektruththatisverifiablebyexperienceandhavepracticalconsequences.Theyexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonplace,andforthefamiliarandthelow.Realismisembeddedinamimetictheoryofart.Realistsbelievethatliteratureimitatesreality.FeaturesofRealism2021/5/99RepresentativesofAmericanRealismMarkTwain马克·吐温WilliamDeanHowells威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯HenryJames亨利·詹姆斯

1.AmericanRealism2021/5/9102.AmericanNaturalismNaturalismisamoredeliberatekindofrealisminnovels,storiesandplays,usuallyinvolvingaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.2021/5/9112.AmericanNaturalism2021/5/9122.1ThemajorwritersofAmericanNaturalismStephenCrane斯蒂芬·克莱恩

FrankNorris弗兰克·诺里斯JackLondon杰克·伦敦HenryAdams亨利·亚当斯TheodoreDreiser西奥多·德莱塞2.AmericanNaturalism2021/5/913LocalColorismLocalcolorismisdependentuponaspecificgeographicallocation.Localcoloristsgiveemphasistothelocaldetailsbytappingintoitsfolklore,history,mannerism,custom,beliefsandspeech.Dialectspeculiaritiesarethedefiningcharacteristicoflocalcolorwritings.Theytendtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.MarkTwain2021/5/914WaltWhitmanEmilyDickinsonIIITheEstablishment

ofAmericanPoetry2021/5/915I.ReputationOneofthemostoriginalandinspiringAmericanpoets“AnAmericanbardatlast!Oneoftheroughs,large,proud,affectionate,eating,drinking,andbreeding,hiscostumemanlyandfree,hisfacesunburntandbearded,hisposturesstronganderect”(from“LeavesofGrass”1stedition)WaltWhitman

沃尔特.惠特曼(1819-1892)2021/5/916II.LifeStoryBornonLongIsland(长岛),NewYork(hisparentswerepoorandsemiliterate)Beganworkingasanofficeboyinalawfirm,thenforadoctor(hehadonlyfiveorsixyearsofformalschooling,butthroughprivatereadinghebecamewelleducated)1836-1841Workedasanelementaryschoolteacher1842BecameeditorofTheNewYorkAuroraMakeasojournintheSouth2021/5/917II.LifeStoryself-publishedthefirsteditionofLeavesofGrassDuringtheCivilWaracorrespondentforTheNewYorkTimesandavolunteernurseinarmyhospitalsWiththemoneyfromthe6theditionhewasabletobuyhisownhouse1892diedatCamden(AcityofwesternNewJersey)Hewaspoorallhislifeandnevermarried.2021/5/918III.HisMajorContribution2021/5/919

Freeverseisrhymedorunrhymedpoetryfreefromconventionalrulesofmeter;instead,itusesthecadences(抑扬顿挫)ofnaturalspeech.Whitmancreatedarhythmthatcorrespondstothevibrancyandflowofhisemotionsandsensoryperceptions.

Whitmanpioneered“freeverse”andmadeitacceptableinAmericanpoetry.

Poetsfamousfortheirworkscomposedinfreeverse

includeWaltWhitman,EzraPound,T.S.Eliot,AmyLowellandCarlSandburg.FreeVerse自由诗2021/5/920LeavesofGrass

《草叶集》（firstin1855）2021/5/921自己之歌1我赞美自己，我歌唱自己，凡我接受者，你也将接受，因为属于我的每个原子，也属于你。我邀请灵魂一道逍遥，我逍遥自在地俯身下视，观察一片夏天的青草。我的舌头，我血液中的每个原子，都来自这些泥土、这些空气，我在这里为父母所生，我的父母也在这里为父母所生，他们的父母也是如此，我现在37岁，身体健壮，开始起步了，但愿永不停止，一直到死。2021/5/922V.SpecialFeaturesofhisPoems1.Topics:songsforhimself,forthelabourofthecommonAmericanpeople,fornaturalcreation,fortheindependenceofthecountry,forloveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.2.Poeticstructures:2.1Lines:oftenlong2.5Composedlikemosaics

