BCG -中国无人驾驶出租车上路：迈向规模化商业化 Robotaxi on the Road Approaching Scaled Commercialization in China

RobotaxiontheRoad:ApproachingScaled

CommercializationinChina

April2026

ByHaixuWang,AlexXie,ShaowenWang,BillZhang,CharlieLi,andClaudiaBai

BCG

BostonConsultingGrouppartnerswithleadersinbusinessandsocietytotackletheirmostimportantchallengesandcapturetheirgreatestopportunities.BCGwasthepioneerinbusinessstrategywhenitwasfoundedin1963.Today)

weworkcloselywithclientstoembraceatransformationalapproachaimedatbenefitingallstakeholders—empoweringorganizationstogrow)buildsustainablecompetitive

advantage)anddrivepositivesocietalimpact.

Ourdiverse)globalteamsbringdeepindustryandfunctionalexpertiseandarangeofperspectivesthatquestionthe

statusquoandsparkchange.BCGdeliverssolutions

throughleading-edgemanagementconsulting)technologyanddesign)andcorporateanddigitalventures.Weworkinauniquelycollaborativemodelacrossthefirmand

throughoutalllevelsoftheclientorganization)fueledbythegoalofhelpingourclientsthriveandenablingthemtomaketheworldabetterplace.

Contents

0

2Preface

0

3ConsumerSurvey

Insights:ConsumersAre

OverwhelminglyPositive

TowardRobotaxi

ConsumersAreNotSatisfied

withTraditionalHuman-Driven

SharedMobilityServices

TheRobotaxiRideExperience

FarOutclassesCurrentModes

15RobotaxiHasHugeMarket

PotentialinChina

17RobotaxiPlayersHave

MadeSignificantProgress

EstablishedL4RobotaxiPlayers

AreattheDawnofScaled

CommercialOperations

RobotaxiMomentumPullsin

L2Entrants,YetL4Robotaxi

RemainsaLongWayOff

ConsumersDemonstrateStrong

AcceptanceofRobotaxi

11RoadTestObservations:

TechReadinessIsStrong

EnoughforScaled

Commercialization

LeadingPlayersHaveAchieved

SustainedDriverlessOperations

WithinOperatingAreas

L4RobotaxiHasthe

GeneralizationPotentialto

ScaleFasterBeyondCurrent

Areas

21Conclusion:RobotaxiIson

theRoadinChina

22AbouttheAuthors

2BOSTONCONSULTINGGROUP

Preface

Robotaxi)asoneofthemostimportantapplicationsofautonomousdriving)hasrecentlygainedsignificanttractionintheChinesemarket.

Proactivemovesbyleadingrobotaxiplayers)including

expandeddeploymentsandcommercializationinitiatives)havefiredupinterestanddiscussionamongabroader

rangeofindustryparticipants.Thisrenewedmomentumhasonceagainraisedfundamentalquestionsabout

marketreadiness)consumeracceptance)technologicalmaturity)andthereal-worldperformanceofrobotaxi

services.

Buildingonyearsofdeepengagementintheautonomousdrivingsector)ourrecentresearchhassurfacedsome

compellingandexcitinginsightsintothecurrentevolutionoftherobotaximarketinChina.Drawingonacombinationofoutside-inanalysis)consumersurveyscoveringseveral

hundredrespondentsnationwide)andextensiveroad

testingacrossmultiplecities)weseeclearsignalsthatthemarketismovingtowardanewphaseofdevelopment.

Inthisreport)weshareourlatestfindingsonhow

consumersarerespondingtorobotaxiservices)how

robotaxisperformintherealworld)andhowmarket

dynamicsareevolving.Wehopetheseinsightswill

contributetoamoregroundedandrefreshed

understandingofthecurrentrobotaximarketinChina.

HAIXUWANG

BCGManagingDirectorandPartner

ALEXXIE

BCGManagingDirectorandSeniorPartner

ConsumerSurveyInsights:

ConsumersAreOverwhelminglyPositiveTowardRobotaxi

Toobtainfirsthand,real-worldconsumerfeedbackon

robotaxiservices)weconductedalarge-scaleconsumer

survey.Thesurveycoveredcloseto500respondentsacrossmostofthecitiesinChinawherepublic-facingfare-

chargingdriverlessrobotaxiservicesarecurrentlyin

operation)includingtier1citiessuchasBeijing)Guangzhou)andShenzhen)withWuhanasarepresentativetier2city.Thesurveyincludedbothexistingrobotaxiusersandnewparticipantsinvitedtoexperiencetheserviceandspannedawiderangeofdemographicprofilesintermsofage,

gender)andincomelevels.

