荷马史诗伊利亚德奥德赛IliadandOdyssey专题培训课件

荷马史诗伊利亚德奥德赛IliadandOdyssey2OutlineHomerinAncientGreeceThemesandPersonsIlliadOdysseyClosingThoughts3HomerinAncientGreeceEarliestGreekLiteratureWrittenc.750BCEfromoraltrad.(c.1200BCE)RecitedbyRhapsodesEpic=dactylichexameterorlongpoemonwar/mythCulturalImportanceforGreeksTakenasHistoryHellenicUnityEducationalTexts4SomeThemesGloriesofWar/AdventureReasonsforWarRealisticDescriptionsIdealsofHeroismAreté,timé,andkleosFate&Courage“shameculture”OthersGods&HumansIndividualvs.SocietyWordvs.Deed5GreeceandTrojanWar6Areté Excellence,virtue,orwhatmakesandindividualthebestoramongthebest;usuallysomecombinationofphysicalprowess&persuasivespeechorcommand.Timé Honor,materialsymbolofstatusamongothers,usuallycapableofbeingtakenaway(prize,booty,trophies).Kleos GloryorFame,understoodaspublicopinion,orwhatotherssayorremember.7PersonsintheIliadAcheansAchilles&PatroclesAgamemnon&MenalaosOdysseus,Ajax,PhoenixTrojansHector&AlexandrosPriam,Helen,AndromacheGodsZeus,Apollo,AphroditeAthena,Hera,Thetis8Iliad(BookI)WrathofAchilles,PartIInmediasres:TrojanWar&PlagueofApolloMenis:QuarrelwithAgamemnonConsequencesThetis’SupplicationofZeusGlimpseofOlympusIsAchilles’angerhisownfault?9ThetissupplicanttoZeus10Iliad(BookVI)BehindtheWallsofTroyHectorasTragicHeroWomenandFamilyLifeFateTroy&HectorTrojanWomenIsHectorasympathetichero?Whyorwhynot?11Iliad(BookIX)EmbassytoAchillesDiscourseamongequals?Odysseus’pleaPhoenix’spleaAjax’spartingwordsIsAchillesbeingunreasonable?Whyorwhynot?12DeathandHeroism13SarpedondeclarestoGlaukos(BookXII.322-28) “Man,supposingyouandI,escapingthisbattle,wouldbeabletoliveonforever,ageless,immortal,soneitherwouldImyselfgoonfightingintheforemostnorwouldIurgeyouintothefightingwheremenwinglory.Butnow,seeingthatthespiritsofdeathstandcloseaboutusintheirthousands,nomancanturnasidenorescapethem,letusgoonandwingloryforourselves,oryieldittoothers.”14Iliad(BookXXI)WrathofAchilles,PartIIDeathofPatroclesandAchilles’ArmorDeathofLycaon:aruthlessdeathDeathofHector:revengeIsAchilles’angerinhuman?15HectorattheGatesofTroy16HectorfacesAchilles

Whenthey'dapproachedeachother,atclosequarters,
greatHectoroftheshininghelmetspokeoutfirst:"I'llnolongertrytorunawayfromyou,

sonofPeleus,asIdidbefore,going
threetimesinflightaroundPriam'sgreatcity.
Ilackedthecouragethentofightwithyou,
asyouattacked.

Butmyheartpromptsmenow
tostandagainstyoufacetofaceoncemore,
whetherIkillyou,oryoukillme.
Socomehere.

Let'scallongodstowitness,
forthey'rethebestonestoobserveourpact,
tosupervisewhatwetwoagreeon.
IfZeusgrantsmethestrengthtotakeyourlife,
I'llnotabuseyourcorpseinanyway.

I'llstripyourcelebratedarmouroff,

Achilles,thengivethebodybackagain
totheAchaeans.

Andyou'lldothesame."

Swift-footedAchilles,withascowl,replied:"Hector,don'ttalktomeofouragreements.
That'sidiotic,likeafaithfulpromise
betweenmenandlions.

Wolvesandlambs
don'tshareacommonheart

theyalwayssense
amutualhatredforeachother.
Injustthatway,it'snotpossibleforus,

foryouandme,tobefriends,or,indeed,

fortheretobeswornoathsbetweenus,
tilloneorotherofusfalls,gluttingAres,
warriorwiththebull'shideshield,onblood.
You'dbestrememberallyourfightingskills.
Nowyoumustdeclareyourselfaspearman,
afearlesswarrior.

You'vegotnoescape.

SoonPallasAthenawilldestroyyou
onmyspear.

Rightnowyou'llpaymeback,
thefullpriceofthosesorrowsIwentthroughwhenyouslaughteredmycompanions.”

Withthesewords,heheftedhislong-shadowedspear,
thenhurledit.17AchillesabusesHector’sbody

ThenonnobleHector'scorpse
hecarriedoutamonstrousact.

Hecutthrough
thetendonsbehindbothfeet,fromheeltoankle,
threadedthemwithox-hidethongs,andthentiedthese
ontohischariot,leavingtheheadtodragbehind.
Heclimbedupinhischariot,broughtonthesplendidarmour,
thenlashedhishorses.

Theyspedoffeagerly,


draggingHector.

Adustcloudroseabovehim,
hisdarkhairspreadoutroundhim,andHector'shead,
oncesohandsome,wascoveredbythedust,forZeus
hadgivenhimtohisenemiestodishonour
inhisownnativeland.

Soallhisheadgrewdirty.

FromBookXXII,translatedbyIanJohnston:http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm18AbuseofHector’sBody19Iliad(BookXXIV)Priam’sPleaAchilles’griefWhatmovedAchilles’toreleaseHector’sbody?HasAchillesfinallycometohissenses?20QuestionsabouttheIliadWhatarethechiefmotivationsforwarorconflictintheIliad?Compare/ContrastAchillesandHectorasrepresentingheroicideals.DoesthecharacterofAchillesdevelopoverthecourseoftheIliad?IftheIliadisaboutthewrathofAchilles,whatisthelessontobelearned,ifany?Whatrelevance,ifany,doestheIliadhaveforusnow?2122TheOdysseyJourneysDisguise,Deception&CraftinessFantasticVoyagesWomenintheOdysseyHomecoming:Loyalty&OrderConcludingRemarks23TwoJourneysinOneStoryOdysseusandTelemachusFantasticandWorldlyNarrativeThread:TimeandMemoryTheme:HeroicStrugglesGods/immortality(Bk.V)MonstersFindinghomeTheme:Xeniagenerosityandcourtesytowardsstrangers241.Mt.Olympus2.Troy3.Cicones4.LotusEaters5.Cyclops6.Aeolia’sIsland7.Laestrygonians8.Circe’sKingdom9.LandoftheDead10.Sirens11.Scylla&Charybdis12.Calypso13.Ithaca25Disguise,DeceptionandCraftinessOdysseusispol