2021/5/923V.SpecialFeaturesofhisPoems4.LanguageParallelismorarhythmofthoughtPhoneticrecurrenceStrongtendencytouseoralEnglish:Slangwords,foreignwords,technicalwords,sexualwords,andlearnedwords3.CataloguetechniqueTypicalpoemsbyWhitmanmakelong,longlistsofimages,ofsights,sounds,smells,tasteandtouch2021/5/924VI.LeavesofGrassGrass:section6“Achildsaidwhatisthegrass?”“Iguessitmustbetheflagofmydisposition,outofhopefulgreenstuffwoven”idealandhope“Sproutingalikeinbroadzonesandnarrowzones”equality“goesonwardandoutward,nothingcollapses”development2021/5/925VI.LeavesofGrass2021/5/9265.Showsconcernforscientificachievements.(atom,dynamo,oil…)6.Describessexuallove.Thefamous“twenty-ninthbather”

canbefoundintheeleventhsectionof“SongofMyself”.Inthissectionawomanwatchestwenty-eightyoungmenbathingintheocean.Shefantasizesaboutjoiningthemunseen,anddescribestheirsemi-nudebodiesinsomedetail.(likeEmerson’s“transparenteyeball”)Thelavisheroticism(色情)reinforcesthisidea:sexualcontactallowstwopeopletobecomeoneyetnotone-itoffersamomentoftranscendence.LeavesofGrass2021/5/927EmilyDickinson

艾米莉.迪金森(1830-1886)I.ReputationApoetofgenuinelyphilosophicalandtragicdimensions.AromanticpoetArecluseSharesthesamereputationwithPoeandWhitmanasAmerica’smostinnovativepoet2021/5/928II.LifeStoryBorninAmherst,Massachusetts(awell-to-dofamily)WenttoWashingtonD.C.forashorttimeWenttoPhiladelphiaforavisit,enamoredwithamarriedclergyman,CharlesWadsworthDiedofBright’sdisease(布赖特氏病，肾小球肾炎)atAmherst.didnottravelmuchanddidnotmarrybeacquaintedwiththeworksofEmerson,ThoreauandHawthornestudiedtheBible2021/5/929Shewrote1775poems,butshehadonlysevenpoemspublishedduringherlifetime.“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─”

“因为我不能停下来等待死神”“ABirdcamedowntheWalk─”“一只小鸟沿小径走来”“IdiedforBeauty─butwasscarce”“我为美而死-但几乎不”“IheardaFlybuzz─whenIdied─”“我听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声-在我死时”III.HerMajorWorks2021/5/930IV.HerTheoryofPoetry2021/5/931V.SubjectsofHerPoems1.“Hersubjectswerelove,death,nature,religion,immortality,pain,beauty.”(McMichael)Death:aninevitableconclusionoflife

