材料表征教学资料 introduction

材料表征吴迪南京大学材料科学与工程系83621215diwu@2提纲

课程简介

材料与粒子的相互作用

衍射

电子显微

扫描力显微

表面分析手段3第一章课程简介《材料表征》课程介绍表征材料微观结构和化学组成的物理方法，包括X射线衍射术、扫描和透射电子显微术、扫描力显微术、X射线能谱、Auger电子能谱、光电子能谱、二次离子质谱以及Raman和红外光谱技术。课程强调对各种表征技术基本原理的掌握和应用。课程共讲课52－60课时，学期末安排8－10课时有关X射线衍射、扫描和透射电子显微、X射线光电子能谱等仪器的操作演示和实践。4第二章射线与物质的相互作用穿透深度和分析深度辐射损伤5第三章衍射X射线和电子衍射简介可见光衍射的回顾衍射几何劳埃方程和布拉格定律X射线衍射方法粉末衍射傅立叶变换和衍射衍射强度和结构因子衍射角宽度：尺寸效应和晶格畸变电子衍射高分辨X射线衍射：rockingcurve和reciprocalspacemapping6第四章扫描力显微术扫描隧道显微术（STM）原子力显微术（AFM）其它扫描力显微术7第五章扫描电子显微术扫描电镜简介电子枪电子的散射：二次电子和背散射电子光路电子光学简介成像、放大倍数和衬度工作距离、分辨率和景深成像质量及其影响因素样品制备环境扫描电镜（ESEM）X射线能量发散光谱（EDS）X射线波长发散光谱（WDS）背散射电子衍射（EBSD）8第六章透射电子显微术透射电镜的组成衬度和成像原理透射电镜的基本操作样品制备扫描透射显微（STEM）电子能量损失谱（EELS）9第七章表面分析技术Auger电子能谱（AES）X射线光电子能谱（XPS）低能电子衍射（LEED）高能反射式电子衍射（RHEED）二次离子质谱（SIMS）10第八章Raman与红外光谱红外吸收的基本概念影响吸收光谱的因素红外谱仪红外光谱样品制备红外光谱应用举例光散射现象与Raman光谱的基本原理Raman散射的经典理论及量子理论光谱选择定则发光（荧光）的抑制和消除晶格动力学基础Raman光谱的实验装置Raman光谱应用举例11课程目的preparationstructure/compositionpropertiesperformanceTostudysynthesis/preparation,structure/composition,properties,performance,andtherelationshipamongthesefactors.thiscourseItiscertainlyevidentthatthepropertiesforwhichmaterialsareselectedforaparticularapplicationdependsonthemicrostructurewhich,initself,canbeconsideredtoextendtotheatomiclevel.12Howto?Theinteractionofelectromagneticradiationwithcrystallinesolidsisnowunderstoodinconsiderabledetailsothatitcanbeexploitedtoprovidethenecessaryinformation.Tocharacterizeamicrostructureitisnecessarytoperturbthematerialbyinteractinginsomewaywithit.13photonelectronneutron/protonions/atomsinfraredradiationvisiblelightultravioletradiationX-rayradiationsecondaryelectronstransmittedelectronsback-scatteredelectronsabsorptionvibrationopticmicroscopysurfaceelectrondistributionlaser:strongphotosource,makesdetectionofweaksignalspossibleX-raydiffraction/absorptionSEMTEMenergydispersespectroscopy14ClassificationofmaterialsMaterialshavebeenclassifiedinvariousways,butperhapsthesimplestclassificationdividesintotwocategories.Onebasedonthenatureofthematerial;NatureCeramicsGlassesMetalsandAlloysOtherInorganicMaterialsPolymersElastomersFibersCompositematerialsWoodOtherbiologicalmaterialsApplicationsIndustrialmaterialsElectricalmaterialsElectronicmaterialsSuperconductingmaterialsMagneticmaterialsMaterialsforenergyapplicationsOpticalMaterialsBiomedicalmaterialsDentalmaterialsBuildingmaterialstheotheronapplications.15CeramicsCeramicengineoffersadvantagesintermsoffueleconomy,efficiency,weightsavingsandperformance.16Ceramicssuperconductor17Titaniumcarbide(TiC)ceramiccoatings,whichpossessexcellentresistancetowear,oxidationandcorrosion,aswellashavingotherdesirableproperties,greatlyextendstheuseofgraphitesparts.Ceramics18Metalsandalloys19ShapememoryalloysMetalsandalloys20Glasses21Thewordpolymerliterallymeans"manyparts”:alongchainofcovalent-bondedatomsPolymersplasticsandelastomers22PolymersUsage:carparts,foodstorage,electronicpackaging,opticalcomponents,andadhesives23glass-fiber/epoxycompositesnowboardmadeofcompositematerialsComposites24MicrostructuresBonds

equilibriumdistancer0Bondsinmaterialsfallinto5categories.ionicbondscovalentbondsmetallicbondsvandeWaalsforcehydrogenbonds25MicrostructuresLatticeUsingthebasicsymmetryelementsofreflection,inversion,rotationandrotoinversion,14Bravaislatticesexist.26Unitcell27UnitcellThechoiceofunitcellisnonexclusive.28Latticeparameters297typesofparallelepiped304typesoflattices3114BravaislatticesI3214BravaislatticesII33Crystallineplanes34Crystallineplanes35Crystallineplanes36Crystallineplanes37Grainboundaries38edgedislocationsDislocationsscrewdislocations39Pointdefects40SEMimageofadeviceregiononanICchipExamples41cross-sectionTEMimagesofanICchipExamples42oxygenaluminiumtitaniumenergyfilteredTEMimageExamples43ZnOnanotubularstructureExample