Theseauthenticconsumerinsightsindicatethatoverall

sentimenttowardrobotaxisishighlypositive)underscoringstronguseracceptanceandenthusiasmforthisemergingmobilityparadigm.Theyprovideempiricalevidenceof

strongdemandforrobotaxiinChina.(See“

KeyConsumer

Insights

”.)

ROBOTAXIONTHEROAD:APPROACHINGSCALEDCOMMERCIALIZATIONINCHINA3

4BOSTONCONSULTINGGROUP

Keyconsumerinsights

•Traditionalride-hailingservicessufferfromclearexperiencepainpoints,manyofwhichare

relatedtodrivers.Theseissuescreatestrongsubstitutionopportunitiesfordriverlessrobotaxiservices.

•Consumersperceivedriverlessrobotaxiservicestosignificantlyoutperformtraditionalride-

hailingacrossmostexperiencedimensions)includingvehiclequality)in-carenvironment)

safety)andridesmoothness.Enhancedprivacyandtheappealofadvancedtechnologyfurtherstrengthentheirattractiveness.

•Consumeracceptanceofrobotaxisisalreadyhigh.Aftertheirfirstride,morethanhalfofthe

usersindicateastrongerpreferencefordriverlessrobotaxiservices.Thishighlevelofacceptanceisbroadlyconsistentacrossdemographicgroups.

•Driverlessrobotaxiservicescouldsubstitutealargeshareofexistingride-hailingdemandwhilealsoconvertingtripscurrentlymadeviapublictransportationorprivatecars)therebyunlockingincrementalmobilitydemand.

•Themaincurrentlimitationslieinrelativelylimitedservicecoverageandlongerwaitingtimes.Asoperatingareasexpandandfleetsizesgrow,useradoptionandacceptanceareexpectedtoincreasefurther.

ConsumersAreNotSatisfied

withTraditionalHuman-DrivenSharedMobilityServices

Thereareanumberofproblemswithtraditionalhuman-

drivensharedmobilityservicesintermsofrideexperience.

Althoughtheseservicesaremature)theservicemodel

involvesmultiplepainpointsthatarecloselyassociated

withhumandrivers.Accordingtoourrespondents)thetop

threepainpointswithtraditionalhuman-drivenservices

areunpleasantin-carenvironmen

t)poordri

verattitude)

andunsafedrivingbehavior.(SeeExhibit1.)

TheRobotaxiRideExperienceFarOutclassesCurrentModes

Robotaxirepresentsanewparadigmwithintheshared

mobilityecosystem.Consumerfeedbackindicatesthat

robotaxideliversasignificantlysuperiorrideexperience

acrossalmostalldimensionscomparedwithtraditional

human-drivenride-hailingservices.Mostusersbelievethatrobotaxioutperformstraditionalhuman-drivenservicesintermsofhighervehiclequality)betterin-carenvironment)smootherandsaferrideexperience)andmorecomfortableinteractions.(See

Exhibit2

.)Theonlynotableshortcomingsarelowerserviceefficiencyandlimitedservicecoverage

duetothecurrentfleetsizeandservicearea.Robotaxi’sadvantagespositionitasacompellingalternativeto

traditionalhuman-drivensharedmobilityserviceswhenavailable.

Inaddition,robotaxiofferssomeuniquevaluepropositionsforconsumers)themajorityofwhomagreethatenhancedprivacy,theappealofnewtechnology,androbotaxi’ssaferandmorestableexperiencearethekeyreasonstheypreferdriverlessridesoverhuman-drivenservices.(See

Exhibit3

.)

ROBOTAXIONTHEROAD:APPROACHINGSCALEDCOMMERCIALIZATIONINCHINA5

EXHIBIT1

PainPointsAssociatedwithTraditionalHuman-DrivenServices

Q:Whichofthefollowingsituationsmadeyoufeelthemostunpleasantinyourpastride-hailingandtaxiexperiences?[multiplechoice]

(n=462)1

84%

66%

61%

56%

42%

40%

34%

Unpleasantin-carenvironmentPoordriverattitudeUnsafedriving

Longwaitingordispatchtime FareorpricedisputesUnreasonableroutechoicePoorcustomerservice

Source:BCGRobotaxiConsumerSurvey(n=462).