personifiedasamonarch,alord,orakindbutirresistibleloverBeauty:perceivedinthewholenessandharmoniousrelationshipsofnature2.Therangeofherpoetrysuggeststhepowerofhercreativityandimagination.2021/5/932VI.HerPoeticStyle2021/5/933VI.HerPoeticStyle2021/5/9341.alyric2.richestpersonifications3.Death:agentleman,acourtlysuitor,afraudulentseducerastatementofDickinson’sownambivalentreactionstodeathandimmortalityIsdeathareleasefromalifetimeofworkandsuffering?Isdeaththegatewaytoalastingpeaceinparadise?Isdeathsimplyacold,mindlessannihilation?4.theme:deathBecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─2021/5/935Stanza1:Line1:alady,thepersonaofthepoetistoobusyandtoocontentedtostopforthegentleman’scallLine2:Throughhiskindnessandconsideration,sheiscompelledatlasttogowithhim.Line3:ThesceneissetinthecarriageMood:intimacyLine4:asatruegentleman,hehasachaperone“Immortality”BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─2021/5/936Stanza2:Mood:peacefulnessLine1:indicatesthepeacefulnessandpleasantnesssurroundinganappointmentwithaboyfriendLine2-3:SheiscompletelycaptivatedbyhimSheneedsneitherlabornorleisure.Line4:Inhis“Civility”hehastakencareofeverything.BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─2021/5/937Stanza3:Theyareneartheedgeofthetown.Threeimages:Children:“strove”;youthGazingGrain:maturitySettingSun:adyingladyissetting;ageThethreeimagesarefusedintoone:amortalexperience:thethreestatesofyouth,maturityandage,thecycleofdayfrommorningtoevening,asuggestionofseasonalprogressionfromspringthroughripeningtodecline.BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─2021/5/938Stanza4:theladyisgettingclosertodeathTheDews:“quiveringandchill”thetraditionalassociationsofthecoldnessofdeathGossamer（轻而软的精细材料):associatedwithspiritsTippet:somethingmightbeseenaroundtheshouldersofadeceasedwoman.BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─2021/5/939Stanza5:theyhavearrivedatacountrycemetery.Thehouse:thehouseofdeath,afreshgraveStanza6:Theladyisalonenow;Shehad,therefore,apparentlybeentricked,seduced,andthenabandoned.BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─2021/5/940TheNoveloftheWest:MarkTwainAmericanRealists:HenryJamesAmericanNaturalists:JackLondonTheodoreDreiserIVRiseoftheAmericanNovel2021/5/941LocalcolorismI.Background1)Westwardexpansionwasstillgoingon.TheUnitedStateshadnotsolidifieditselfintoacohesiveculturalwhole.Markeddifferencesexistedbetweendifferentpartsofthecountry.Theytriedtoasserttheiruniqueidentityandunderstandingandrecognitionbyshowingtheirlocalcharacter.2)Thefrontierhumoristshadpreparedtheliterarygroundforlocalcolorism.(talltales)3)Magazinesappearedtoletwriterspublishtheirworks.2021/5/942LocalcolorismTalltales2021/5/943ElementsoftalltalesThemaincharacterisbiggerthanlifeandhassuper-humanabilitiesThestoryhasmanyexaggerationsinit.Themaincharacterhasaproblemorproblemstosolve.2021/5/944Thestoryincludeslotsofaction.Theplotofthestoryisfunnyandimpossible.Intheend,themaincharactersolvesaproblem,overcomesanobstacleand/ordefeatsthe“badguy”.2021/5/945Localcolorism2.DefinitionLocalcolorismisauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmallregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfromaspecificsettingorofanarea,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluence.Tasksoflocalcolorists:towriteorpresentlocalcharactersoftheirregionsintruthfuldepictiondistinguishedfromothers,usuallyaverysmallpartoftheworld.2021/5/946Localcolorism3.DevelopmentLocalcolorismasatrendfirstmadeitspresencefeltinthelate1860sandearlyseventies.FrancisBretBarte’s(弗朗西斯·布莱特·哈特)TheLuckofRoaringCamp(《咆哮营的幸运儿》)in1868markedasignificantdevelopmentinthehistoryoflocalcolorfiction.Theperiodfromthe1880stothe1890swasaspectaculargrowthofregionalliterature.2021/5/947Localcolorism3)Attheturnofthe20thcentury,localcolorismceasedtobeadominatefashion.2021/5/948MarkTwain(1835-1910)Fullname:SamuelLanghorneClemens

塞缪尔.郎荷恩.克莱门斯

Pseudonym“MarkTwain”:thewayofaboatmantakingsoundings,meaning“twofathoms”(12feet)or“safewater”2021/5/949TheNoveloftheWest:

MarkTwain(1835-1910)I.ReputationAhumorouspublicspeakerEssentiallyanaffirmativewriter(inhislateryears,fromanoptimistandhumoristtoadeterminist)Alocalcolorist“TheLincolnofourliterature”(W.D.Howells)2021/5/950MarkTwainwasborninthemid-WestinMissouriandtraveledtotheFarWest.Hebroughtinformation,lifestyle,andlanguagefromdifferentregionstoanationalaudience.2021/5/951II.LifeStoryborninthevillageofFlorida,MissouriMovedtoHannibal(汉尼拔),bytheMississippiRiverwhenhewastwelve,afterhisfather’sdeath,heleftschoolandbecameapprenticedtoaprinterWorkedasajourneymanprinter1857-1861apilotontheMississippiRiverenlistedintheConfederatemilitia(同盟军)1862-1865workedasatrampprinter,asilverminer,anewspaperreporterandalecturerinNevada（内华达州）andinSanFrancisco2021/5/952II.LifeStoryWenteastandmovedbacktoNewYorkCityMarriedOliviaLangdonafter1894aseriesofcalamitouseventshishealthwasbrokenhisspeculativeinvestmentsbankruptedhimhiswifediedin1894;hisoldestdaughter,Sucy,diedofmeningitis(脑膜炎）in1896;hisyoungestdaughter,Jean,anepileptic(先天性癫痫患者)diedin1906;1910:died2021/5/953TheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty

《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》(1867)

(acollectionofshortstoriestakenfromoraltales,talltalesthatheheardintheWest)InnocentsAbroad

