城市经济学-东北财经大学5

2026/5/3urbaneconomics1Chapter5

UrbanLandUseandLandRent

TheoryonLandRent

地租理论LandUseintheMonocentricCity

单中心城市的土地利用Whatdeterminesthepriceofland?Whobenefitsfrompublicpoliciesthatincreasethefertilityoraccessibilityofland?Doesthelandmarketallocatelandefficiently?2026/5/3urbaneconomics2TheoryonLandRentCompetitionandLandRent

竞争与地租LandRentandPublicPolicy

地租政策LandRentandAccessibility

与易达性MarketInteractions市场相互作用TheSingleTax单一税案例分析：UrbanLandTaxationin

Pittsburgh

匹兹堡城市的土地利用2026/5/3urbaneconomics3CompetitionandLandRentLandRentMarketvaluePriceofland:Competition2026/5/3urbaneconomics4LandRentandPublicPolicy2026/5/3urbaneconomics5LandRentandPublicPolicy2026/5/3urbaneconomics6LandRentandAccessibilityLinearLand-RentFunction

线性的地租函数TC=tQu

运输成本Π=PQ-C-tQu-R土地的利润R=PQ-C-tQu土地的投标租金Factionsubstitution:convexland-rentfunction

要素替代：向下凸的地租函数

2026/5/3urbaneconomics7农民的收益、成本和租金2026/5/3urbaneconomics8变通的和不可变通的农民投标租金函数2026/5/3urbaneconomics9MarketInteractionsThecornlawsdebateHousingpricesandlandprices2026/5/3urbaneconomics10TheSingleTaxConception

概念Criticized

批评Partiallandtax

部分单一税Two-ratetaxorsplittax双比例税或分割税2026/5/3urbaneconomics11UrbanLandTaxationin

PittsburghTaxrateonland土地税率Therateonimprovements土地增值税率2026/5/3urbaneconomics12LandUseintheMonocentricCityCommercialandIndustrialLandUse

工商业的土地利用Residentiallanduse

住宅土地利用

LandUseintheMonocentricCity

单一中心城市的土地利用Exercises2026/5/3urbaneconomics13CommercialandIndustrialLandUseTheBid-RentFunctionofManufacturers

制造商的投标租金函数

TheBid-RentFunctionofOfficeFirms

写字楼的投标租金函数

LandUseintheCentralBusinessDistrict

中心商务区的土地利用

LocationofRetailers

零售商的区位2026/5/3urbaneconomics14TheBid-RentFunctionofManufacturers2026/5/3urbaneconomics15TheBid-RentFunctionofManufacturersThefirm’sprofit：Π=PbB–C–tBμ–RTBid-rent：R=(PaA–C–tWAμ)/TBid-rentfunction到输出品交叉点的距离厂址面积（英亩）总收益（美元）非土地成本（美元）货运成本（美元）租前利润（美元）租金（英亩/美元）01230.40.60.81.060006000600060002600200016001400090018002700340031002600190085005167325019002026/5/3urbaneconomics16Bid-rentfunctionofManufacturers2026/5/3urbaneconomics17TheBid-RentFunctionofOfficeFirms

Suppose假设

TheofficeTraveltocitycenterFixedpricesCompetitivemarketsFactorsubstitutionTC=tWu,Π=PaA–C–RT–tWAμR=(PaA–C–tWAμ)/T2026/5/3urbaneconomics18TheBid-RentFunctionofOfficeFirms到市中心的距离（街区）厂址面积（英亩）总收益（美元）非土地成本（美元）货运成本（美元）租前利润（美元）租金每英亩（美元）00.496003600060001500010.69600240024004800800020.89600180048003000375031.0960015007200900900假定：A=200咨询；P=48美元；t=每街区3分钟；W=每分钟4美元；tAW=每街区2400美元，租前利润=总收益-非土地成本-行程成本；租金=租前利润/办公地址面积2026/5/3urbaneconomics19TheBid-RentFunctionofOfficeFirms2026/5/3urbaneconomics20LandUseintheCentralBusinessDistrictHowisCBDlandallocatedbetweentheactivitiesofmanufacturersandoffice?Doesthelandmarketallocatelandefficiently?2026/5/3urbaneconomics21LocationofRetailersassumptionsSingleglovestoreGloveconsumersaredistributeduniformlyPerfectcompetitionΠ=G(Pg–ACg)=5000×(9-5)=20000Atwhatlocationwilltheglovestoreearnthemostprofit?——atthecenterofthemarketareaforthesimplereasonthatthecentrallocationisaccessibletothemostconsumers.2026/5/3urbaneconomics22ResidentiallanduseThehosing-pricefunction

住宅价格函数TheresidentialBid-Rentfunction

住宅的投标租金函数Residentialdensity

住宅密度2026/5/3urbaneconomics23Thehosing-pricefunctionassumptions假设

identicaldwellings——1000squarefeetFixedbudget——$300commutingcost——$20Howmuchisthehouseholdwillingtopayfordwellingsatdifferentlocationsinthecity?Atthecenter——$300onhousingAtadistanceofsixmiles——commutingcostsare$120,$180spendonhousing.Locationalequilibrium区位均衡2026/5/3urbaneconomics24Thehosing-pricefunction2026/5/3urbaneconomics25TheresidentialBid-RentfunctionConceptTheBid-RentfunctionwithfixedfactorproportionsTheBid-RentfunctionwithfactorsubstitutionSummary:theconvexbid-rentfunction2026/5/3urbaneconomics26TheresidentialBid-RentfunctionAssumptionsProductionQ/xNonlandcostKFixedfactorproportionsT,K,QHousingpricePerfectcompetitionBid-Rent:R(u)=[P(u)Q–K]/T2026/5/3urbaneconomics27TheBid-Rentfunctionwithfactorsubstitution2026/5/3urbaneconomics28Summary:theconvexbid-rentfunctionRentgradient

Thehousing-pricegradient

住宅价格的梯度Therelativeimportanceoflandintheproductionofhousing

土地在生产上的相对重要性Rentgradient=(1/land’sshareofhousevalue)×housing-pricegradient2026/5/3urbaneconomics29RentgradientlocationABDistancetocitycenter(miles)45Marketvalueofhousing($)150000144000Landvalue($)3000024000Capitalvalue($)120000120000Assumptions：1.atlocationA,Landvalueis20percentofthemarketvalueofhousing2.housing-pricegradientis4percentpermile2026/5/3urbaneconomics30LandUseintheMonocentricCity

Sinking:Waydoallthemanufacturersandofficefirmslo