1Thetotalsurveysampleconsistsof462respondents,including252earlyrobotaxiadoptersand210newrobotaxiusers(thebasisforExhibit4).Almostallearlyadopterspreferdriverlessrides.Amongthe210newusers,108(51%)indicateapreferencefordriverlessridesoverhuman-drivenservices,asshowninExhibit4.These108respondentsformthebasisforExhibit3.

EXHIBIT2

RobotaxiOutperformsRide-HailingAcrossMostDimensions

Robotaxi

Ride-hailing

Ratinggap

Ratingsforrideexperienceofrobotaxiandhuman-drivenride-hailing

(robotaxivsride-hailing)

(n=462)

3.644.24

Overallratingiv,v0.6

3.374.46

1

1.1

Vehiclequality

(e.g.,brand,seatcomfort,space)

3.164.45

2

In-carenvironment

(e.g.,cleanliness,smell,music)

3.60

4.14

1.3

3

Rideexperience

(e.g.,ridesmoothness,safety)

3.49

4.22

0.5

4

Serviceefficiency

(e.g.,deliveryaccuracy,speed)

3.51

4.28

(0.7)

5

Interactionexperience

(e.g.,pick-up/drop-o仟process,appguidance)

3.58

3.94

0.8

6

Pricingl'

3.22

4.24

0.4

7

l'

12

Servicecoverage

(e.g.,waitingtime,servicecoverage)

Leastsatisfying

3

4

5

Mostsatisfying

(1.0)

Source:BCGRobotaxiConsumerSurvey(n=462).

EXHIBIT3

6BOSTONCONSULTINGGROUP

ThePreferenceforDriverlessRidesIsLargelyDrivenbytheNeedforPrivacy)theAppealofFutureMobility)andHigherSafetyandStability

Q:Whydoyoupreferdriverlessridesoverhuman-drivenservices?[multiplechoice]

(n=108)

Mor%

eprivate,lessinteractionwithdriver

Appealofnewtechnology

Safetyandstability

Moreinteractive

Higherefficiency

86

75%

59%

50%

42%

Source:BCGRobotaxiConsumerSurvey(n=108,newuserspreferringdriverlessrides).

ConsumersDemonstrateStrongAcceptanceofRobotaxi

Currentconsumeracceptanceofrobotaxiisalreadyhigh.Despitethelimitedserviceareaandsmallscale)

morethan50%ofrespondentsindicatedahigher

preferencefordriverlessridescomparedwithhuman-

drivenservicesaftertakingtheirfirstrobotaxirides.(See

Exhibit4

.)

Giventhecurrentperformanceofrobotaxi)consumers

acrossdifferentcitiesarewillingtoreplaceapproximately59%to76%oftheircurrentride-hailingtripswith

robotaxis.Withtheprospectofimprovedoperational

performanceinthefuture)consumersdemonstrateevenstrongerreceptivenesstorobotaxiservices)andthe

proportionofreplacedjourneyscouldfurtherincrease)exceeding80%intier1cities.(See

Exhibit5

.)

EXHIBIT4

ROBOTAXIONTHEROAD:APPROACHINGSCALEDCOMMERCIALIZATIONINCHINA7

MoreThan50%ofNewUsersIndicateaPreferenceforDriverlessoverHuman-DrivenServicesAfterTakingRobotaxiRides

Q:Ifeverythingelsewerethesame,wouldyoupreferaridewithorwithoutahumandriver?[singlechoice]

(n=210)1

7%

33%

60%

Guangzhou

19%

33%

47%

Shenzhen

15%

31%

54%

Beijing

25%

37%

39%

Wuhan

15%

34%

51%

Total

WithhumandriverNoclearpreference

Withouthumandriver

Source:BCGRobotaxiConsumerSurvey(n=210,newrobotaxiusers).

1The210newusersasthesampleforthisquestiontoobtainamoreconservativeestimate.