《傻子国外旅行记》(1869)(ahumorousreportofwhatagroupofNewEnglandreligiouspeopleencounteredwhenvisitingtheHolyLandinEurope)

RoughingIt

《艰难岁月》(1872)(ahumorousaccountofhistripin1861toNevada)III.HisMajorWorks2021/5/954III.HisMajorWorksTheGildedAge.ATaleofToday

《镀金时代》(1873)

(asatireagainstcorruptioninWashingtonD.C.duringtheadministrationofUlyssesS.Grant(1822-1885))TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)(acompellingmyth(虚构的人事）oftheendlesssummerofchildhoodpleasuresmixedwithterror)LifeontheMississippi

《密西西比河上》(1883)TheAdventuresofHuckberryFinn

(1884)

（lostboyhood)2021/5/955III.HisMajorWorksTheTragedyofPudd’nheadWilson

《傻瓜威尔逊》(1894)

TheManthatCorruptedHadleyburg

《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》(1900)

(misanthropic:讨厌人的）WhatisMan?

《人是什么?》(1906)（misanthropic)TheMysteriousStranger

《神秘的陌生人》(1916)(averydarkstoryabouthowtheevilcomesbackintotheworld,causingalotoftrouble)2021/5/956IVStyleofhisWorks1.VernacularlanguageDirectnessofthelanguageHoaxandtalltale2.Localcolor3.Satire4.Humor2021/5/957TheAdventureofTomSawyer2021/5/9581.Genre:

Picaresquenovel(流浪汉小说）2.Narrator:anadultwhoviewstheadultworldcriticallyandlooksbackonthesentimentsandpastimesofchildhoodinasomewhatidealizedmanner.3.PointofView:ThenarratorsnarratesinthethirdpersonTheAdventuresofTomSawyer2021/5/959TheAdventuresofTomSawyer4.

Settingtime:notspecified,butprobablyaround1845place:thefictionaltownofSt.Petersburg,Missouri(whichresemblesTwain’shometownofHannibal)5.CharactersTom:protagonistmischievous,imaginative,good-hearted,responsibleAuntPolly:Tom’sauntandguardiansimple,kindhearted,affectionate2021/5/960Huck:thesonofthetowndrunkanoutcast,free,superstitious,adventurousBecky:JudgeThatcher’sdaughterpretty,naïve(atfirst)Sid:Tom’shalf-brothergoody-goody(伪善的),mean-spiritedJoeHarper:Tom’sbosomfriend“twosoulswithbutasinglethought”weak(homesick)TheAdventuresofTomSawyer

2021/5/961TheAdventuresofTomSawyerMary:Tom’scousinsweet,almostsaintly,well-behaved,sincereMr.Dobbins:theschoolmasteraheavydrinker,thebuttofschoolboypranksInjunJoe:halfnativeAmericanandhalfCaucasianviolent,villainousMuffPotter:friendofInjunJoeadrunk,kind,grateful,naiveAmyLawrence:Tom’sformerlovesimple,naive2021/5/962TheAdventuresofTomSawyer2021/5/963Questionsfor

TheAdventuresofTomSawyer1.WhatdoesTomSawyerdoonhissummervacation?2.Whatdothestudentsdoonexaminationday?3.WhatdoesMarkTwainthinkofthegirls’essaysinTomSawyer?4.WhoisPolly?WhoisSid?5.WhatdoesTomdotowinaBibleinSundaySchool?6.HowdoesTomtrickhisfriendsintohelpinghimwhite-washthefence?2021/5/964O.Henry(1862-1910)2021/5/965WilliamSydneyPorteroneofthemostprolificwritersinthehistoryofAmericanliterature2021/5/966LifeStorybornonSeptember11,1862,inNorthCarolina;father,aphysician;motherdiedwhenhewasthree;anavidreaderAttheageof15,heleftschoolIn1882,traveledtoTexas;in1884traveledtoAustinOnJuly1,1887,PortermarriedwithAtholEstes2021/5/967In1898heenteredapenitentiaryatColumbus,Ohio.WhileinprisonO.Henrystartedtowriteshortstories.O.HenrymovedtoNewYorkCityin1902DiedonJune5,1910,inNewYork.2021/5/968O.Henry’sStoriesO.Henry'sshortstoriesareknownfortheirwit,wordplay,warmcharacterizationandclevertwistendings.MostofO.Henry'sstoriesaresetinhisowntime,theearly20thcentury.ManytakeplaceinNewYorkCityanddealforthemostpartwithordinarypeople:clerks,policemen,waitresses,etc.2021/5/9692.AmericanRealists:

HenryJames(1843-1916)Left:HenryJamesRight:WilliamJames2021/5/9702.AmericanRealists:

HenryJames(1843-1916)2021/5/9712.2HisworksThefirstperiod(1865-1883):TheinternationalnovelandinternationalthemeofthetraditionlessAmericanconfrontingthecomplexityofEuropeanlifeTheAmerican《美国人》(1877)DaisyMiller《戴西.米勒》(1878)ThePortraitofaLady《贵妇人的画像》(1881)2021/5/972TheSecondPeriod(1884-1896):WritingforstageTheBostonians

《波士顿人》(1886)TheThirdPeriod(1897-1916):ShortstoriesandnovelsTheWingsoftheDove《鸽翼》(1902)TheAmbassadors

《使节》(1903)TheGoldenBowl

《金碗》(1904)2021/5/973InternationalThemeThemeetingofAmericaandEuropeAmericaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithEuropeandecadenceThemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsarisingtherefrom.Frominexperiencetoexperience,forminnocencetoknowledgeandmaturity2021/5/974<<戴茜•米勒》是亨利•詹姆斯早期创作的一部优秀中篇小说。小说的同名主人公——年轻漂亮的美国姑娘戴茜•米勒成为了詹姆斯笔下最生动的悲剧人物之一。戴茜•米勒与一位久居欧洲的美国绅士的友谊以及她随后与一位英俊多情却贫穷的意大利男子的爱恋充分体现了著名的詹姆斯式的主题思想：无知Vs经验，表面Vs现实，自然Vs做作，这就是后人俗称的“国际主题”思想——移居海外的美国人在与欧洲人交往过程中新旧大陆两种思想文化的冲突，即崇尚自由的美国精神与遵循礼仪的欧洲文化教养之间的矛盾对立关系。展现这一主题的作品被称为“国际题材”作品。这种具有特定文化内涵的“国际题材”文学产生于19世纪末、20世纪初。《戴茜•米勒》就是展现上述主题的一篇力作。

DaisyMiller2021/5/975正如伊丽莎白•哈蒂维克在《戴茜•米勒》的前言中写道：“戴茜•米勒并非只是文学作品中的人物，她的名字已经被载入了历史。”戴茜•米勒是那个时代美国女孩的代表。了解了戴茜和她的故事也就了解了那个时代特殊却又普遍存在的社会现象——人们崇尚欧洲的历史与文化,却不赞同其世故、虚伪与傲慢；人们不喜欢美国人的粗俗和缺乏教养,但却欣赏他们的平等待人、淳朴与善良。这种社会现象看似矛盾，却在书中随处可见。正是由于这种看似矛盾的社会现象，即新旧两种文化的对峙与碰撞，最终导致了戴茜•米勒的不幸遭遇。DaisyMiller2021/5/976ThePortraitofaLadyFirstwritteninthe1880s2021/5/977IsabelArcherRalphTouchettLordWarburtoncousinneighborCasparGoodwoodGilbertOsmondMadameMerlePansylovers2021/5/978Discussion:WhatfactorsleadtoIsabel’stragedy?2021/5/979ThePortraitofAlady2021/5/980ThePortraitofAladyKeyFacts:TypeofWork:NovelGenre:psychologicalrealismTheme:explorestheconflictbetweentheindividualandsocietybyexaminingthelifeofIsabelArcher,ayoungAmericanwomanwhomustchoosebetweenherindependentspiritandthedemandsofsocialconvention.Characters:IsabelArcher:theladyofthetitle,protagonist2021/5/981IsabelArcherOneoftheJamesianAmericangirls.ShearrivesinEurope,fullofhope,andwithawilltoliveafreeandnoblelife,butinfact,sheonlyfallspreytothesinisterdesignsoftwovulgarandunscruplousexpatriates,MadamMerleandGilbertOsmond.GenerallyAmerican,oftennaïveandbelievableattheoutsetAneasymarkforfortunehuntersandothershadypersons.Stronginherinnocenceandeventuallytriumphantoverthewebsofcynicismandevilinwhichshefindsherselfentangled.Isabel’ssacrifice,likeDaisyMiller’sdeath,isanactofrebellionagainstthecynicalconventionsofadecadentculture.2021/5/982ThePortraitofAladyGilbertOsmond:acruel,narcissisticgentlemanofnoparticularsocialstandingorwealth;anartcollectorMadameMerle:anaccomplished,graceful,andmanipulativewomanRalphTouchett:Isabel’swise,funnycousin2021/5/983NaturalismNaturalismisanextensionofrealism；useddetailedrealismtosuggestthatsocialconditions,heredity,andenvironmenthadinescapableforceinshapinghumancharacterNaturalisticwriterswereinfluencedbyCharlesDarwin'stheoryofevolution.Whereasrealismseeksonlytodescribesubjectsastheyreallyare,naturalismalsoattemptstodetermine"scientifically"theunderlyingforces(e.g.,theenvironmentorheredity)influencingtheactionsofitssubjects.2021/5/984attempttoapplyscientificprinciplesofobjectivityanddetachmenttoitsstudyofhumanbeings.Fornaturalisticwriters,sincehumanbeingsare,"humanbeasts,"characterscanbestudiedthroughtheirrelationshipstotheirsurroundings2021/5/985Naturalisticworksoftenincludeuncouthorsordidsubjectmatter.Forexample,ÉmileZola'sworkshadafranknessaboutsexualityalongwithapervasivepessimism.Naturalisticworksexposedthedarkharshnessoflife,includingpoverty,racism,violence,prejudice,disease,corruption,prostitution,andfilth.Asaresult,naturalisticwriterswerefrequentlycriticizedforfocusingtoomuchonhumanviceandmisery.2021/5/986Somedefiningcharacteristicsofliterarynaturalism:

pessimismdetachmentfromthestorydeterminism

asurprisingtwistattheendofthestory2021/5/987

3.AmericanNaturalists:

JackLondon(1876-1916)JohnGriffithLondonAmericanauthor,journalist,andsocialactivist2021/5/988LifestorybornonJan,12.1876.Heneversawhisrealfatherandtookthenameofhisstepfather.LondonattheageofninewithhisdogRollo,1885Hegrewupinextremepoverty.returnedtoOaklandandattendedOaklandHighSchoolwhenhewas191896attendtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley2021/5/989LondonembracedsocialismofMarxandviewsofNietzscheandDarwinismandbelievedintheinevitabletriumphofthestrongestindividuals.In1897,sailedtojointheKlondikeGoldRushFrom1898,struggledtobecomeaprofessionalwriterMarriedtwice.Diedin19162021/5/990Jackwithdaughters"Becky"(left)andJoan(right)JackandCharmianLondon(ca.1915)atWaikiki2021/5/991HismajorworksTheSonoftheWolf(1900)《狼的儿子》ThePeopleoftheAbyss(1903)《深渊中的人们》TheCalloftheWild(1903)《野性的呼唤》TheSeaWolf(1904)《海狼》TheWarofClasses(1905)《阶级间的战争》WhiteFang(1906)《白牙》TheIronHeel(1908)《铁蹄》MartinEden(1909)《马丁.伊登》Revolution(1910)《革命》2021/5/992TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)Americannovelistandjournalistofthenaturalistschool2021/5/993

西奥多·德莱塞既是20世纪美国文学中第一位杰出的作家，也是美国现代小说的先驱。美国评论家认为，德莱塞忠于生活，大胆创新，突破了美国文坛上传统思想禁锢，解放了美国的小说，给美国文学带来了一场革命，并且把他跟福克纳、海明威并列为第一次世界大战后美国的三大小说家。“德莱塞之前和之后的美国文学的变化就如达尔文之前和之后生物学上的变化一样大。”（门肯）2021/5/994Lifestory1871:bornintoalargeGermanfamilyintheAmericanmidwestUnhappychildhood1889enteredIndianaUniversityatBloomington1899DreiserbegantowritehisfirstnovelSisterCarrie1911JannieGerhardtwaspublished1945:died2021/5/9952021/5/996SisterCarrie1.ThesignificanceofthisnovelregardedasanAmericanclassic.aprecursor(先驱)totheworksofFitzgeraldandHemingway.ThefirstmodernAmericannovel(itillustratestheeffectsofthechangingeconomicstructureonAmericancultureofturn-of-the-centuryAmerica.CarrieMeeberisoneofthousandsofwageseekersconvergingonChicagoduringtheeconomicboomthatfollowedt