EXHIBIT5

AcceptanceofRobotaxiIsAlreadyHighwithCurrentPerformance;CanExceed80%inTier1CitieswithImprovedPerformance

Robotaxiadoption/replacementrateofride-hailingbycity

Q:Giventhecurrent

performanceofrobotaxi,whatpercentageofyourcurrentride-hailingtripswouldyoubewillingtoreplacewithrobotaxi?

Q:Assumingallareasareimprovedforrobotaxi,

whatpercentageofyourcurrentride-hailingtripswouldyoubewillingtoreplacewithrobotaxi?

(n=210)1

Tier1citiesTier2city

+19%

80%

61%

BeijingGuangzhouShenzhenWuhan

+13%

72%59%

+13%

83%70%

+12%

88%76%

Source:BCGRobotaxiConsumerSurvey(n=210,newrobotaxiusers).

1The210newusersasthesampleforthisquestiontoobtainamoreconservativeestimate.

8BOSTONCONSULTINGGROUP

Thishighacceptanceisobservedacrossall

demographics.Regardlessofgender)age)usage

frequency)incomelevel)oroccupation)mostconsumers

showastrongwillingnesstoswitchfromtraditionalride-hailingtorobotaxiservices,indicatingsignificantmass

marketpotential.Amongalldemographicgroups)high-

incomeuserswithmonthlydisposableincomeaboveRMB20)000(suchasbusinessowners)demonstratethehighestacceptance.(See

Exhibit6

.)

Besidesride-hailing,robotaxicanunlockadditionaldemandbyconvertingusersfromothermeansof

transportation.Inadditiontotraditionalhuman-driven

ride-hailing)around39%ofusersarewillingtoswitchfromothermeansoftransportationtorobotaxi)includingpublictransportationsuchasbusesandsubways)aswellas

privatecars.Fortheseusers)robotaxicanunlock

additionaldemandof3.6tripsperuserperweekonaverage.(See

Exhibit7

.)

Fromacity-levelperspective)consumersintier1citiesaregenerallymorewillingtouserobotaxiasasubstitutefor

othermeansoftransportation)astheytendtohavehigherexpectationsfortripexperienceandservicequality.In

othercities(suchasWuhan))fewerconsumersarewillingtoswitchfromothermeansoftransportationtorobotaxi)indicatingthat)fornowintheseplaces)robotaxiis

primarilyseenasareplacementfortraditionalride-hailingservices.

EXHIBIT6

TheHighWillingnesstoAdoptRobotaxiIsObservedAcrossAllDemographicGroups

Q:Whatpercentageofyourcurrentride-hailingtripswouldyoubewillingtoreplacewithrobotaxi?

Demographics

Samplesize

Robotaxiadoptionrate

(givencurrentperformance)

Robotaxiadoptionrate(allareasimproved)

Gender

Female

242

78%

89%

Male

220

77%

87%

Age

18–24

111

75%

88%

25–34

222

79%

89%

35–44

103

76%

88%

45+

26

75%

87%

Frequencyofusingride-hailing

1–10timesperweek

452

77%

88%

11–20timesperweek

10

79%

84%

Monthlydisposableincome(RMB)

below5,000

76

79%

92%

5,000–10,000

207

76%

87%

10,001–20,000

112

74%

85%

20,001–30,000

40

86%

93%

above30,000

27

83%

97%

Occupation

Student

53

71%

91%

Engineer

82

77%

90%

Whitecollar

203

79%

88%

Businessowner

24

80%

89%

Self-employedandothers

100

77%

86%

Source:BCGRobotaxiConsumerSurvey(n=462).

EXHIBIT7

ROBOTAXIONTHEROAD:APPROACHINGSCALEDCOMMERCIALIZATIONINCHINA9

BesidesRide-Hailing)RobotaxiCanUnlockAdditionalDemandbyConvertingUsersfromOtherMeansofTransportation

Q:Basedonyourcurrentexperience,areyouwillingtoswitchfromothermeansoftransportationtorobotaxi?

(n=462)

21%

TotalBeijingGuangzhouShenzhenWuhan

Yes,I’mwillingtoswitchfromothermeansoftransportationtorobotaxi.

54%39%

46%

39%

Q:Howmanyadditionalridesperweekwouldyouexpectifyouswitchothermeansoftransportationtorobotaxi?

3.8

2.8

2.2

GuangzhouBeijingShenzhenWuhan

Average3.6

(n=462)

4.5

Source:BCGRobotaxiConsumerSurvey(n=462).

Note:Othermeansoftransportationmainlyincludepublictransportation(e.g.,busesandsubways)andprivatecars.

Currently,theprimaryconcernswithrobotaxiare

itsrelativelylimitedservicecoverageandlonger

waitingtimescomparedwithtraditionalride-hailingservices.Theseissuesaremainlydrivenbyconstraintsonoperatingareasandlimitedfleetsize.Morethan60%of

consumersidentifythesetwofactorsasthetoppainpoints.(See

Exhibit8

.)Basedontestrideexperience)currentlytheaveragewaitingtimeforarobotaxiisapproximately11minutes)notablylongerthantypicalride-hailingservices.Movingforward)thetoppriorityforrobotaxioperatorsistoexpandserviceareasandfleetsizetoaddresscoverage

limitationsandimproveresponsiveness)whichiscriticalforlong-termconsumeradoption.

Consumershavealsoexpressedinterestinadditional

in-vehiclefeaturesfornext-generationrobotaximodels.

Themostcitedfeaturesrelateprimarilytocomfortand

privacy)includingseatmassage)one-waysound-insulatingglass)flexibleseats)andin-carentertainmentoptions.

(See

Exhibit9

.)

EXHIBIT8

10BOSTONCONSULTINGGROUP

UsersBelieveTheirAdoptionRateCouldFurtherIncreaseIfRobotaxiImprovesonKeyDimensionssuchasServiceCoverageandEfficiency

Q:Basedonyourrecentexperience,improvementsinwhichofthefollowingaspectswouldincreaseyourusagefrequencyofrobotaxiinthefuture?[multiplechoice]

(n=210)1

64%

61%

47%

39%

24%

23%

18%

Servicecoverage

(e.g.,waitingtime,servicecoverage)

Serviceefficiency

(e.g.,deliveryaccuracy,speed)

Pricing

Rideexperience

(e.g.,ridesmoothness,safety)

In-carenvironment

(e.g.,cleanliness,smell,music)

Vehiclequality

(e.g.,brand,seatcomfort,space)

Interactionexperience

(e.g.,pick-up/drop-o仟process,appguidance)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Source:BCGRobotaxiConsumerSurvey(n=210,newrobotaxiusers).

1The210newusersasthesampleforthisquestiontoobtainamoreconservativeestimate.

EXHIBIT9

ConsumersExpecttheNext-GenerationRobotaxitoOfferGreaterPrivacy,Comfort,Entertainment,andSafety

Q:Whatfeatureswouldyoumostliketoseeinthenext-generationrobotaxi?

(n=462)

Seatmassage

One-waysound-insulatingglass

Seatscanreclineto180°

In-carKTV

Ultra-largescreen

Beveragerefrigeratorinside

71%

66%

58%

50%

47%

46%

Otherfeaturescited:

Safety&Hygiene

•Disinfectionfunction

•Emergencysafetyprotectionmeasures

•Airpurification

•Morefrequentcleaning

Entertainment

•FreeWi-Fi

•Moremusicoptions

•Goldambientlightingforpremiummembers

•AIconversation

Comfort

•Sun-shadingglass

•Petsallowedonboard

Privacy

•Darkercarwindows

Source:BCGRobotaxiConsumerSurvey(n=462).

ROBOTAXIONTHEROAD:APPROACHINGSCALEDCOMMERCIALIZATIONINCHINA11

RoadTestObservations:

TechReadinessIsStrongEnoughforScaledCommercialization

Asrobotaxiservicestransitionintocommercialoperations)firsthandevaluationoftheirreal-worldperformancethroughaconsumer-centriclensbecomesincreasinglyimportant.

Tothisend)weconductedon-roadtestrideswithfour

majorL4robotaxiplayersinChinawithintheiroperationaldomains.TheassessmentcoveredBeijing)Shanghai)

Guangzhou)andShenzhen)comprising79testridesover786kilometers.

Toenableamorecomprehensiveevaluation)wedesignedroutescoveringabroadrangeofscenarios(e.g.)complexintersections)congestedroads)narrowroadsnearurbanvillages)multi-laneroads)large-curvaturebends)and

vehiclemaneuvers(e.g.)lanechanges)overtaking)rampentry/exit).

12BOSTONCONSULTINGGROUP

Thetestdriveresultsreinforceourconfidenceinthe

technologicalreadinessofL4robotaxiforlarge-scale

commercialdeployment.Duringtesting)leadingL4

robotaxiplayersdemonstratedsustaineddriverless

operationseveninhighlycomplexurbanenvironments)indicatingtwonotableimprovementscomparedwith

previousyears’roadtestingexperience:

1

Driverlessoperationdominateswithimproveddrivingperformance.Acrossplayers)mosttripsarecompletedindriver-outmode)withpassengersnow

barelyperceivinganyinterventionduringindividualrides.

2

Abilitytomanagemorecomplexroadconditions.

DeploymentnowspansmultiplecitiesandtransitionsfromsuburbanareastodenseCBDareas)

demonstratingstronggeneralizationpotential.

LeadingPlayersHaveAchievedSustainedDriverlessOperationsWithinOperatingAreas

On-roadtestingconfirmsthatmajorL4playershaveachievedsufficienttechnicalmaturityfordriverlessoperationswithincurrentoperatingdomains.Despiteoperatingareasexpandingintomorecomplexscenarios)

outofthe79testrides,onlyfiveinvolvedanin-vehicle

safetydriver)andonlythreeinvolvedsuspectedtakeovers

1

.

Beyondinterventionfrequency)theoveralldriving

performanceofL4robotaxisbecomesincreasinglycritical

ascommercializationscales.Toassesswhethersystems

meetsafetyandregulatoryrequirements)completetrips

efficiently,anddelivercomfortablepassengerexperience,

wedevelopedafive-dimensionalevaluationframework.

Eachdimensionisfurtherbrokendownintosub-

dimensions)with18intotalacrosstheframework)

enablingagranularandcompr

ehensivea

ssessment

ofrobotaxiperformance.(SeeExhibit10.)

EXHIBIT10

AFive-DimensionalFrameworktoAssessDrivingPerformanceofL4Robotaxi

Longitudinalsafetygap

keeping

Lateralsafetygap

keeping

Timelyresponsetosuddenintrusions

Nodeviationfromintendedroute

Timelynavigation-drivenlanechange

Acceleration/

decelerationsmoothness

Lateralmotion

smoothness

Capturinghowwellthe

systemexecutescore

drivingtasksacross

diversescenarios

Reflectingwhetherthe

systemcanoperate

legallyinreal-world

conditions

Baselinerequirement

forarobotaxito

operatewithout

interventionsatscale

Lane

centering

Overtake&lanechange

Yield&bypass

Interactionwithothers

Intersectioncrossing

Propersignaling

Indicatingtheeffectivenessof thevehicletocompletetrips

Functionalperformance

Routingandnavigation

Reflectinguser

acceptanceand

repeatusage

Regulatorycompliance

Passengerexperience

Nounintendedlane

incursions(e.g.,bikelane)

Solidlinecompliance

Speedlimitcompliance

Pedestrianyielding

Trafficlightadherence

Safety

Source:BCGanalysis.

1.Asuspectedtakeoverisdefinedasasituationinwhich,underremotesupervision,thevehiclestopsabruptlyfornoclearreasonandremainsstationaryfortensofsecondstominutesbeforesuddenlyresuming,orinwhichanin-carsafetydrivermanuallytakescontrolofthevehicle.

ROBOTAXIONTHEROAD:APPROACHINGSCALEDCOMMERCIALIZATIONINCHINA13

Basedonourroadtests,leadingplayersdemonstratestrongperformanceacrossallfivedimensions,

highlightingthematurityandwell-roundednatureoftheirsystemcapabilities.(See

Exhibit11

.)Robotaxisalreadyoutperformhumandriversinsafetyandcompliance)smoothlydrivingat60–100kilometersperhour(km/h)onelevatedhighwayswhilestrictlyobservingthe40km/h

speedlimitonmorecomplexsections)suchasrampcurves.Intermsoffunctionalperformance)theyachieveefficiencycomparabletoskilledhumandrivers)forexample)applyingslightaccelerationwhenexitingroundaboutstooptimize

drivingflow.

Overall,thetechnicalmaturityreflectedintheL4

robotaxi’sreal-worlddrivingperformanceformsthefoundationforbothconsumeradoptionandrobotaxioperatingefficiency.Onthesupplyside)continued

technicalprogressthatincreasestheshareofdriverless

operationsdirectlysupportsalowerhuman-to-vehicle

ratio)therebyimprovinguniteconomics.Onthedemand

side)asrideexperienceisoneofthetopcriteriafor

passengerswhenchoosingamobilityoption)strongdrivingperformanceisaprerequisiteforhigherpenetrationand

repeatusage.

EXHIBIT11

LeadingRobotaxiPlayers’PerformanceAcrosstheFiveEvaluationDimensions

Safety

•Nocollision-riskinterventions:Vehiclesconsistentlymaintainedsafedistancesfromsurroundingtrafficandexhibitedadaptivebehavior

•Handledsuddeneventswithcomposure:e.g.,promptlybrakingforunexpectedvulnerableroaduserintrusions

•Adopteddefensivedrivingstrategies:e.g.,earlydecelerationinoccludedorlow-visibilityscenarios

Regulatorycompliance

•Adheretotrafficregulations:Noviolationsobserved,suchasrunningyellowlights,crossingsolidlines,enteringnon-motorizedlanes,orspeeding(e.g.,strictlykeptwithinthe40km/hspeedlimitonrampcurves)

•Exhibitedcourteousdrivingbehavior:e.g.,slowingappropriatelyinschoolzonesandyieldingtopedestrians

Routingandnavigation

•Followedintendedroutes:Lanechangesanticipatedandexecutedinatimelymanner,avoidinglatemaneuveringthatcouldresultinconsecutivelanechangesorforcedrerouting

Functionalperformance

•Executedcoredrivingfunctionssmoothly:e.g.,lanechanges,bypassingandnudging,andstablelanecentering

•Demonstratedbetterdrivingefficiency:e.g.,overtakingslow-movingvehiclesandacceleratingsmoothlywhenexitingroundaboutswhilemaintainingsafetymargins

•Handledcomplexedgecasese仟ectively:e.g.,U-turnsonnarrowroads,promptresponsestoreversingvehicles

Passengerexperience

•Executedsmoothaccelerationanddecelerationwithfewabruptmaneuvers

•Maintainedcomfortablelateralmotionduringlanechanges

Sources:BCGroadtests;BCGanalysis.

14BOSTONCONSULTINGGROUP

L4RobotaxiHasthe

GeneralizationPotentialtoScaleFasterBeyondCurrentAreas

Alongsideitsdrivingperformance)today’sL4robotaxi

alsodemonstratesconsistentperformanceacrossabroadspectrumofreal-worlddrivingconditions)indicating

stronggeneralizationpotentialforfasterscalingbeyondthecurrentservicearea.

CurrentL4robotaxioperationsalreadycoverabroadandrepresentativesetofurbandrivingscenarios.

Operationsareestablishedacrosstier1cities(Beijing)

Shanghai)Guangzhou)andShenzhen).Withinthese

cities)operatingareasspandiverseroadgeometries)

trafficcomplexity)androad-userbehaviors)including

downtownareasinpeakhourswithheavytrafficand

occa

sionalrule-

breakingbehaviorsfromotherroadusers.

(SeeExhibit12.)

Theabilitytoperformconsistentlyacrossthebreadthof

scenariosunderscoresrobotaxi’sreadinessforfurther

scaling.Onthesupplyside)aprovenoperatingrecord

acrossdiverse)high-complexityenvironmentsestablishesasolidtechnicalfoundationforfuturecitylaunches)

potentiallyenablingafasterrolloutpaceasdeploymentsscale.Onthedemandside)asservicecoverageiscriticaltodrivingbroaderadoption)expansionofoperatingareasisexpectedtotranslateintohigherrobotaxipenetration.

Theabilitytoperformconsistentlyacrossthebreadthofscenarios

underscoresrobotaxi’sreadinessforfurtherscaling.

EXHIBIT12

CurrentL4RobotaxiOperationsAlreadyCoveraBroadandRepresentativeSetofUrbanDrivingScenarios

Easy

Drivingdifficulty

Difficult

Roadgeometries

Jiading,Shanghai

Broadroads

inasuburbanarea

Nanshan,Shenzhen

Narro